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PubMed1998

[Laterality of musical functions in partial epilepsy].

Fourteen right handed patients with partial epilepsy (Epileptic Group) and with a median age of 31 years were divided into two groups (Right and Left), according the laterality of paroxystic activity in the electroencaphalogram. Of the 14 patients, 42.8% (6/14) presented a focus at the right side while the others 57.2% (8/14) presented a focus at the left. The Control Group consisted of 31 right handed individuals with a median age of 30 years and with no previous history of neurological disease or epileptic seizures. All the individuals had no musical skills. They carried out Music Abilities Tests including Spontaneous Rhythm, Elemental Music Functions Perception (tone color, duration, pitch, intensity and rhythm) and Complex Strutures Tests (recognition and reproduction of corporal rhythmic movements). We concluded that the focus at the right and the left cerebral hemisphere affect the development of the melodic recognition functions while in cases with focus at the left cerebral hemisphere, rhythmic reproduction and organization are more impaired when compared to the Control Group.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Disturbance of rhythm sense following right hemisphere damage.

In a patient with right temporal lobe and additional right basal ganglia damage following a stroke, recognition and reproduction of simple rhythmical Gestalten were examined and found grossly undisturbed. In contrast to this undisturbed perception and production of rhythm, the patient could not tap or move rhythmically in beat with an auditory pacer such as a metronome or marching band music, yet he could do so to rhythmically presented light or touch stimuli. Thus, the impairment seems to be a previously undescribed, modality specific disturbance of auditorily paced predictive motor behaviour affecting, for example, walking, dancing, singing and speech.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2000

Factor structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in unmedicated schizophrenia.

The heterogeneity and uncertain significance of neurologic exam abnormalities in schizophrenia prompted us to evaluate their factor structure. We administered a modified version of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) to 103 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. Data were distilled by combining right- and left-side scores, and by eliminating superfluous, rarely abnormal and unreliable items from the analysis. Exploratory principal components analysis yielded four factors: repetitive motor tasks (fist-ring, fist-edge-palm, alternating fist-palm, dysdiadochokinesis); cognitive-perceptual tasks (memory, audiovisual integration, right-left orientation, face-hand test, rhythm tapping reproduction); balancing tasks (Romberg, tandem gait); and the palmomental reflex. Evaluation of the relationship between these factors and clinical and demographic variables revealed a robust correlation between the cognitive-perceptual factor and full-scale IQ score. This analysis is a step toward developing empirical subscales of a modified NES, which may provide insights into the nature of neurologic impairment in schizophrenia and may prove clinically useful.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The welfare of the child.

The interests or welfare of the child are rightly central to any discussion of the ethics of reproduction. The problematic nature of this legitimate concern is seldom, if ever, noticed or if it is, it is misunderstood. A prominent example of this sort of misunderstanding occurs in the Department of Health's recent and important 'Surrogacy Review' chaired by Margaret Brazier (The Brazier Report) and the same misunderstanding makes nonsense of at least one provision of the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990. (The HFE Act). This paper explores and hopefully resolves this misunderstanding and sets out the ways in which the idea of the interests of the child can legitimately function in bioethics.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Histo-anatomical studies on the accessory reproductive glands of the Anatolian souslik (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) (Mammalia: Sciuridae).

In this study, the histo-anatomy of the accessory reproductive glands of the Anatolian souslik (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) is investigated, using 102 males of the vouchers which were captured from central Anatolia and eastern Mediterranean regions. Averages of measurements taken from each part of the accessory reproductive glands were as follows: length of vesicular gland [right: 3.96 (+/-0.48) mm; left: 3.70 (+/-0.55) mm]; prostate gland [length: 2.55 (+/-0.38) mm; width: 2.63 (+/-0.45) mm]; length of bulbourethral gland [right: 2.32 (+/-0.33) mm; left: 2.37 (+/-0.39) mm], and the length of the pars pelvina of the urethra was 12.31 (+/-0.76) mm. Histological sections showed that vesicular gland was composed of typically branched tubulo-alveolar glands. As the fibrous connective tissue that was found among alveoles in the prostate was dense and relatively common, only few tubulo-alveolar glands occurred. The bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland) was a tubulo-alveolar gland with a large and serrated lumen and septa between the alveoles consisted of dense fibro-muscular fibres.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fertility decline in East Asia.

With the fall of fertility in China to near or below replacement levels in the early 1990s, the whole of East Asia may now be said to have completed a demographic transition. Its experience lies between that of the West and the many developing countries in which demographic transition is now under way. The main features and possible underlying causes of the fertility declines in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China during this century are discussed. Fertility decline in East Asia is interesting both in its own right, as a chapter in the history of human reproduction, and for the light it may shed on fertility decline in the rest of the world.

China↗
PubMed2000

Informed consent for research: international perspectives.

Problems in obtaining and documenting informed consent are especially difficult to resolve in countries whose cultures differ considerably from those of most Western nations. Confusion between the research and therapeutic contexts are widespread. Two departures from widely accepted ethical standards are discussed: withholding information about the research and requiring a husband's permission for his wife to participate. Supporters of such departures claim that they are justified by the cultural context of the country in which the research is carried out. One program at the World Health Organization has developed guidelines stating that requiring partner agreement or authorization for an individual to participate in research violates the autonomy of research subjects and their right to confidentiality. A study carried out at one reproductive health clinic in Chile describes a process of obtaining informed consent to research that could serve as a model for US investigators interested in making informed consent a meaningful and ethically respectable aspect of their research activities. Research involving human subjects should adhere to a single, universally applicable standard of informed decision making by participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Idaho judge rebuffs abortion funding rule.

In a 3-page ruling on July 11, Ada County District Court Judge Duff McKee chastised Idaho officials for issuing new Medicaid regulations limiting abortion coverage to the same extent as an earlier rule found unconstitutional by the court. Judge McKee opened his order by calling the new rule "a blatant and ill-concealed attempt to maintain the status quo." Invalidating the prohibition on Medicaid coverage for low-income women's abortions except when two physicians certify that continued pregnancy will result in "grave, long-lasting physical damage," Judge McKee reiterated his holding that such a measure violates the Idaho Constitution. On February 1, Judge McKee held that the state Constitution provides broader protection for the right of privacy than the federal Constitution. The court indicated that the initial Medicaid regulation conflicted with a constitutional guarantee of neutrality, which requires Idaho to be evenhanded when subsidizing the exercise of a constitutionally protected right. Plaintiffs in Roe v. Harris--represented by ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project's Louise Melling, Planned Parenthood Federation's Carole Chervin, and cooperating attorney Newal Squyres--challenged the new regulation in early July. The lawsuit was originally filed in August of 1993. An Idaho statute, which was challenged but upheld, provides Medicaid funding when two physicians certify that it is necessary to save the woman's life or health, or when a court determines the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Bilateral giant primary ovarian leiomyomas. A case report.

The majority of ovarian leiomyomas are found incidentally during pathologic review of ovaries removed for other reasons. A 21-year-old woman, a virgin whose only symptom was abdominal discomfort of several months' duration, was found to have a large abdominopelvic mass, an elevated CA-125 level and ascites. Surgical exploration revealed the presence of large, bilateral ovarian neoplasms with a normal-appearing uterus. Since no normal ovarian tissue was identifiable, a bilateral oophorectomy and right salpingectomy were performed, preserving the uterus for assisted reproductive techniques. Histopathologic review confirmed benign giant primary ovarian leiomyomas with only microscopic foci of intermixed normal ovarian tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of ovulation rate and ovarian phenotype in puberal heifers from a cattle population selected for increased ovulation rate.

Long-term selection for increased ovulation rate (1984 to 2002) has resulted in a unique ovarian phenotype in the MARC Twinner cattle population. Ovulation rate and frequency of bilateral ovulations were examined by rectal palpation in 29,547 estrous cycles for 3,910 heifers (12 to 18 mo of age) in this population. Bilateral ovulations (one corpus lutuem [CL] on each ovary) were of interest because bilateral twin pregnancies result in decreased dystocia and increased calf survival. Ovulation rate increased linearly at a rate of 0.026 CL per year, and it currently averages 1.48 +/- 0.04 CL per estrous cycle. Concurrent with the increase in ovulation rate, the frequency of triplet ovulations increased from 0% to 2.3 +/- 0.8% (P < 0.001). Ovulation rate of both the right and left ovary increased equally at a rate of 0.013 CL per year, and mean ovulation rate of the right ovary remained greater than mean ovulation rate of the left ovary throughout the study (0.66 vs. 0.55 +/- 0.003 CL per estrous cycle; P < 0.001). Although correlations were low, ovulation rate of one ovary was negatively correlated (P < 0.001; r = -0.07) with ovulation rate of the same ovary in the previous estrous cycle, but positively correlated (P < 0.001; r = 0.13) with the contralateral ovary of the previous estrous cycle. The proportion of bilateral ovulations averaged 55.7 +/- 0.7%, a value greater than the predicted 49.5% (P < 0.001). In addition to dystocia and retained placenta, triplet pregnancies increase the incidence of pregnancies gestating fetuses of opposite sexes and subsequent incidence of freemartins; thus, selection pressure on ovulation rate may need to be adjusted in the MARC Twinner population. The proportion of bilateral ovulations in the population is greater than expected, and this may be an economically important trait, which will respond to selection and be beneficial for improving bovine reproductive efficiency. Understanding factors controlling the increased functional activity of the right ovary and bilateral ovulations may provide further insights into the mechanisms controlling follicle selection and methods to improve reproductive management of cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A proposed draft protocol for the European Convention on Biomedicine relating to research on the human embryo and fetus.

The objective of this paper is to stimulate academic debate on embryo and fetal research from the perspective of the drafting of a protocol to the European Convention on Biomedicine. The Steering Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe was mandated to draw up such a protocol and for this purpose organised an important symposium on reproductive technologies and embryo research, in Strasbourg from the 16th to the 18th of December 1996.

Embryo Research↗
PubMed2004

Prefrontal and tegmental electrical activity during olfactory stimulation in virgin and lactating rats.

This study was designed to analyze if the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was modified throughout various reproductive stages of female rats exposed to pup-associated or non-associated odors. Simultaneous EEG recordings were obtained from right and left mPFC and VTA in adult female rats during the smelling of nest bedding and female bedding under three reproductive states: proestrus-estrus (P-E), diestrus (D) and lactation (L). Absolute (AP) and relative (RP) powers of three EEG band frequencies, and interhemispheric correlation (r) of EEG activity were calculated and compared among conditions. During the awake-quiet condition, RP of the 12-21 Hz band was significantly higher in the right and left mPFC as well as in the right VTA of lactating rats as compared to P-E rats. During the smelling of nest bedding, the RP of the 8-11 Hz in the mPFC became increased while that of the 6-7 and 12-21 Hz decreased in the three reproductive stages. In the VTA, this phenomenon was mainly observed in lactating rats. Only the RP of the lower frequencies (6-7 and 8-11 Hz bands) was higher in the right mPFC and in the left and right VTA, respectively, of the lactating rats with respect to P-E rats, while that of the 12-21 Hz band was lower in lactating as compared to P-E rats. Moreover, the interprefrontal correlation of the lower-frequency bands was higher in relation to smelling of nest bedding in diestrus and lactating rats, whereas during the smelling of female bedding the correlation of the 6-7 Hz band was increased only in the diestrus rats as compared to P-E rats. These data indicate that EEG activity recording is a sensitive tool to study the functionality of the mPFC and VTA during different reproductive states and suggest the possible participation of these structures in the processing of olfactory stimuli associated to pups to modulate the motivational and performance processes, crucial for the expression of maternal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Matching and imitation of hand and finger postures in patients with damage in the left or right hemispheres.

To disentangle perceptual, conceptual and motor aspects of imitation of gestures, reproduction of meaningless postures of either the hand or the fingers was examined in two conditions. In the matching test a target gesture had to be identified among an array of four gestures performed by different persons and seen under different angles of views. For imitation, the same gestures had to be imitated. Thirty-five patients with LBD, 21 patients with RBD, and 17 healthy controls were examined. LBD patients had more difficulties with imitation than with matching while RBD patients had more difficulties with matching than with imitation. Regardless of whether imitation or matching was tested, LBD patients made more errors with hand than with finger postures whereas RBD patients made more errors with finger than with hand postures. This constellation of results is compatible with the assumption that errors are caused by faulty visuoperceptual processing in RBD, and by defective conceptual mediation in LBD. Defective motor execution does not appear to be a significant source of imitation errors in either group.

Adult↗

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