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PubMed1991

Do the hemispheres interact during object naming? Evidence from tachistoscopic viewing and time-sharing paradigms.

Here we report an experiment in which 16 right-handed young adults named a series of unilaterally presented pictures during concurrent unimanual finger tapping with the right and left hands at separate times. A multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences in picture-naming reaction time between left versus right visual-field stimulations. Also the test for finger tapping was nonsignificant, with the magnitude of disruption being symmetrical for the right and left hands as a function of visual fields. It was proposed that the two cerebral hemispheres interact with each other at later processing stages when performing tasks requiring both left and right hemispheric processing resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Primacy and recency in recognition of odours and recall of odour names.

This study examined the serial position curve for recognition of odours and recall of odour names, both with and without instructions for verbal elaboration. Participants were allocated to one of two experimental conditions, either with instructions to rehearse verbally the stimuli or with no elaboration instructions. After presentation of 17 odours, either recognition or free recall of the odours was tested immediately after presentation of the last target odour. Recognition showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration condition and recency for both instruction conditions. Recall of odour names showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration conditions and recency for both conditions. Instructions to verbalize did not significantly affect over-all performance for either test condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Color naming by boys and girls.

The present study describes a field experiment conducted to test the hypothesis that color naming varies for 56 adolescent boys and 39 girls. No standard color chart such as Munsell, Pantone, or Crayola was used. Instead, subjects identified 15 computer-generated color samples assigned a score based on thescale devised by Rich in 1977 of four color descriptor categories. Findings differed from those of most previous studies, in which women aged over 16 years showed a more elaborate color vocabulary than men. Among the 14- to 16-yr.-old subjects, there was no significant difference in color naming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Variables affecting naming latency for Japanese Kanji: a re-analysis of Yamazaki, et al. (1997).

Yamazaki, Ellis, Morrison, and Lambon Ralph in 1997 demonstrated that written and spoken age-of-acquisitions had a stronger effect on the naming latency of single Kanji words than any other variable including familiarity. The present study was designed to reanalyze Yamazaki, et al.'s data, using the ratings of written and spoken age-of-acquisitions and visual and auditory familiarities taken from the NTT lexical database. This analysis showed that visual familiarity exerted a stronger independent effect on naming latency than two types of age-of-acquisitions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relation of reading rate and rapid automatic naming among third graders.

The relation of reading rate and rapid automatic naming (RAN) for pictures was investigated for 31 third graders. Reading rate was measured as the number of seconds required for reading aloud a third-grade passage. Rapid automatic naming was assessed with the RAN portion of the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities. A moderate correlation of -.61 between the sets of scores suggests RAN assessment may be useful in screening for reading deficits in third-grade children.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Visual degradation in Boston Naming Test performance.

The 60 pictures of the Boston Naming Test were degraded via a mask to be either "easy," "medium", or "hard" to process visually. The visual mask was created by cutting a 2-in. x 2-in. square from a security mailing envelope and progressively reducing the size 25% on a copy machine. Three groups of 50 undergraduates each were randomly assigned to one of these three degradation conditions, and the number of correct identifications made was measured. We expected that as degradation increased (from easy to medium to hard), Boston Naming Test performance would decrease. A one-way analysis of variance indicated that group scores differed. With "easy" degradation more pictures were identified in comparison with performance in the "hard" degradation condition, but no other differences were significant. Results were discussed from the perspective of how unknown situational variables may affect performance on psychological tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Articulatory planning in naming single word-kanji characters.

Yamazaki, et al. (1997) rejected word length measured by number of syllables as not significant in accounting for naming latencies for Japanese kanji characters. This study reexamined Yamazaki, et al.'s data and found that monosyllabic characters were named slower than two- and three-syllable characters. This finding is taken as suggesting the presence of an articulatory planning stage in speech production in Japanese.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of ease-of-acquisition on naming latency for Japanese kanji: a reanalysis of Yamazaki, et al.'s (1997) data.

Yamazaki, Ellis, Morrison, and Lambon Ralph in 1997 found two age-of-acquisition measures exerted greater independent effects on the naming latency of kanji than well-established variables such as word frequency. The current study is a sequel to that study but has reached a different conclusion. To find a better predictor than the two age-of-acquisition measures, Yamazaki, et al.'s data were reanalyzed with the new variable, ease-of-acquisition. The main finding was that the correlation between ease-of-acquisition at age 13 and naming latency was high .67 (df = 145, p < .001). The status of ease-of-acquisition and its possible role in psycholinguistic research are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Interhemispheric interference during word naming.

The hypothesis that the use of two hemispheres as receiving stations for information, rather than just one hemisphere, decreases interference between items, and improves performance, was tested by requiring subjects to identify four words simultaneously projected to one visual field (Unilateral-single hemisphere presentation) or divided between two visual fields (Bilateral-bihemispheric presentation.) In Experiment I, words projected to different hemispheres were incorrectly "blended" into a single response as frequently as words projected to a single hemisphere. In Experiment II, subjects were told that half of the display was irrelevant. Irrelevant words which were projected to a different hemisphere than the relevant words were incorrectly named as often as when all four words were projected to the same hemisphere. In addition, overall performance during Bilateral-bihemispheric presentations did not exceed that during the better of the two Unilateral-single hemisphere presentations, not only when naming was required (Experiments I and II), but even when only recognition was required (Experiment III). This demonstrates that division of inputs between the hemispheres does not always improve performance.

Eye Movements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Naming microcapsules.

A system of nomenclature is proposed whereby microcapsules are named after their 'core', 'wall' or 'both core and wall', as may be desired. The proposed nomenclature provides short descriptive names, and eliminates the need for lengthy phrases often used in the microencapsulation literature.

Capsules↗
PubMed1989

Differential naming difficulties in elderly dysphasic subjects and subjects with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.

This paper reports the results of a study in which elderly dysphasic subjects, and elderly subjects with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were asked to name two representations of familiar objects. These were presented as coloured photographs, and as black and white line drawings. The results show that, although patients with SDAT perform better overall, there is a significant difference in their ability to name drawings compared to photographs. Analysis of the errors made by both subject groups shows significant differences, especially with regard to errors of visual misperception. The implications of these differences are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Vasorelaxation by L-arginine after L-NAME administration in rabbits consuming moderate amounts of red wine.

Red wine and its constituents have been shown to stimulate endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasorelaxation in vitro in the isolated and precontracted aortic rings. The present study investigated if this occurred in vivo in rabbits, which chronically consumed a moderate amount of red wine. N(omega)nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and L-arginine was infused into the rabbits that consumed red wine (7 mL/kg/d), ethanol (99.5%, 0.8 mL/kg/d), or water alone for 4 weeks, and the vaso-constrictive/-dilative response was studied in the renal artery. Following treatment with L-NAME (30 mg/kg), the renal blood flow rate decreased and renal vascular resistance increased. Only in the animals consuming red wine did a subsequent administration of L-arginine (300 mg/kg) increase the renal blood flow rate and decrease the renal vascular resistance. The effects were associated with the increase in the renal NO metabolite (nitrite/nitrate, NO2(-)/NO3(-)) production rate. From the present in vivo model, it is suggested that vasorelaxation by L-arginine is through the NO pathway and that the effects observed in the animals consuming the red wine cannot be attributed to alcohol alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans.

The disease known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a major cause of illness and death in persons with impaired immune systems. While the genus Pneumocystis has been known to science for nearly a century, understanding of its members remained rudimentary until DNA analysis showed its extensive diversity. Pneumocystis organisms from different host species have very different DNA sequences, indicating multiple species. In recognition of its genetic and functional distinctness, the organism that causes human PCP is now named Pneumocystis jiroveci Frenkel 1999. Changing the organism's name does not preclude the use of the acronym PCP because it can be read "Pneumocystis pneumonia." DNA sequence variation exists among samples of P. jiroveci, a feature that allows reexamination of the relationships between host and pathogen. Instead of lifelong latency, transient colonization may be the rule.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Dissociating the influence of familiarity and meaningfulness from word frequency in naming and lexical decision performance.

Performance in two experiments was compared on a list of words of high and low frequency in which familiarity/meaningfulness (FM) was balanced and on a list of high- and low-frequency words in which FM was confounded with frequency (i.e., high frequency--high familiarity vs. low frequency--low familiarity). Both repetition and task (lexical decision and naming) were investigated. In the lexical decision task of Experiment 1, both frequency and repetition effects were larger in the list with FM confounded than in the list with FM matched. In the naming task, frequency and repetition effects and their interaction were significant, but there was no influence of FM list context. In Experiment 2, in which the repetitions occurred across blocks, as opposed to randomly intermixed within a list, similar results were found; however, there was no interaction between list and repetition. The results suggest that an evaluation of items in terms of their meaning and familiarity explains a large part of the variance, only in lexical decision. These dimensions may be cued both by subjective feelings of familiarity and the extent to which semantic information is available and by episodic traces due to recent encounters with the item.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Word naming times and psycholinguistic norms for Italian nouns.

The present study describes normative measures for 626 Italian simple nouns. The database (LEXVAR.XLS) is freely available for down-loading on the Web site http://wwwistc.ip.rm.cnr.it/materia/database/. For each of the 626 nouns, values for the following variables are reported: age of acquisition, familiarity, imageability, concreteness, adult written frequency, child written frequency, adult spoken frequency, number of orthographic neighbors, mean bigram frequency, length in syllables, and length in letters. A classification of lexical stress and of the type of word-initial phoneme is also provided. The intercorrelations among the variables, a factor analysis, and the effects of variables and of the extracted factors on word naming are reported. Naming latencies were affected primarily by a factor including word length and neighborhood size and by a word frequency factor. Neither a semantic factor including imageability, concreteness, and age of acquisition nor a factor defined by mean bigram frequency had significant effects on pronunciation times. These results hold for a language with shallow orthography, like Italian, for which lexical nonsemantic properties have been shown to affect reading aloud. These norms are useful in a variety of research areas involving the manipulation and control of stimulus attributes.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Differences between digit naming and number word reading in a flanker task.

Numbers can be represented as number words or as digits, but are the two notations processed differently? Two experiments in which a flanker paradigm with a naming task was used were conducted, with digits and number words as targets and flankers. Reaction times were shortest when the flanker denoted the same numerical value as the target. The numerical distance between the target and a numerically different flanker modulated reaction times in all conditions, except for number word targets with digit flankers. The direction of this effect--targets were named faster when the flanker was numerically close than when it was far--indicates that the numerical magnitude representations of numbers are associatively connected. When the target and the flanker were presented in the same format, no difference was observed in the distance effects for the two formats. This indicates that number words activate the abstract representation of their numerical value in a way that is very similar to that for digits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The impact of feedback semantics in visual word recognition: number-of-features effects in lexical decision and naming tasks.

The notion of feedback activation from semantics to both orthography and phonology has recently been used to explain a number of semantic effects in visual word recognition, including polysemy effects (Hino & Lupker, 1996; Pexman & Lupker, 1999) and synonym effects (Pecher, 2001). In the present research, we tested an account based on feedback activation by investigating a new semantic variable: number of features (NOF). Words with high NOF (e.g., LION) should activate richer semantic representations than do words with low NOF (e.g., LIME). As a result, the feedback activation from semantics to orthographic and phonological representations should be greater for high-NOF words, which should produce superior lexical decision task (LDT) and naming task performance. The predicted facilitory NOF effects were observed in both LDT and naming.

Decision Making↗

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