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PubMed2005

Linkage analysis of LDL cholesterol in American Indian populations: the Strong Heart Family Study.

Previous studies have demonstrated that low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is influenced by both genes and environment. Although rare genetic variants associated with Mendelian causes of increased LDL-C are known, only one common genetic variant has been identified, the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). In an attempt to localize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing LDL-C, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan of LDL-C in participants of the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS). Nine hundred eighty men and women, age 18 years or older, in 32 extended families at three centers (in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota) were phenotyped for LDL-C concentration and other risk factors. Using a variance component approach and the program SOLAR, and after accounting for the effects of covariates, we detected a QTL influencing LDL-C on chromosome 19, nearest marker D19S888 at 19q13.41 [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 4.3] in the sample from the Dakotas. This region on chromosome 19 includes many possible candidate genes, including the APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster. In follow-up association analyses, no significant evidence for an association was detected with the APOE*2 and APOE*4 alleles (P = 0.76 and P = 0.53, respectively). Suggestive evidence of linkage to LDL-C was detected on chromosomes 3q, 4q, 7p, 9q, 10p, 14q, and 17q. These linkage signals overlap positive findings for lipid-related traits and harbor plausible candidate genes for LDL-C.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Indirect personality assessment of the violent true believer.

The violent true believer is an individual committed to an ideology or belief system which advances homicide and suicide as a legitimate means to further a particular goal. The author explores useful sources of evidence for an indirect personality assessment of such individuals. He illustrates both idiographic and nomothetic approaches to indirect personality assessment through comparative analyses of Timothy McVeigh, an American who bombed the federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995, and Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian who led the airplane attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. The risks of indirect personality assessment and ethical concerns are identified.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Brain cancer mortality in the United States, 1986 to 1995: a geographic analysis.

The Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950-94 (Devesa et al.) published in 1999 by the National Institutes of Health suggests that there are elevated rates of brain and other nervous system cancer in the northwestern, north central, and southeastern parts of the country. Being descriptive in nature, the atlas does not evaluate whether observed patterns are simply due to random variation or if they are reflective of true geographical differences in disease risk or treatment practices. To formally test for geographical clustering of disease, we analyzed U.S. brain cancer mortality data from 1986 to 1995 with Tango's Excess Events test, the Cuzick-Edwards k-Nearest-Neighbors test, and the spatial scan statistic. All tests revealed statistically significant geographical clustering for both adult men and women. The spatial scan statistic indicated that the most likely cluster of high mortality was in parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma (relative risk [RR] = 1.22, P < 0.0001) for women and in parts of Tennessee and Kentucky (RR = 1.15, P < 0.0001) for men. Several secondary clusters were detected, but there were no statistically significant clusters of a very localized nature and a high RR. For childhood brain cancer, there were no statistically significant geographical clusters. It is reassuring that no local brain cancer mortality "hot spots" with very high RRs were found. While the causes of the large geographical clusters with modest RRs are unclear, the geographical pattern of brain cancer mortality provides valuable information that can help in formulating etiological hypotheses and in targeting high-risk populations for further epidemiological and health services research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Lead sources, behaviors, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of native american and white children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area.

Lead poisoning prevention requires knowledge of lead sources and of appropriate residential lead standards. Data are severely lacking on lead sources for Native American children, many of whom live in rural areas. Further, the relation of mining waste to blood lead concentrations (BPbs) of rural children is controversial. In collaboration with the eight tribes of northeastern Oklahoma, we assessed lead sources and their effects on BPbs for rural Native American and White children living in a former mining region. Venous blood lead, residential environmental (soil, dust, paint, water), and caregiver interview (e.g., hand-to-mouth behaviors, socioeconomic conditions) data were obtained from a representative sample of 245 children 1-6 years of age. BPbs ranged from 1 to 24 microg/dL. There were no ethnic differences in BPbs (p= 0.48) nor any patterns of excess lead sources for Native American or White children. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that mean soil lead, mean floor lead loading, mouthing behaviors, caregivers' education, and residence in former mining towns were all strongly associated with BPbs. Logistic regression results showed mean floor dust lead loading greater than or equal to 10.1 microg/ft(2) (odds ratio [OR], 11.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-37.3), and yard soil lead >165.3 mg/kg (OR, 4.1; CI, 1.3-12.4) were independently associated with BPbs greater than or equal to 10 microg/dL. We also found strong interactions between soil lead and poverty (p= 0.005), and dust and soil sources (p= 0.02). Our findings indicate that soil and dust lead derived largely from mining waste pose a health hazard to Native American and White children, and that current residential dust lead standards are insufficient to adequately protect children. Moreover, our finding that poor children are especially vulnerable to lead exposures suggests that residential standards should consider interactions among socioeconomic conditions and lead sources if environmental justice is to be achieved.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Relationship power, sexual decision making and condom use among women at risk for HIV/STDS.

This study examines the associations among relationship power, sexual decision-making dominance, and condom use within a sample of women at risk of HIV/STDs. Data from face-to-face interviews with 112 women were analyzed to (a) describe who women perceive as more powerful and who makes sexual decisions within their heterosexual relationships, (b) explore the association between relationship power and sexual decision-making dominance, and (c) examine the relationship of power and decision making regarding condom use to condom use behavior. Women were recruited from clinics and community locations in Atlanta, Los Angeles, Oklahoma City and Portland, OR. Participants were 18-25 years of age and were primarily Hispanic and African American. Over half (58.2%) reported that they share power with their partner, 25.5% said they have more power, and 16.4% reported that their partner has more power in their relationship. For the five domains of sexual decision-making examined, over half (50.5%-75.7%) of the women reported that they and their partners make decisions together. A higher percentage of women who perceived that they have more power or share power, as compared to those who perceived that their partners have more power, reported that "I/We" make decisions about birth control use, condom use, whether to have sex, and type of sexual activity. Relationship power was not associated with condom use. Condom use was, however, significantly higher among women who reported that they make decisions about using condoms alone or with their partner as compared to those who reported that their partner makes those decisions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Alcoholism and non-acceptance of gay self: the critical link.

As part of a larger research project designed to generate grounded theory on the nature of gay sobriety, this study was designed to explore the etiology of alcoholism among gay American men and how etiology is related to gay bars or non-acceptance of gay self or both. In-depth interviews were conducted in Seattle, Iowa City, Chicago, and Oklahoma City with 20 gay recovering alcoholic men, each of whom had at least one year of sobriety. It was found that: (a) Gay bars were totally unrelated to the etiology in any of the informants, yet most thought that this gay bar ethnotheory could explain why there was a high incidence of alcoholism in the gay community; (b) none of the men saw being gay as a positive thing before sobriety, yet many didn't realize their non-acceptance until after sobriety was chosen; (c) accepting being gay as a positive aspect of self occurred only after sobriety was chosen and lived; and (d) not accepting being gay as a positive thing may therefore explain the etiology and thus the high incidence of alcoholism among gay American men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

AIDS discourse: a critical reading of mainstream press surveillance of marginal identity.

This article examines the discursive strategies used by two major daily newspapers from the South from 1981 to 1994 as they construct the story of AIDS and represent gay identity and desire to the "general public." The research employs a cultural studies approach to communication to analyze power relationships at work in the discourse of these media texts. The research here makes use of and extends a previous study on the highly conservative Oklahoma City newspaper, The Daily Oklahoman, by comparing the findings to coverage in the more liberal Alabama daily, The Birmingham News. These were chosen because they offer examples of broadly circulated regional media and because they seemingly espouse opposing political orientations. Although the political positions of the two papers appear to be quite different, both papers marginalize and keep under surveillance gay identities, desire, and sexualities through coverage of AIDS; moreover, the press in both cases represents AIDS and gay identity in such excessive ways that marginalization and surveillance strategies are made to seem like a rational response to AIDS and gay desire. Finally, a cultural studies approach to media allows for an explanation of the recent media silence about AIDS and gay identity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Assisting older victims of disasters: roles and responsibilities for social workers.

The tumultuous catastrophic tragedies of the Oklahoma bombing in 1995 and September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon have caused urgency for the profession of social work to be ready to respond to unexpected crises whether directed to an individual, group, or nation. While there has always been the possibility of tragedies in the U.S. caused by nature (so-called "acts of God") or the spontaneous or planned acts of criminals or the deranged, the increased awareness of catastrophes includes, as never before, disasters that are perpetrated by terrorist acts from within or outside of the U.S. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security, in 2003, underscores the need for awareness and for preparation on the part of the nation. Based upon its skills and values, social workers have significant roles to play in the face of potential and actual disasters; yet, gerontological social workers have additional responsibilities for addressing the needs of older persons. It is the purpose of this article to provide an overview of issues to be considered by social workers, in general, and gerontological social workers, in particular, with regard to preparation for possible disasters and the consequences from such catastrophes that affect older persons.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Third party bargaining and contract terms: a link over time?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether prior pharmacy bargaining process strategies and pharmacy dependence on third parties affect the bargaining power of pharmacies in price negotiations with third parties. DESIGN: One-time survey. SETTING: Random sample of 900 independent and small chain pharmacies in nine states: Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixteen of the returned surveys contained sufficient responses for this analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Survey data on pharmacy bargaining power and prior pharmacy bargaining strategies, pharmacy dependence, and market characteristics were analyzed using multiple regression in a previously developed and modified provider/third party bargaining model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Pharmacy bargaining power. RESULTS: Pharmacy bargaining power varied across our sample. Pharmacy bargaining power was positively related to whether a pharmacy previously bargained with the third parties, negatively related to prior requests for contract changes, and negatively related to the pharmacy's dependence on third parties in total. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy bargaining power is related to the bargaining strategies employed by pharmacies during the previous year and the dependence of pharmacies on third party payers in total. With the prevalence of "take-it-or-leave-it" contracts from third parties, prior pharmacy bargaining behavior may affect the initial terms of the contracts that pharmacies are offered.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Subtherapeutic INR values associated with a switch to generic warfarin.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect on the international normalized ratio (INR) when patients are converted from therapy with Coumadin to generic warfarin. CASE SUMMARY: Two cases at a family medicine center anticoagulation clinic in Oklahoma City, OK, in which subtherapeutic INR values occurred after a switch from Coumadin to generic warfarin, while all other variables were kept consistent demonstrate the need for close monitoring of the INR when patients are switched between brands of warfarin. DISCUSSION: Warfarin is a narrow therapeutic index drug since small changes in systemic concentration can lead to significant variation in phamacodynamic response. In March 1997, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved generic warfare based on the FDA and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) standards. Due to different specifications between Dupont Pharma and the USP, content uniformity may differ between brand and generic forms of warfarin. United studies have demonstrated bioequivalence between brand and generic. The two cases presented demonstrate the potential for fluctuations in the INR when switching between generic and brand. Thus, these eases illustrate the need for close monitoring if a change is made. CONCLUSIONS: While considered bioequivalent by the FDA, switching between Coumadin and generic warfarin may lead to significant changes in the INR, warranting dose alterations due to different content uniformity specifications between Dupont Pharma and the USP. Patients switching between Coumadin and generic warfarin should have their INR monitored more carefully.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2000

Management protocol for abacavir-related hypersensitivity reaction.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an abacavir hypersensitivity reaction management protocol for the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. DATA SYNTHESIS: Conference abstracts, published literature, and manufacturer-provided materials were reviewed to define the syndrome and manifestations and to recommend steps to take when a patient develops abacavir-related reactions. RESULTS: Initial education, formalized contact and response mechanism, and intervention levels were incorporated into a protocol for clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Abacavir, a newly approved agent for the treatment of HIV, has been associated with a fatal hypersensitivity reaction. Our protocol provides a mechanism to minimize progression of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction by providing a formalized management procedure.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2000

Memory conformity: exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person.

Two experiments demonstrate that post-event information, when delivered by another person, can affect people's memory reports. In the first experiment participants were shown several cars, and later, in pairs, given an 'old'/'new' recognition test on these cars plus several lures. There was a small but reliable effect of memory conformity. When the person was given misinformation this lowered accuracy, while presenting accurate information increased accuracy. In the second experiment participants, in pairs, viewed an identical crime except that half saw an accomplice with the thief and half did not. Initial memories were very accurate, but after discussing the crime with the other person in the pair (who saw a slightly different sequence), most pairs conformed. Confidence ratings strongly predicted which person in the pair persuaded the other. Parallels with eyewitness testimony in the Oklahoma bombing case and implications for police interviewing more generally are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2-induced meningoencephalitis in a heifer.

The brain from a 15-month-old, black female Angus, with a 48-hour history of central nervous system disease, was submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Microscopic findings consisted of acute, multifocal meningoencephalitis, with neuronal degeneration and necrosis and gliosis. Viral isolation yielded noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virus genotyping classified the virus as BVDV type 2. Immunohistochemical labeling for BVDV antigens with BVD MAb 3.12F1 clone was prominent in the cytoplasm of neurons, glial cells, ependymal epithelium, perivascular macrophages and spindle cells, smooth muscle cells, and intravascular monocytes of the cerebrum and brain stem. Laboratory results support that tissue alterations occurred as a result of BVDV type 2 infection. In the absence of other clinical signs related to BVDV infection and using the microscopic and laboratory evidence presented, we propose that the BVDV type 2 isolated from this case may represent a neurovirulent strain of the virus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of brain lesions and neuronal viral antigen localization in BVDV genotype 2 viral infection, acquired either congenitally or postnatally.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Retrieval of atmospheric-temperature and water-vapor profiles by use of combined satellite and ground-based infrared spectral-radiance measurements.

A nonlinear sounding retrieval algorithm is used to produce vertical-temperature and water-vapor profiles from coincident observations taken by the airborne High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) and the ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) during the SUbsonic Contrails and Clouds Effects Special Study (SUCCESS). Also, clear sky Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and AERI radiance measurements, achieved on a daily real-time basis at the Department of Energy's Oklahoma CART (Cloud and Radiation Testbed) site, are used to demonstrate the current profiling capability by use of simultaneous geostationary satellite and ground-based remote sensing observations under clear-sky conditions. The discrepancy principle, a method to find the proper smoothing parameters from the minimum value between the normalized spectral residual norm and the a priori upper bound, is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of on-line simultaneous tuning of the multiple weighting and smoothing parameters from the combined satellite/airborne and ground-based measurements for the temperature and water-vapor retrieval in this nonlinear-retrieval process. An objective method to determine the degrees of freedom (d.f.) of the observation signal is derived. The d.f. of the radiance signal for the combined GOES and AERI measurements is larger than that for either instrument alone; while the d.f. of the observation signal for the combined GOES and AERI measurements is larger than that for either instrument alone and of the combined GOES and AERI measurements. The use of simultaneous clear-sky AERI and GOES data now provides improved vertical temperature and moisture soundings on an hourly basis for use in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program [J. Appl. Meteorol. 37, 875 (1998)].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Remote sensing of three-dimensional cirrus clouds from satellites: application to continuous-wave laser atmospheric transmission and backscattering.

A satellite remote sensing methodology has been developed to retrieve 3D ice water content (IWC) and mean effective ice crystal size of cirrus clouds from satellite data on the basis of a combination of the conventional retrieval of cloud optical depth and particle size in a horizontal plane and a parameterization of the vertical cloud profile involving temperature from sounding and/or analysis. The inferred 3D cloud fields of IWC and mean effective ice crystal size associated with two impressive cirrus clouds that occurred in the vicinity of northern Oklahoma on 18 April 1997 and 9 March 2000, obtained from the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, have been validated against the ice crystal size distributions that were collected independently from collocated and coincident aircraft optical probe measurements. The 3D cloud results determined from satellite data have been applied to the simulation of cw laser energy propagation, and we show the significance of 3D cloud geometry and inhomogeneity and spherical atmosphere on the transmitted and backscattered laser powers. Finally, we demonstrate that the 3D cloud fields derived from satellite remote sensing can be used for the 3D laser transmission and backscattering model for tactical application.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Spirometry reference values for American Indian adults: results from the Strong Heart Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To derive spirometry normative values from a large population of American Indian adults and compare them to reference values for white adults. DESIGN: Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry in participants of the Strong Heart Study, a multicenter, community-based, prospective study of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in American Indians, utilizing American Thoracic Society guidelines and a vigorous quality assurance program. SETTING: Central Arizona, southwestern Oklahoma, central South Dakota, and northeastern North Dakota. PARTICIPANTS: Acceptable spirometry results were obtained from 1,619 women and 1,005 men aged 45 to 74 years. RESULTS: Internal reference values and normal ranges for FEV(1), FVC, and the FEV(1)/FVC ratio were derived from a healthy subgroup of 253 women and 190 men, identified by excluding participants with factors associated with a lower FEV(1). Ten percent of the entire cohort (269 of 2,624 subjects) had airways obstruction, as defined by an FEV(1)/FVC below the lower limit of the normal (LLN) using the internal reference equations. After allowing for measurement "noise," 31 participants were below the LLN using reference equations for white adults from the large National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) III study but were normal using the internal reference equations (1.3% false-positive), while 27 participants were classified as normal using NHANES III equations but had airways obstruction using the internal reference equations (1.2% false-negative). Similarly low misclassification rates were seen for a low FVC (prevalence, 17.6%). CONCLUSION: For clinical purposes, NHANES III spirometry reference equations for white adults may be used when testing American Indian women and men aged 45 to 74 years.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia.

The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia was studied in 892 patients from the dental clinic at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City. The patients were selected if they wore dentures that completely covered the palate. A large number of patients with inflammatory papillary hyperplasia were those who left their dentures in their mouths continuously. Therefore, a high correlation was found between the incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and the amount of time the patient wore the dentures. Although it is not certain if inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is premalignant, the dentist should try to seek to prevent this abnormal condition by instructing patients to leave dentures out of their mouths for a six-to eight-hour period during each day.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

"Serious drinking," "white man's drinking" and "teetotaling": drinking levels and styles in an urban American Indian population.

The differences between abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers were examined in American Indians living in Los Angeles, California. Equal numbers of these three groups (total N = 155) were selected from four tribal groups: Siouan-speaking, Navaho, Five Civilized Tribes (of eastern Oklahoma origin) and indigenous California tribes. The relative predictive powers of sociostructural, cultural and psychological variables in accounting for current drinking levels were then assessed. The results indicated that, much as for non-Indian populations, heavy drinkers were more likely to have had heavy-drinking models in the family of origin, to be men and to score high on psychophysiological stress indices. Socioeconomic status and traditionalism were found to be weaker predictors of drinking level. Differences in drinking styles over individuals' lifetimes and between tribes were also studied. Ethnographic observations, case vignettes and statistical summaries of the sample by tribe and by drinking level showed that tribal origins, age and socioeconomic status influenced drinking style and attitudes toward alcohol, even if they did not predict the current drinking level of the subjects.

Adult↗

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