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PubMed1988

Bulimics and restrained eaters: a personality comparison.

This study compared the psychological characteristics of restrained eaters and bulimics. One hundred and thirty six female undergraduates completed the Restraint Scale, the Bulimia Test, the Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale, a borderline personality disorder scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale which yields six measures of self-esteem (physical self, moral-ethical self, personal self, family self, social self, and total self-esteem) and four measures of psychopathology (general maladjustment, psychosis, personality disorder, and neurosis). Stepwise regression analyses were done using restraint and bulimia as dependent measures and the other measures as predictor variables. Both the regression equation for bulimia and the one for restraint included physical self-esteem and narcissism as predictor variables. As a third variable, general maladjustment was entered in the bulimia equation and moral self-esteem in the restraint equation. The results indicate that both bulimics and restrained eaters are dissatisfied with their bodies and have narcissistic qualities. However, bulimics show an element of psychopathology which restrained eaters do not and restrained eaters perceive themselves as morally virtuous, whereas bulimics do not.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Psychometric properties of optimism and pessimism: results from the Girls' Health Enrichment Multisite Studies.

UNLABELLED: Background. This study investigated the relationships among optimism, pessimism, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls in the Girls' Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS). Methods. Ninety-two girls were randomly assigned to a 12-week physical activity and diet intervention or comparison group and completed psychosocial assessments including the Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT) of optimism and pessimism, physical performance self-concept, physical activity self-efficacy, physical activity outcome expectancies, and physical activity and sedentary preferences. Also, preferences for bottled water and sweetened beverages were assessed. Physical activity and dietary intake were assessed by self-report and parent-report at baseline and follow-up. Also, physical activity was objectively assessed by wearing an accelerometer for 3 days. The psychometric properties of the optimism-pessimism subscales were analyzed. Results. The measures of optimism and pessimism in children were reliable (r = 0.75-0.82). In the multiple regression analyses without the intervention interaction terms, pessimism was positively and significantly related to increases in MET-adjusted usual activity (P = 0.008) and sedentary behaviors (P = 0.0004). Additionally, a negative (P = 0.026) pessimism by intervention interaction term for MET-adjusted usual activity was found such that the intervention group had a lower change in physical activity per unit increase in pessimism compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Among 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls, pessimism was related to increased sedentary behaviors and usual activity. Previous studies have reported relationships between optimism and health-compromising behaviors. This study found that pessimism may positively or negatively influence efforts to increase health-promoting behaviors. Future research should confirm and clarify the meaning of these findings.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2001

The pain experience of patients with sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects 1 in 600 black infants in the United States. The painful crisis is one of its most characteristic manifestations and consists of pain in the extremities, back, abdomen, or chest. It may occur in 4 phases and may be precipitated by a variety of factors. The frequency, location, duration, severity, and character of pain differ both within and among patients. The pain may be localized, involve several areas, be diffuse, or be migratory. The intensity of pain varies from mild to excruciating and is perceived to be more intense by those who have experienced other forms of pain such as postoperative pain. Patients with sickle cell anemia who experience frequent painful crises exhibit problems with self-concept and low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, dissatisfaction with body image, poor school performance, social isolation, decreased participation in normal activities of daily living, and poor peer and family relationships. The periodic and unpredictable episodes can be incapacitating and may affect the way children see and feel about themselves, the way they relate to other people, the goals they set for themselves, and the way they approach a range of activities and situations. Research is very limited, and most of the available literature is based on personal observations, opinions, and anecdotal reports. The purpose of this report is to describe the phases of a painful episode as well as to examine the predisposing factors to, defining characteristics of, and patient outcomes associated with a painful crisis from sickle cell anemia.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

[Examination of body concept of female patients with borderline personality disorder].

The operationalized diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) by DSM-IV and ICD-10 (research criteria) is meanwhile considered as valid and reliable. A disturbed or inappropriate body image within the group of borderline patients is not assessed by these instruments. Using the "Frankfurter Körperkonzeptskalen" [6], we compared the body concept of 47 female patients with BPD with a group of patients with the diagnosis of Bulimia nervosa and with a representative sample of healthy subjects. We found highly significant differences between patients with BPD and the clinical controls as well as to the norm group. Neither dissociative symptoms nor sexual child abuse correlate with the extent of the negative body concept. Correlations between self-concept (Giessen-Test) and body concept as well as clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Linking superiority bias in the interpersonal and intergroup domains.

The author conducted 2 studies to explore the link between superiority bias in the interpersonal and intergroup domains. Australian university students evaluated the extent to which various personality traits were more or less applicable to themselves than to other Australian university students in general. They then evaluated the extent to which the same traits were more or less applicable to Australians than to people from other countries in general. As expected, the more participants evaluated themselves as superior to other university students, the more they evaluated Australians as a whole as superior to people from other countries. This link between interpersonal and intergroup superiority biases explained 22.1% of variance in Study I and 33.6% of variance in Study 2. The author interprets the results of the 2 studies as support for fundamental principles of social identity theory: (a) that self-concept consists of not only one's personal self but also the social groups to which one belongs and (b) that people are motivated to view both levels of self in a relatively positive fashion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Empathy, self-esteem and creativity among junior ballet dancers.

62 junior ballet dancers from the Finnish National Opera (44 girls, 18 boys, ages 9 to 17 yr.) completed the Battle Self-esteem Inventory Form B or AD, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, 2 factors from Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, 10 items from Rosenberg's scale, the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale, a questionnaire on hobbies, the Rorschach and the Figural B Form of Torrance's creativity test. Analysis showed dancers trained 4-5 nights/week, tended to have creative hobbies, were more empathetic and sensitive (especially girls) than controls. Dancers had higher self-esteem than the normative sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interventions to enhance physical and psychological functioning among younger women who are ending nonhormonal adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To conduct a clinical trial to determine if an educational intervention and a nutritional intervention could enhance physical and psychological functioning among younger women completing treatment for early-stage breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Younger women (50 years of age or younger, N = 252), within 2 months of having completed active nonhormonal adjuvant therapy, diagnosed with stage 0, I, or II breast cancer with 10 or fewer positive lymph nodes were randomly assigned to a three-arm clinical trial. Women in the control arm of the trial received standard medical care. Women in the two active arms received either an educational intervention, designed to provide information about their illness and enhance adjustment, or a nutritional intervention, designed to promote a more healthy diet. Primary end points included mental functioning, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms. Women were assessed before random assignment, 4 months later (immediately post-intervention), and 13 months later (9 months post-intervention). RESULTS: Participants assigned to the two active treatment arms had significantly less depressive symptomatology and better physical functioning by 13-month follow-up (differences between the two active arms were nonsignificant). These effects were primarily accounted for by changes in intrusive thoughts, concerns regarding cancer recurrence and mortality, self-concept perceptions, and self-efficacy expectations. CONCLUSION Tailored psychosocial interventions can be effectively designed to enhance adjustment among younger women who are completing nonhormonal adjuvant therapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Stability and change in positive self-appraisal from midlife to later aging.

This research investigated stability and change in the self-appraisal of having lived up to one's abilities from midlife to later aging. The subjects were 185 participants in the Terman Study of the Gifted, who had been asked to rate themselves with respect to living up to their abilities in 1960 (at an average age of 48) and in 1996 (at an average age of nearly 85). While there was a positive relation between self-appraisal at the 2 times, net change favored a more positive appraisal in aging. Those who rated themselves positively at both times had more positive personality characteristics in early to mid-adulthood, more education, better self-rated health in midlife, somewhat higher ambition in early adulthood and midlife, and greater satisfaction with their achievement in early aging. Those who changed positively in their self-appraisal, as compared with those with a negative later self-appraisal, had somewhat better education, better self-rated health in midlife, higher level occupations, and greater satisfaction with their achievement in early aging. Self-appraisals in later aging were related to current life satisfaction. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the self-concept and the self-narrative in life-span development.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural identity and health lifestyles among African Americans: a new direction for health intervention research?

OBJECTIVES: To assess associations of cultural and personal identity variables with socioeconomic status (SES) and health lifestyle in African Americans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: A questionnaire administered to 333 African Americans, ages 40-70 years, at enrollment in a nutrition education study assessed: African-American cultural identity (15 items scored 1 [low] to 4 [high]); reference group (two questions about perceived success in the Black or White way of life-scored as bi-cultural if "yes" to both); personal identity (4 items on: self-concept as attractive, self-confident, satisfied and friendly-scored 1 [no/not sure] or 2 [yes]); and selected demographic and lifestyle variables. RESULTS: Cultural identity factors reflecting participation in and belonging to African-American culture and bi-cultural reference group were related to higher SES, lower fat diets, not smoking, current drinking, and higher leisure time physical activity (cultural identity only), particularly in women (P<.001 to P = .06). Associations of cultural identity with physical activity and of bi-cultural reference group with low-fat eating and not smoking (females) remained significant at P<.05 after adjustment for SES. CONCLUSIONS: A greater emphasis is needed on aspects of cultural identity that are positively related to health lifestyles as distinct from aspects that might act as barriers.

Adult↗

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