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Implementing potentially better practices for improving family-centered care in neonatal intensive care units: successes and challenges.

OBJECTIVE: Multidisciplinary teams from 11 medical center neonatal intensive care units collaborated in a quality improvement project with a focus on family-centered care. METHODS: Through a process of self-analysis, literature review, benchmarking site visits, and expert consultation, 10 potentially better practice (PBP) areas were defined. Improvement activities in 4 of the 10 areas are given as examples of successes and challenges that individual centers encountered. The 4 areas are vision and philosophy, unit culture, family participation in care, and families as advisors. RESULTS: Centers were at different places for all of the PBPs at the beginning and throughout the collaboration. Seven centers developed or revised their vision or philosophy of care statements about family-centered care. Incorporating the vision and philosophy of care into performance appraisals, hiring of new personnel, and changing unit culture to a more family-centered practice were more challenging than developing the statements. Full parent participation in care requires unrestricted access to the neonatal intensive care unit. The shift from considering parents to be "visitors" to being partners in caring for their child was more difficult for centers with restricted visitation policies. All centers developed, expanded, or started plans for establishing family advisory councils. The experience of 2 centers is described. CONCLUSIONS: Family-centered care is more of a journey than a destination. Collaborating centers in this project found themselves at different places in that journey. Through perseverance in implementing the PBPs, all have moved further along the path.

Benchmarking↗

[How is it going with the Sick-listing II patients? From the project Evaluation of Follow-up of Long-term Sick-listed Persons].

The aim of the study was to follow up 712 persons with respect to social insurance and labour market status one year after the start of a period of long-term sickness certificate. The study is based on information from the local National Insurance Offices in five municipalities in Norway. Mean duration of the long-term sickness certificate was 185 calendar days, slightly longer for males than females. 44.9% returned to work during the first year, another 2.9% attended vocational rehabilitation programmes, 11.7% were still receiving medical treatment, 12.2% had qualified for a disability pension, 5.6% were in receipt of an old age pension and 5.6% were unemployed. The remaining 17.1% had either died or had moved from the municipality. The few patients attending vocational rehabilitation programmes, compared with the increasing number of persons granted a disability pension in Norway since 1985 indicate insufficient effort to provide vocational rehabilitation.

Adolescent↗

Impairments and Hansen's disease control in Rondônia state, Amazon region of Brazil.

This retrospective study of impairments in a decentralized and integrated, routine Hansen's disease (HD) programme was done on a cohort of all new patients detected in Rondônia state from 1996 to 1999. It shows that the dynamics of impairments during treatment in Rondônia are similar to what has been published in other recent studies from Africa and Asia. Data about impairments at detection and at release from treatment (cure), the prescription of steroids, and epidemiological information are provided. Of the original 5350 new patients, 4230 patients (80%) completed multidrug therapy (MDT) and had complete data about their impairment status. At the start of treatment, 9% of the paucibacillary (PB) and 26% of the multibacillary (MB) patients had WHO grade 1 impairment. Three percent of the PB and 11% of the MB patients had visible deformities (WHO grade 2 impairment). Of the patients without impairments (grade 0) at the start of treatment, 5% of the PB and 20% of the MB patients developed impairments during treatment. Of the PB patients with a WHO impairment grade 1 at start of treatment, 34% improved and 6% got worse. Of the MB patients 34% improved and 12% became worse. In a separate study of patients from the 1997 intake, 17% of the PB and 58% of the MB patients were treated at least once with a course of steroids or thalidomide during MDT treatment. It is noted in the literature that the percentage of persons with recent nerve function impairment (NFI), nerve pain or tenderness and/or reaction reactions differs between projects. This may reflect real differences or may be caused by differences in routine monitoring and/or criteria and methods of treatment. The use of the WHO maximum score, particularly for the patients with grade 2, is not as sensitive to change as utilizing the summary of Eye, Hand and Foot (EHF) scores. If overall impairment figures are given, the proportions of MB patients may define the differences between projects, therefore it is important to analysis and present the results of PB and MB patients separately. The most simple (outcome) indicator to estimate the effectiveness of patient management would be the proportions of patients with impairment grade 0 at start of treatment who develop either grade 1 or 2 impairments during treatment. An additional (outcome) indicator could be the proportion of patients with impairment grade 1 at start of treatment who develop grade 2 impairments during treatment. Currently, no operational targets or acceptable level of performance for patient management have been set. This would be important to enable programme managers to determine if adequate patient education, treatment and follow up have been provided after the disease detection to prevent and/or minimize problems associated with the disease. The available evidence strongly suggests that reactions and impairments related to HD will continue to occur in large numbers, requiring the development of adequate infrastructures and sustainable services to detect and to manage problems associated with HD during and after MDT treatment.

Adolescent↗

The projections of early enteric neurons are influenced by the direction of neural crest cell migration.

The enteric nervous system arises from the neural crest. In embryonic mice, vagal neural crest cells enter the developing foregut at approximately embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and then migrate rostrocaudally to colonize the entire gastrointestinal tract by E14.5. This study showed that a subpopulation of vagal crest-derived cells, very close to the migratory wavefront, starts to differentiate into neurons early, as shown by the expression of neuron-specific proteins and the absence of Sox10. Many of the early differentiating neurons transiently exhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. The TH cells were demonstrated to be the progenitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) neurons. Immunohistochemistry, lesions, and DiI tracing were used to examine the projections of developing enteric neurons. The axons of first neurons in the gut (the TH-NOS neurons) projected in the same direction (caudally), and traversed the same pathways through the mesenchyme, as the migrating, undifferentiated, vagal crest-derived cells. To examine if the direction of migration and direction of axon projection are linked, coculture experiments were set up in which vagal crest-derived cells migrated either rostrocaudally (as they do in vivo), or caudorostrally (which they do not normally do), to colonize explants of embryonic aneural hindgut. The direction in which neurons projected was correlated with the direction of cell migration, but migration direction appears to be not the only mechanism influencing axon projection. Peristaltic reflexes involve both orally (rostrally) projecting neurons and anally (caudally) projecting neurons. Because few rostrally projecting neurons could be detected before birth, the full circuitry for peristaltic reflexes appears to develop after birth.

Animals↗

More agencies want to help. Directory of funders.

If you want to know who might be willing to fund your safe motherhood project, write to WHO's Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Program for our new directory. Produced in collaboration with the UK-based development agency, AHRTAG, the Directory of funders of maternal health and safe motherhood projects has more than 70 entries, including the World Bank and many UNICEF national offices. UNDP and UNFPA wrote to us indicating that they can only respond to government requests for assistance. The directory is intended for the use of non-governmental organizations planning to extend or start safe motherhood activities. WHO regularly receives requests for support which it is unable to assist because it is not a funding agency. It was in response to this evident need that the directory was prepared. Each entry in the directory contains the name, address, telephone and fax details of the funder. One agency has indicated that it may fund a project valued at as much as US$2 million while another would consider grants for as little as US$1000. Where available, details of the types of projects considered are also included. The most popular areas of support are health education, training and community-level maternity services. Some agencies have said that they are interested in supporting national safe motherhood newsletters. If you would like to receive a free copy of the directory, or if your agency would like to be included in the next edition, please write to the Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Program, Division of Family Health, WHO, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Good luck in finding funding for your project]

Delivery of Health Care↗

Decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and spontaneous complete abortion: defining the normal curve.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to estimate a standard curve of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) decline that characterizes spontaneous abortion. METHODS: Data were extracted from a clinical database of women with symptomatic early pregnancies and nondiagnostic ultrasonography who required follow-up with serial hCG levels. The evaluation was restricted to women who had a pregnancy of unknown location, a decrease in serum levels, and who were ultimately diagnosed with miscarriage (a decrease in serum hCG to < 5 mIU/mL in the absence of surgical intervention or confirmation of products of conception after dilation and curettage). The starting point of the curve was the hCG concentration at presentation, with serial levels plotted until the time of definitive diagnosis. Semiparametric statistical techniques were used to characterize the shape of the curve. We present slopes for the decrease in log hCG levels and the projected rate of fall. RESULTS: Of the 1,543 patients, 710 were diagnosed with miscarriage. A quadratic curve for log hCG with a steeper rate of decline for large initial hCG values best described the pattern of change. One curve could not fully estimate the decline because the rate was dependent on the initial hCG level. In other words, more rapid decline was associated with a higher starting concentration. The rate of decline ranged from 21% to 35% at 2 days and 60% to 84% at 7 days, depending on initial hCG value. CONCLUSION: The rate of hCG decrease in spontaneous abortions is described by a quadratic profile, with a faster decline in hCG value with higher presentation levels. A rate of decline less than 21% at 2 days or 60% at 7 days suggests retained trophoblasts or an ectopic pregnancy.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk.

CONTEXT: Whether menopausal hormone replacement therapy using a combined estrogen-progestin regimen increases risk of breast cancer beyond that associated with estrogen alone is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increases in risk associated with the estrogen-progestin regimen are greater than those associated with estrogen alone. DESIGN: Cohort study of follow-up data for 1980-1995 from the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, a nationwide breast cancer screening program. SETTING: Twenty-nine screening centers throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 46355 postmenopausal women (mean age at start of follow-up, 58 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident breast cancers by recency, duration, and type of hormone use. RESULTS: During follow-up, 2082 cases of breast cancer were identified. Increases in risk with estrogen only and estrogen-progestin only were restricted to use within the previous 4 years (relative risk [RR], 1.2 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.4] and 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1-1.8], respectively); the relative risk increased by 0.01 (95% CI, 0.002-0.03) with each year of estrogen-only use and by 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02-0.16) with each year of estrogen-progestin-only use among recent users, after adjustment for mammographic screening, age at menopause, body mass index (BMI), education, and age. The P value associated with the test of homogeneity of these estimates was .02. Among women with a BMI of 24.4 kg/m2 or less, increases in RR with each year of estrogen-only use and estrogen-progestin-only use among recent users were 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01-0.06) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.02-0.25), respectively. These associations were evident for the majority of invasive tumors with ductal histology and regardless of extent of invasive disease. Risk in heavier women did not increase with use of estrogen only or estrogen-progestin only. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the estrogen-progestin regimen increases breast cancer risk beyond that associated with estrogen alone.

Body Mass Index↗

Vinorelbine in elderly patients with inoperable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: a phase II study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer in the elderly is becoming a complex and frequent issue. At least 30% of lung carcinomas are expected to arise each year in elderly patients, who often have significant comorbidity. The most appropriate treatment for this large portion of cancer patients remains unknown. The purpose of this Phase II trial was to make a comprehensive evaluation of the activity, toxicity, and tolerability of single-agent vinorelbine in elderly and relatively poorly performing patients with inoperable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS: Patients age 70 years or older were eligible to participate in this trial if they had a pathologic diagnosis, a performance status lower than 4 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] scale), and gave informed consent. Vinorelbine was given intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 25 mg/m(2) every week until progression, persistent toxicity, or refusal. RESULTS: Forty-six patients entered the study; their median age was 75 years (range, 70-83 years). Five patients never started on vinorelbine; 27 others had early treatment suspensions. The median number of weekly infusions was 5 (range, 0-28); the median dose intensity was 70% of projected. Toxicity was generally mild, mainly hematologic, and never life-threatening. ECOG performance status, body weight, and almost all the scores from the quality-of-life questionnaires remained constant during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Two patients obtained partial response, 10 patients had some tumor regression, and 26 had tumor stabilization. The estimated median time to progression was 19 weeks (quartile range, 11-23 weeks), and the median survival 34 weeks (quartile range, 16-63 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: In our group of patients who had poor prognoses, vinorelbine was well tolerated, moderately active, and capable of ensuring relatively long survival. It may represent a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of nonresectable NSCLC in elderly patients.

Age Factors↗

Development of esophageal epithelium in the fetal and neonatal mouse.

Development of the fetal mouse esophageal epithelium was followed using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and radioautography. At 15 days of gestation in the cervical (C), mediastinal (M), and abdominal (A) segments of the esophagus, the epithelium was two or three cells thick, and only cells located in the basal (germinal) layer incorporated tritiated thymidine. Ciliated cells were sparse in all three segments. At 17 days of gestation, longitudinal mesenchymal ridges became more differentiated in the distal segment. Labeling indices were lower than at preceding stages in each segment. Ciliated cells had increased in number and appeared to be evenly distributed along the whole esophagus. In periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained sections, an increasing proximodistal distribution of glycogen stores was observed, with greatest concentrations found in segment A. At 18 days of gestation, labeling indices were comparable in segments C and M (11.7% +/- 2.9% and 12.8% +/- 1.9%, respectively) but remained higher in segment A (17.9% +/- 2.0%). Ciliated cells were still present. At this stage, transverse circular furrows and ridges started to appear. They increased in number at 4 days after birth and were very closely distributed in the adult. In longitudinal sections, these ridges corresponded to projections of stratum granulosum and of the overlying stratum corneum. After birth, ciliated cells desquamated rapidly but some patches were still present at 4 days. At 8 days, the esophageal epithelium was not yet keratinized.

Animals↗

Channeling and prevalence of cardiovascular contraindications in users of cyclooxygenase 2 selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess use and channeling of cyclooxygenase 2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) over time and to estimate the percentage of coxib users with cardiovascular contraindications. METHODS: The study population comprised all coxib and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) users in the Integrated Primary Care Information project between January 2000 and December 2004. The prevalence of risk factors for NSAID-related upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease at the start of treatment was compared between users of coxibs and users of nonselective NSAIDs. RESULTS: The study population included 72,841 nonselective NSAID users and 10,739 coxib users. The prevalence of risk factors for NSAID-related gastrointestinal complications was higher in coxib users than nonselective NSAID users (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.10-1.26). Similarly, the prevalence of prior cardiovascular disease was higher in coxib users than in nonselective NSAID users (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.28-1.43). Channeling of coxibs to patients with NSAID-related gastrointestinal risk factors declined after 2001 but increased again in 2004, whereas the channeling of coxibs to patients with cardiovascular disease remained constant. Less than 15% of all coxib users had history of ischemic coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Among coxib users with increased risk for NSAID-related gastrointestinal disorders, 27% had history of ischemic coronary or cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that coxibs were preferentially prescribed to patients with risk factors for NSAID-related gastrointestinal disorders and/or cardiovascular diseases. Only one-quarter of coxib users with increased risk for NSAID-related gastrointestinal complications had cardiovascular conditions compatible with recent European safety contraindications for coxibs.

Adolescent↗

Increased gap junctional area in the rat liver after administration of dibutyryl cAMP.

Since cAMP has recently been reported to be a possible physiological modulator of cell-to-cell communication, we performed a quantitative freeze-fracture investigation on the hepatocyte gap junctions after administration of a membrane-permeant derivative of this cyclic nucleotide. For this purpose, male rats received two intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg dibutyryl cAMP/kg body weight with a time interval of 2.5 h. Litter mates were injected with saline only. Five hours after the start of the treatment, tissue blocks of the left lateral liver lobe were fixed by immersion and processed for freeze-fracture. By point counting on negatives projected on a square double-lattice test system the relative gap junctional area on contiguous hepatocyte membranes was determined. As compared to control animals, the proportion of the membrane area occupied by gap junctions in dibutyryl cAMP-treated liver parenchyma significantly increased from 4.9% to 6.1%. Within the gap junctions no changes in shape, particle density or packing pattern were observed. Possibly, the enlarged gap junctional area provides structural pathways for the integration of the response of hepatocytes to messages mediated by cAMP.

Animals↗

[Genetics of retinal dystrophies--an overview].

Vision requires complex retinal functions, involving multiple genes with different functions. Retinal degeneration results from disturbance of retina-specific processes such as the visual transduction cascade, but also from defects in basic functions such as pre-mRNA splicing and nucleotide synthesis. As a consequence, the retinal dystrophies are genetically extremely heterogeneous (as shown in the table). Thanks to the Human Genome Project, the identification of retinal disease genes and additional loci has skyrocketed. Today, a typical search for the causative gene in a disease-linked genomic interval starts at the computer. Genes from a particular region can be displayed, and multiple gene-specific data such as expression patterns are immediately accessible. Candidate genes can then be investigated in DNA from affected individuals.

Biomarkers↗

An occupational health programme for adults and children in the carpet weaving industry, Mirzapur, India: a case study in the informal sector.

The Indo-Dutch Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Project under Ganga action Plan in Kanpur and Mirzapur is being executed within the framework of Indo-Dutch bilateral development cooperation. The project aims to integrate technological, social and health related improvements. It is expected that the development approach and methodology can be replicated in other urban settlements in India. The project is being supplemented by a training and institutional strengthening programme, which will facilitate the transfer of new technologies and improvements in operation and maintenance of these new technologies. One of the project's goals is to improve living conditions in the targeted areas by installing drinking water and drainage systems. A socio-economic unit (SEU) in the project supports these technical interventions by encouraging the community to participate in project activities. The Occupational Health Programme in Mirzapur was conceived by the SEU to improve the health and living conditions of child and adult weavers. At the start of the programme, 200 weavers and 60 non-weaver workers from Mirzapur city, matched for age and socio-economic status, were interviewed and underwent a physical examination. The mean age of the weavers is 27 years, reflecting the relatively large percentage of child labour (13.5%). Illiteracy among them is 73%, whereas 14% have had only a primary education. 64.5% of the carpet weavers are Muslims and 35.6% are Hindus. 61% own a loom or work in a family owned loom shed. 95% of the weavers have a monthly income of less than 600 Rs. Complaints of a persistent cough and cough with expectoration, backache, the common cold and joint pains occurred more often in the weaver population than in the comparison group and have been identified as 'occupational hazards'. An intervention programme has been implemented based on the results of the occupational health survey. These interventions include awareness camps, installment of plexiglass tiles for light improvement in the loom sheds, training of community health volunteers and house-to-house health education. Another essential part of the programme is the provision of functional literacy classes for child and adult labourers in the carpet weaving industry. Occupational health as an entry point proved to be a successful approach in this segment of the informal sector, where child labour plays an important role.

Adolescent↗

Post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection in healthcare workers: recommendations for the European setting.

The European Commission funded a project for the standardisation of the management of occupational exposures to HIV/blood-borne infections and antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Europe. Within this project, the following recommendations and rationale were formulated by experts representative of participating countries. Based on assessment of the exposure, material, and source characteristics, PEP should be started as soon as possible with any triple combination of antiretrovirals approved for the treatment of HIV-infected patients; initiation is discouraged after 72 hours Rapid HIV testing of the source could reduce inappropriate PEP. HIV testing should be performed at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks, with additional clinical and laboratory monitoring of adverse reactions and potential toxicity at week 1 and 2. HIV resistance tests in the source and direct virus assays in the exposed HCW are not recommended routinely. These easy-to-use recommendations seek to maximise PEP effect while minimising its toxicity and inappropriate use.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

Nutrition: a reservoir for integrative science.

In the last twenty years, powerful new molecular techniques were introduced that made it possible to advance knowledge in human biology using a reductionist approach. Now, the need for scientists to deal with complexity should drive a movement toward an integrationist approach to science. We propose that nutritional science is one of the best reservoirs for this approach. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences can play an important role by developing and delivering a cogent message that convinces the scientific establishment that nutrition fills this valuable niche. The society must develop a comprehensive strategy to develop our image as the reservoir for life sciences integration. Our efforts can start with our national meeting and publications, with the research initiatives for which we advocate, with our graduate training programs and with the public relations image we project for ourselves. Defining the image and future directions of nutrition as the discipline that can integrate scientific knowledge from the cell and molecule to the whole body and beyond to populations can be the most important task that our society undertakes. If we do not effectively meet this challenge, a golden opportunity will pass to others and nutritional scientists will be left to follow them.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

Dynamics of individual sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated single myofibrils.

It is generally assumed that sarcomere lengths (SLs) change in isometric fibres following activation and following stretch on the descending limb of the force-length relationship, because of an inherent instability. Although this assumption has never been tested directly, instability and SL non-uniformity have been associated with several mechanical properties, such as 'creep' and force enhancement. The aim of this study was to test directly the hypothesis that sarcomeres are unstable on the descending limb of the force-length relationship. We used single myofibrils, isolated from rabbit psoas, that were attached to glass needles that allowed for controlled stretching of myofibrils. Images of the sarcomere striation pattern were projected onto a linear photodiode array, which was scanned at 20 Hz to produce dark-light patterns corresponding to the A- and I-bands, respectively. Starting from a mean SL of 2.55 +/- 0.07 microm, stretches of 11.2 +/- 1.6% of SL at a speed of 118.9 +/- 5.9 nm s(-1) were applied to the activated myofibrils (pCa(2+) = 4.75). SLs along the myofibril were non-uniform before, during and after the stretch, but with few exceptions, they remained constant during the isometric period before stretch, and during the extended isometric period after stretch. Sarcomeres never lengthened to a point beyond thick and thin filament overlap. We conclude that sarcomeres are non-uniform but generally stable on the descending limb of the force-length relationship.

Animals↗

Epidemiological pattern of leprosy in Ethiopia: a review of the control programmes.

Leprosy control started in a limited area of Ethiopia in 1956. Extended coverage of the country was achieved in the early seventies. Review of the data from the control projects since 1976 revealed that leprosy is a disease of the Ethiopian highlands where prevalence rates as high as 7 per thousand have been recorded in some provinces, while the cumulative national average for the last 13 years was 2.6 per thousand. The paucibacillary form was predominant. However, unlike other African countries, a relatively high proportion of multibacillary leprosy was found in Ethiopia. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1 with the highest prevalence in the 15-44 years age bracket. Detection rates for new cases have shown a gradual decline since 1982, a year before multiple drug therapy (MDT) was introduced into the country. For the last 5 years the number of new cases has stabilized at 4700/year. These trends probably reflect a general reduction in the prevalence of leprosy in the country, while the conspicuous decline in 1982 is most likely related to discharge of cases during screening before MDT. The new villagization policy of Ethiopia with its effective reorganization of the populations is believed to make control programmes and supervision of MDT easier and presumably more effective. Similarly, more reliable prevalence and incidence studies could be undertaken with success.

Adolescent↗

Making the transition to the perioperative clinical educator role.

Obtaining a desired position within the field of perioperative nursing can prove to be a daunting task. If one desires to become a perioperative clinical educator, the most logical place to start is to assume the role of a preceptor or mentor to novice nurses as they enter the field. Additionally, volunteering for committee work and participating in projects as they arise will demonstrate to perioperative leaders the skills and the ambition to advance. Furthermore, affiliation with professional nursing organizations will provide the networking resources and professional development tools that are needed for success.

Career Mobility↗

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