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[Etiology and therapy of perioral dermatitis].
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[Inflammatory skin changes in the face. Diagnostics and therapy].
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Neuroprotective effects in gerbils of spiramine T from Spiraea japonica var. acuta.
The neuroprotective effects of spiramine T, an atisine-type diterpenoid alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Spiraea japonica var. acuta (Rosaceaee), on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury produced by 10-min bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries followed by 5-day reperfusion in gerbils were investigated. Intravenous spiramine T (0.38, 0.75, and 1.5 mg.kg-1) markedly reduced the stroke index, enhanced the recovery of EEG amplitude during reperfusion and decreased the concentrations of cortex calcium and LPO in a dose-dependent manner. However, no significant effects on water and sodium contents were observed. These results suggested that spiramine T exhibited protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils, and its mechanism might be related to reducing calcium accumulation and lipid peroxidation. This is the first report on spiramine T as a natural product with neuroprotective effects.
A new in vitro tissue factor inhibitory triterpene from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis.
Tissue factor (TF, tissue thromboplastin) accelerates the blood clotting, activating both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways to serve as a cofactor. In order to isolate TF inhibitors from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis, an activity-guided purification was carried out to yield four triterpenoid compounds. One compound was new and its structure was elucidated as 28-O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-24,28-dioic acid (2), named chaenomeloside A by means of spectral analysis and chemical conversion. Other compounds were trachelosperoside A-1 (1), oleanolic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4). Compound 2 and its aglycone 2a, named chaenomelogenin A inhibited by 50 % the TF activity at concentrations of 0.036 and 0.028 mM/unit of TF, respectively. Compound 1 isolated for the first time from this plant as well as 3 and 4 were inactive.
Environmental constraints on phenology and internal nutrient cycling in the Mediterranean winter-deciduous shrub Amelanchier ovalis Medicus.
The functional adjustments of winter-deciduous perennials to Mediterranean conditions have received little attention. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine whether Amelanchier ovalis, a winter-deciduous shrub of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions, has nutritional and phenological traits in common with temperate zone deciduous trees and shrubs and (ii) to determine the constraints of Mediterranean environmental conditions on these traits. Over two years, phenology and nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations were monitored monthly in the crown of A. ovalis. Leaf longevity, survival and nutrient resorption from senescing leaves were used to infer nutrient use efficiency and retention times of nutrients within the crown. In A. ovalis, bud burst was much earlier than in temperate deciduous trees and shrubs. Most vegetative and reproductive growth occurred in spring. Limited phenological development took place during the summer drought period. Unexpectedly, leaf shedding was very gradual, which might be related to water shortages in summer. Leaf longevity, nutrient resorption from senescing leaves, and maximum leaf nutrient concentrations indicated that nutrient retention times were short and nutrient use efficiency was low compared to that found in temperate deciduous plants and co-occurring Mediterranean evergreens. A. ovalis exhibited phenological development appropriate for a Mediterranean climate, although its limited ability to retain nutrients likely restricts the types of sites that it can occupy.
Relative growth rate and biomass allocation in ten woody species with different leaf longevity using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs).
In this study, we compare the relative growth rate (RGR) and biomass allocation of 10 woody species (5 deciduous and 5 evergreen) from the Mediterranean region using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) to test if these two functional groups differ in these traits. In general, the results were similar when using PICs or without taking into account phylogenetic relations. Deciduous species had a higher RGR than evergreen species, due to the higher net assimilation rate (NAR). Deciduous species had a higher specific leaf area (SLA) but a lower leaf mass ratio (LMR), resulting in a similar LAR for deciduous and evergreen species (LAR = SLA x LMR). In some cases, the use of PICs revealed patterns that would not have appeared if phylogeny had been overlooked. For example, there was no significant correlation between RGR and final dry mass (after 4 months of growth) but PICs revealed that there was a positive relation between these two variables in all deciduous-evergreen pairs. In general, RGR decreased with time and this temporal variation was due primarily to NAR variations (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), and also to variations in LAR (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). Considering the phylogeny, the only variable constantly different for all deciduous-evergreen pairs was SLA. This result, and the fact that SLA was the best correlated variable with RGR (r = 0.81, p < 0.01), reinforce the value of SLA as a variable closely associated to growth and to the functional groups (deciduous vs. evergreen).
Mystery of the blue pigmentation.
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Images in clinical medicine. Tacrolimus ointment, alcohol, and facial flushing.
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In vitro versus in vivo cellulose microfibrils from plant primary wall synthases: structural differences.
Detergent extracts of microsomal fractions from suspension cultured cells of Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) were tested for their ability to synthesize in vitro sizable quantities of cellulose from UDP-glucose. Both Brij 58 and taurocholate were effective and yielded a substantial percentage of cellulose microfibrils together with (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan (callose). The taurocholate extracts, which did not require the addition of Mg(2+), were the most efficient, yielding roughly 20% of cellulose. This cellulose was characterized after callose removal by methylation analysis, electron microscopy, and electron and x-ray synchrotron diffractions; its resistance toward the acid Updegraff reagent was also evaluated. The cellulose microfibrils synthesized in vitro had the same diameter as the endogenous microfibrils isolated from primary cell walls. Both polymers diffracted as cellulose IV(I), a disorganized form of cellulose I. Besides these similarities, the in vitro microfibrils had a higher perfection and crystallinity as well as a better resistance toward the Updegraff reagent. These differences can be attributed to the mode of synthesis of the in vitro microfibrils that are able to grow independently in a neighbor-free environment, as opposed to the cellulose in the parent cell walls where new microfibrils have to interweave with the already laid polymers, with the result of a number of structural defects.
Common skin diseases. 2.
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'Cyanidin volumetric index' and 'chromaticity coordinates ratio' to characterize red raspberry (Rubus idaeus).
The object of this work is presented in a larger research project concerning 'New indexes to evidence the nutritional quality of small fruits' in progress at the Analytical Food Research Laboratories, University of Milan. The present paper contains data that contribute to the analytical characterization of 12 varieties of red raspberry through the high-performance liquid chromatography determination of the aglycon 'cyanidin' derived from chemical hydrolysis of berries. Even more interesting results are the proposal of the 'cyanidin volumetric index', by which it is possible to compare different red raspberry varieties with higher meaningfulness. A new possible correlation between the ratio of chromaticity coordinates 'a/b' and the cyanidin content of red raspberries has been identified.
Two new and four known polyphenolics obtained as new cell-cycle inhibitors from Rubus aleaefolius Poir.
Two new polyphenolics, rubuphenol (1) and sanguiin H-2 ethyl ester (2), were isolated together with ellagic acid (3), ethyl gallate (4), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (5) and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (6) as new cell-cycle inhibitors from Rubus aleaefolius by bioassay-guided separation procedure and the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic method. Compounds 1-6 inhibited the cell cycle progression of tsFT210 cells at the G0/G1 phase with the MIC values of 14.6 microM (1), 22.1 microM (2), 10.3 microM (3), 7.8 microM (4), 7.9 microM (5) and 6.6 microM (6).
Identification of a zinc transporter gene in strawberry.
We have cloned a ZRT (Zn-regulated transporter), IRT (Fe-regulated transporter)-like protein (ZIP) gene from the strawberry plant (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). This gene, designated as FaZIP1, is composed of three exons and two introns. The locations of the two introns (546 and 157 base pairs) in the gene were confirmed by sequence analysis of cDNA clones obtained by using 3' and 5' RNA ligase mediated-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) PCR. Also, based on the cDNA sequence, the transcriptional start site of FaZIP1 was assigned. FaZIP1 is predicted to code for a protein of 353 amino acids containing a signal peptide and eight potential transmembrane domains. Southern blot analysis indicated that FaZIP1 is a member of a multi-gene family. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the FaZIP1 gene is constitutively expressed in strawberry leaves and roots.
Isolation of two new ionone glucosides from quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) leaves.
The 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranosides of (6R)-3-oxo-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-alpha-ionol 1 and 3-oxo-5,6-epoxy-beta-ionol 2 were isolated from quince leaves. The glycosidic extract was obtained by XAD-2 adsorption and MeOH elution. After DCCC separation and flash chromatography, purification by high performance liquid chromatography was carried out. The novel quince leaf constituents were characterized as peracetates 1a and 2a.
Composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) seeds: phenolics, organic acids and free amino acids.
Phenolic compounds, organic acids and free amino acids of quince seeds were determined by HPLC/DAD, HPLC/UV and GC/FID, respectively. Quince seeds presented a phenolic profile composed of 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, lucenin-2, vicenin-2, stellarin-2, isoschaftoside, schaftoside, 6-C-pentosyl-8-C-glucosyl chrysoeriol and 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-pentosyl chrysoeriol. Six identified organic acids constituted the organic acid profile of quince seeds: citric, ascorbic, malic, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids. The free amino acid profile was composed of 21 identified free amino acids and the three most abundant were glutamic and aspartic acids and asparagine.
Skin care and problems in the aged.
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Flammability is a niche construction trait: canopy architecture affects fire intensity.
By affecting local fire intensities or the probability of ignition, traits that influence plant flammability may indirectly control selection for fire-related life-history and physiological traits. The retention of dead branches in the canopy has been cited as contributing to plant flammability. No experiment, however, has demonstrated that differences in plant canopy architecture on the scale of observed variation in nature can affect local fire characteristics. I experimentally manipulated canopies of Adenostoma fasciculatum, a California shrub that naturally retains dead branches, to mimic degrees of self-pruning in four small-scale (4 m x 6 m) treatments: removal of all canopy dead wood, clipping of all dead wood with wood left as litter, an unmanipulated treatment, and a dead wood addition. Treatment plots were burned in large-scale prescribed fires. Fire temperatures and heat release were significantly higher in Unmanipulated and Addition treatments, demonstrating a significant local effect of dead branch retention. Removal and Clip and Leave treatments did not differ significantly; the observed effect is a result of canopy architecture rather than differences in total fuel load.
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