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PubMedDate not supplied

Hypocholesterolaemic effects of dietary fibre.

Role of dietary fibre in lowering serum cholesterol has been studied in mongrel dogs. Pectin, wheat bra, guar gum and Isabghol were fed with standard diet. No statistically significant changes were found in serum cholesterol levels in any groug (P greater than .05) after one week. Later by 15th day, pectin reduced serum cholesterol significantly i.e. 12.4% (P less than .02). However, in groups being fed other forms of fibre the levels of serum cholesterol were reduced by 3.8% to 7.0

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effect of different fiber sources on the neutral steroid excretions of hypercholesterolemic casein fed rabbits.

Four groups of 14 New Zealand white rabbits were made hypercholesterolemic by feeding them during four months on a casein semi-synthetic diet containing 21% sawdust. Then 10% sawdust was replaced by cellulose, citrus pectin and wheat bran respectively in three groups, while the fourth group continued on the original sawdust containing diet. A control group consisted of four "chow" fed animals. Excretion of faecal neutral steroids (FNS) was determined periodically. Citrus pectin significantly increased the amounts of FNS excreted after five week. FNS levels were not significantly affected by the other fiber sources, but it tended to be higher on cellulose and wheat bran diets than on the sawdust diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of residue-rich food on postprandial energy output in rats.

Using the respiration method the values of postprandial energy output were determined in rats kept on four diets, one of which was a no-residue diet and three diets contained pectins, lignin and cellulose respectively as sources of residues. It was found that the postprandial energy output of these animals was at the lowest and practically identical level when they were given the non-residue diet or the diet with pectins. On the other hand, after administration of diets containing lignin or cellulose the energy output of the animals increased in relation to the no-residue diet by 16.0% and 12.8% respectively (p less than 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Guaran effect on rat intestinal absorption. A perfusion study.

Among the components of dietary fiber, the soluble polysaccharides, primarily guaran and pectin, have been found to impair intestinal absorption. Little is known, however, about the mechanism of this effect. The direct action of guaran on small intestinal absorption was evaluated by a single-pass perfusion technique. Guaran in the perfusate (1-7 g/L) inhibited small intestinal absorption of actively transported compounds, such as alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, cycloleucine, and taurocholate, and also of the passively permeating solutes 2-deoxy-D-glucose and urea. Viscosity-related inhibition by guaran was found to depend on the rate of perfusion and was only detectable at perfusion rates below 0.4-0.5 ml/min. Higher perfusion rates abolished and even reversed the inhibitory effect. The observed alterations of absorption rates caused by guaran were completely reversible after switching to a guaran-free perfusate. The concentration-dependent absorption of D-glucose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside at perfusion rates of 0.4 and 0.2 ml/min, respectively, revealed an increase in the transport constant and essentially unaltered maximal transport capacity in the presence of guaran. Additionally, net water absorption changed to secretion upon addition of guaran. When pectin and carrageenan were used in solutions of comparable viscosity, their effect was similar to that of guaran. The results suggest a general mechanism by which soluble, viscosity-enhancing polysaccharides influence the intestinal absorption of nutrients. The most likely explanation appears to be an increase in the unstirred layer resistance to diffusion. Under our experimental conditions, this occurred at low perfusion rates, but was increasingly counteracted by raising the rate of perfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Histological survey on the behaviour of antidiarrheal drugs under in vitro conditions (author's transl)].

The effect of four antidiarrheal drugs (China clay, bentonite, pectin, Kaoprompt H) on the epithelia of murine small intestine and colon was studied under in vitro conditions with histological techniques. In this experiment, the drugs coarsely coated the guts' surface without outlining details or protruding into clefts. The resistance of the layers to rinsing is slightly different. None of the substances was able to protrude between the microvilli. Best intrusion was shown by pectin. The transfer of the experimental results to in vivo conditions is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Intermediate moisture foods: polysaccharide and protein gels].

The aim of this study was to prepare concentrated foods (20-40 p. 100 water), edible as such, chemically and microbiologically stable, nutritionally balanced, and which could be used as meal substitutes (travel, camping, snacks, etc.). With high methoxyl pectins, it was possible to obtain a pectic gel (pH 3,5), similar to a fruit jelly, but containing 20 p. 100 d.w. protein, and less sucrose. Water activity (Aw) was 0,75-0,78, for a 25 p. 100 water content, as a result of adding glucose syrup and sorbitol. After 4 months storage at 20 or 38 degrees C in aluminium pouches, no mold growth was detected (even following prior inoculation) nor practically any change in flavor, texture of Aw. With low methoxyl pectins, gel foods richer in water (35 p. 100), softer, less acid (pH 4,3) and containing even less sugars have been prepared (26 p. 100 d.w. protein, 35 p. 100 carbohydrates, 15 p. 100 lipids). Aw was lowered to 0,84 by adding humectants (sucrose, glycerol, sorbitol, citric acid, sodium citrate and chloride). Starch gels (40 p. 100 starch/d.w.), of pH less than 4,5, containing proteins and lipids, were flavored with vegetale powders. For 30 p. 100 water and with humectants, Aw was 0,84-0,88. The texture changes more or less favorably with time according to the nature of the starch used. Using the technology of processed cheeses, protein gels were made with either of the following characteristics: 1. A reduced Aw (0,86, for 38 p. 100 water) by adding humectants, but with a soft texture similar to that of a processed swiss cheese; 2. The same reduced Aw, with a starch content of 26 p. 100/d.w., and a harder texture, comparable to that of Emmenthal cheese.

Cheese↗
PubMed1982

[The behavior of antidiarrheal drugs in experiments].

Four antidiarrheal drugs (China clay, bentonite, pectin, Kaoprompt H) are fed to mice by a gastric probe. Eight hours later, samples are taken from small intestine and colon to study the behaviour of the drugs in the gut. Any interactions with the brushborder of the villi at best are possible in the case of pectin. The viscosities of the suspended drugs depending on selected steps of pH are tested. The results are supporting the histological findings. The mechanical effects which may be put on the gut by the drugs are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Calculation method in determination of dietary fiber in food products].

A new calculation method was suggested for the determination of insoluble and soluble food fibres. The method was based on the data of chemical analysis of cellulose, lignin, pectin, and hemicelluloses with the usage of experimentally determined correlation coefficient. Insoluble food fibres are calculated according to the sum content of cellulose, lignin, and 2/3 of hemicelluloses multiplied by the corresponding correlation coefficient. Soluble food fibres are calculated according to the sum content of pectin and 1/3 of hemicelluloses multiplied by correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient depends upon the type of the product.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1993

Dietary fiber analysis of cassava using gravimetric methods.

We report the application of a method which combines digestion with pancreatin and neutral detergent treatment in the analytical study of dietary fiber from cassava. The use of pancreatin previous to the detergent extraction enabled rapid filtration, thus giving more reproducible results for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, lignin and pectin were also determined. The values obtained for NDF (4.65%) and pectin (1.17%) are very important, considering their role in the digestive process.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2000

Developmental patterning of the myocardium.

The heart in higher vertebrates develops from a simple tube into a complex organ with four chambers specialized for efficient pumping at pressure. During this period, there is a concomitant change in the level of myocardial organization. One important event is the emergence of trabeculations in the luminal layers of the ventricles, a feature which enables the myocardium to increase its mass in the absence of any discrete coronary circulation. In subsequent development, this trabecular layer becomes solidified in its deeper part, thus increasing the compact component of the ventricular myocardium. The remaining layer adjacent to the ventricular lumen retains its trabeculations, with patterns which are both ventricle- and species-specific. During ontogenesis, the compact layer is initially only a few cells thick, but gradually develops a multilayered spiral architecture. A similar process can be charted in the atrial myocardium, where the luminal trabeculations become the pectinate muscles. Their extent then provides the best guide for distinguishing intrinsically the morphologically right from the left atrium. We review the variations of these processes during the development of the human heart and hearts from commonly used laboratory species (chick, mouse, and rat). Comparison with hearts from lower vertebrates is also provided. Despite some variations, such as the final pattern of papillary or pectinate muscles, the hearts observe the same biomechanical rules, and thus share many common points. The functional importance of myocardial organization is demonstrated by lethality of mouse mutants with perturbed myocardial architecture. We conclude that experimental studies uncovering the rules of myocardial assembly are relevant for the full understanding of development of the human heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of enzymes produced from yeast.

Pichia pinus was found to be capable of growing on mango wastes, producing pectinase (pectin lyase, EC-4.2.2.10) and lactase (beta-galactosidase, EC-3.2.1.23) enzymes. The two enzymes were successively purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-120. The purification procedure provided 1,846 and 929 fold purification with 20.6 and 24% yield recovery of pectinase and lactase, respectively. the km value of pectinase was 0.33% for pectin at pH 4.5 and that for lactase was 0.166% for lactose at pH 7.0. The purified enzymes, pectinase and lactase are stable up to 50 degrees C for 60 and 45 min, respectively, with 20 and 35% loss of their activity. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 indicated that the molecular weights of the purified pectinase was 90 x 10(3) Dalton and of lactase 115 x 10(3) Dalton. On the basis of the evaluation tests done, the enzymes were considered to have a potential technological interest as treating mango pastes (residues left after mango juice preparation) with the two prepared enzymes resulted in an increase of the colour intensity, total carbohydrate content and juice yield. Treating milk with the purified lactase also showed an increase in the total carbohydrate and reducing sugar produced.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2000

Studies on the morphological traits and chemical composition of the fruit of six tomato cultivars recommended as raw material for freezing.

Evaluation was made of six tomato cultivars (Micra RS, Dual Plus F1, Pasadena F1, RS 356743 F1, RS 933409 F1, and Sanga F1) produced by Seminis Vegetable Seeds breeders and recommended for freezing in slices or cubes. Of the investigated cultivars only RS 356743 F1 showed morphological traits that did not recommend it for this processing technology. The ratio sugars/acids, the content of protopectins and pectins, and the activity of enzymes does not recommend RS 356743 F1 and Pasadena F1. No significant differences in the content of soluble solids, alkalinity of ash, carotenoids, lycopene, chlorophylls, and peroxidase activity between the cultivars were determined. Differences in the value of the remaining indices were small, not exceeding 10% in the content of dry matter and in active acidity, 20% in the content of sugars, ash, vitamin C, and in the activity of lipase, and 30% in the content of dietary fibre, total nitrogen, total acids, and beta-carotene. The only differences higher than 30% concerned the content of protopectins, pectins, nitrates, and catalase activity.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Capacity of edible seaweeds to modify in vitro starch digestibility of wheat bread.

The capacity of two species of edible seaweeds (Wakame, Undaria pinnatifida and Chondrus, Chondrus crispus) to modify the rate of white bread starch digestibility by an in vitro digestion system, as well as glucose retardation index and apparent viscosity were studied. Both Algae showed different effect on glucose retardation index. While Wakame did not make difficult dialysis of glucose, it only retained 2.50 +/- 2.99% to respect a negative control. Chondrus impaired the diffusion of a 28.70 +/- 2.35% of glucose, which are very close to those of citrus pectin (31.50 +/- 4.12%). On the other hand, viscosity of Chondrus solution was higher than Wakame and slightly lower than citrus pectin solution. The analysis showed a very low content of total starch in Wakame (0.51%) and Chondrus (0.47%). Algae reduced the digestion of white bread starch. The profile of starch hydrolysis was characteristic for each alga. Glycaemic index estimated from the degree of starch hydrolysis within 90 min was low (79) with respect to white bread (value 100). Seaweeds showed a suitable capacity to modify in vitro starch digestibility of white bread. Chondrus produces a more pronounced response. This fact seem to be due to different composition of samples.

Bread↗
PubMed2006

Numerical distribution of lymphoid nodules in the human sigmoid colon, rectosigmoidal junction, rectum, and anal canal.

There is little information on the numerical distribution of lymphoid nodules (LN) in distal segments of the human large bowel. A novel approach was therefore developed to assess the number of LN in the sigmoid colon, the rectosigmoid segment, the rectum, and the anal canal in humans. The distal large bowel from five cadavers was selected for quantitative study. The number of LN was scored macroscopically from the proximal sigmoid colon to the distal anal canal. A numerical distribution, previously unreported, consisting of two circular bands of LN was observed in each of the five cadavers. One band was located 3 cm proximal from the pectinate line and the other was located at the rectosigmoid segment. Significantly more LN occurred 3-5 cm proximal to the pectinate line compared to areas distal or proximal to this band of LN. This band of LN has not been reported previously in humans.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Increased concentrations of liver cholesterol in rats fed lactulose.

The disaccharide lactulose (beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-fructofuranose) is thought to be poorly hydrolized by intestinal enzymes but is broken down by microorganisms in the colon. Thus lactulose shares with pectin similar characteristics. Lactulose is used in the food industry and in the treatment of constipation. There is preliminary evidence that dietary lactulose (5%, w/w) causes increased concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol in rats when compared with pectin. This paper describes dose-response relationships between dietary lactulose and cholesterol in either serum or liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of dehydrated apple products on the serum and liver lipids in Syrian hamsters.

The effect of two dehydrated apple products (10% in diet)--apple pulp (crude fibre 3.5%, pectin 1.4%) and apple pomaces (crude fibre 13.5%, pectin 7%)--on the serum and liver lipids of growing Syrian male hamsters were studied. The animals were fed a natural diet (38% of energy substituted by milk fat; the diet contains 53 mg of cholesterol (CH) per 100 g) which resulted in an accumulation of CH and triacylglycerols (TG) in the serum as well as in the liver, and CH-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the circulation. After two months both apple products decreased the levels of CH and TG in serum (by 40-70%) and the content of CH in VLDL with similar efficiency. Both products reduced CH content in the liver, and the apple pulp also decreased TG content. Up to the 6th month the apple pulp studied suppresses accumulation of CH and TG in both the serum and the liver. A complete analysis of lipoproteins of main density class at the time showed that the decrease of serum CH and TG to a decisive extent is due to the decrease of their concentration in VLDL (by more than 50%). Therefore, the concentration of VLDL and the whole lipoprotein pool decreased by 50%. The apple pulp doubled the amount of CH transported by HDL. Three months after the replacement of butter in the diet by corn germ oil the CH and TG levels in the serum and TG also in the liver decreased to the physiological level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of carbohydrate carbon sources on the production of constitutive and inducible laccases by Botryosphaeria sp.

The influence of carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, lactose, sucrose, pectin and inulin, were evaluated as sole carbon source for the production of laccases by the ascomycete, Botryosphaeria sp. Veratryl alcohol, a laccase inducer, was added to culture media to study inducible laccase production on the same carbon sources. Inulinase and pectinase were also produced when Botryosphaeria sp. was grown on inulin, and galacturonic acid and pectin, respectively, and their levels were less in the presence of veratryl alcohol. Botryosphaeria sp. produced constitutive laccases on all carbon sources examined, and veratryl alcohol increased the laccase production on most of carbon sources studied except for inulin and galacturonic acid. Evidence is presented that Botryosphaeria sp. is also pectinolytic.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1979

Decreased tetracycline bioavailability caused by a bismuth subsalicylate antidiarrheal mixture.

Oral coadministration of a single 250-mg tetracycline capsule and 60 ml of a bismuth subsalicylate antidiarrheal mixture reduced tetracycline absorption by 34% without appearing to perturb its absorption or disposition rate. A pronounced increase in intersubject tetracycline absorption variability also was noted. Apparently, the reduction in tetracycline bioavailability previously reported with a kaolin-pectin suspension is not peculiar to kaolin-pectin but can be expected with almost any antidiarrheal whose mechanism of action is adsorptive in nature.

Adult↗

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