[1st case of fetal hemoglobin persistance of the Negro type reported in Italy].
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Black People↗
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Pyriform fossa carcinoma in South African Negro patients.
Seven patients with pyriform fossa carcinoma who presented at Baragwanath Hospital during the period 1973-1976 are discussed. The value of positive contrast studies with special reference to laryngography is emphasized and the results are reviewed.
Black or African American↗
Meat-buying practices of Caucasians, Mexican-Americans, and Negroes.
Meat purchases were observed at supermarket checkout counters, socioeconomic data were obtained by questioning shoppers, and card questionnaires were given to 600 shoppers. Two supermarket chains in each of the three ethnic areas of Lubbock, Texas, were used on two days. Ethnic group was significantly related to the choice of half of the twelve meat cuts bought by the greastest number of shoppers and accounted for more significant effects on meat-buying variables than did chain, area, and day. Returned card questionnaires were 77 per cent accurate concerning meat-buying data.
Black or African American↗
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and pregnancy: report of a case in a Negro.
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Adult↗
The ethnic distribution of primary central nervous system tumors: AFIP, 1958 to 1970.
A retrospective ethnic study was made of 16,311 cases of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors seen at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, D.C., from 1958 to 1970. Results showed a considerably higher Caucasian:Negro (C:N) case ratio (13.7:1) than the C:N population ratio (8.4:1), indicating a higher relative frequency of primary CNS tumors in American Caucasians as compared to American Negroes. The glioma was significantly more frequent in Caucasians than in Negroes (p less than 0.005). In contrast, Negroes had an excess of the pituitary adenoma as compared to Caucasians (P less than 0.01). The proportional frequencies of the meningioma and the nerve sheath tumor were also higher in Negroes than in Caucasians. When this pattern of the tumor distribution of American Negroes was compared to that of African Negroes (a composite African series), the preponderance of the pituitary adenoma and the meningioma and the relative paucity of the glioma in the Negro race as compared to Caucasians were again confirmed. The differences in the relative frequency and the tumor distribution between American Negroes and Caucasians and the considerable similarity of the tumor distribution between American and African Negroes emphasize the importance of genetic factors in the development of at least some primary CNS tumors.
Adolescent↗
Reappearance of Plasmodium malariae in Suriname?
Plasmodium malariae has not been reported from Suriname since 1979. In 1989 an increasing number of P. vivax infections among Bush-negroes returning from the eastern part of the interior was reported in Paramaribo. A microscopical re-examination of all malaria cases in the eastern part of the country failed to confirm any P. vivax infections, but instead P. malariae infections were diagnosed. A study followed to determine the Duffy blood group antigens of 4 Bush-negroes allegedly with a P. vivax infection in their medical history and of 28 and 32 unselected Bush-negroes and Amerindians respectively. Three of the 4 former Bush-negroes had the FyB antigen, while only 7% of the unselected Bush-negroes had this antigen. This low frequency of the genotype is incompatible with reports of high P. vivax prevalences in Bush-negro populations. The Amerindians tested showed a low proportion of Fy0 genotype, which is compatible with the frequent diagnosis of P. vivax among this ethnic group. Reports of P. vivax infections among Bush-negroes are due to misdiagnosis of P. malariae, emphasizing the need to include all 4 species of human Plasmodium when (re)training microscopists. The question whether P. malariae reappeared in Suriname due to increased contact with the simian reservoir, or was simply missed, is discussed.
Animals↗
Preliminary clinical and anthropometric findings from the first Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA, 1971-1972.
Eight percent of Negroes between the ages of 45 to 59 had hepatomegaly. Tongue signs and absent knee and ankle jerks were more prevalent in Negroes ages 45 to 74; they also had lower urinary excretion of thiamine and riboflavin than Whites. Bowed legs and knock knees were more frequent in Negroes ages 1 to 17 and Negro women 18 to 44. Prevalence of bleeding, swollen gums was highest in Negroes ages 45 to 59. Both grade I and II goiter were more prevalent in Negroes at all ages except men 18 to 59. Chvostek's sign indicating possible calcium deficiency was more frequent in Negroes at all ages with two exceptions. Major anthropometric findings will also be presented.
Adolescent↗
Anterior femoral curvature: its progably basis and utility as a criterion of racial assessment.
Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) indicated that while the metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature alone will not always differentiate between Whites, American Negroes, and North American Indians, it was very useful as a racial criterion in combination with observed traits such as torsion, pilastry, and cross-sectional shape. Seven additional North American Indian groups reported here, representing both pre-Columbian and post-contact times, upheld the observation that anterior femoral curvature is a useful feature of racial assessment for Negroes, Whites and North American Indians. However, two South American groups studied (Ecuador and Peru) were only slightly more curved than American Negroes, and were less curved than Whites and North American Indians. The metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature therefore is not a useful feature of racial assessment for separating these two South American Indian groups from Whites and American Negroes. Femora of American Negro and White individuals with low ponderal indices were found to be less bowed than the norms for their race; individuals with high ponderal indices were more bowed than the norm for their race. The assumed genetic basis for expression of anterior femoral curvature suggested by Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) seems to be a feature of human plastic response to body weight rather than to temporal, clinal, postural or equestrian influences.
Black People↗
Analysis of interracial variation in kidney transplant and patient survival.
Negro recipients appear to have essentially the same graft and patient survival rates as Caucasian recipients after accounting for the center effect. Cadaver kidneys from Negro donors yielded very slightly lower survival rates than kidneys from Caucasian donors after correction for the center effect. It appears that centers with poor results may have influenced the conclusions from earlier data regarding Negro donors. Transplants into Oriental recipients either from related donors or from Caucasian cadaver donors result in transplant outcomes that are comparable to the outcomes in Caucasian recipients. Most interesting is the comparable survival rate from Caucasian donors into either Caucasian recipients or Oriental recipients, despite a considerable difference in histocompatibility antigen frequencies between these races. Both Caucasian and Negro patients with nephrosclerosis have graft and patient survival rates that are comparable to patients of the same race without nephrosclerosis. The transfusion effect is noted in both Caucasian and Negro recipients. Comparable proportions receive similar numbers of transfusions in each race.
Black People↗
The HLA polymorphism and susceptibility to disease.
Remarkable differences were observed when 1,465 healthy Caucasian individuals and 128 healthy Negro individuals were compared for the genetic distribution of 25 different HLA antigens. Caucasians had a significantly higher frequency of A1, A3, B8, and Bw16, and Negroes of A28 and Aw30. The haplotype which had the highest incidence as well as the greatest positive linkage disequilibrium was A1-B8 among Caucasians and A2-B12 among Negroes. Genetic distance between the two races was 0.0592. The 89 Caucasian patients with renal failure did not demonstrate any significant deviations in phenotype frequencies (PF) of various antigens, when compared with healthy Caucasians; however, 48 similar Negro patients had twice as high an incidence of Bw17 as the healthy Negroes. No significant deviation in PF was observed in 77 Caucasian patients who had leukemia; however, 32 Caucasian patients who had back pain (24 also had back stiffness) due to spondylitic, arthritic or disc syndrome, had a significant increase of Bw16 and of B27, and a decrease of B12, when compared to Caucasian controls.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
Racial differences in nasal fossa dimensions determined by acoustic rhinometry.
Sixty acoustic rhinographs from subjects of three different ethnic groups (Caucasian [Europeans], Negro, and Oriental) were examined at baseline and after decongestion. The main parameters analysed were minimal cross-sectional area (MCA), the distance at which this occurred (D), nasal volume at 0-4 cm (Vol), mean cross-sectional area at 0-6 cm (MA), and the cross-sectional area at 10 points in the nose (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cm) analysed as a series (A). Values from left and right were combined and mean values used. Analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression and grouped linear regression with analysis of covariance and, for A, multifactorial analysis of variance. For MCA, race was the main determining factor with Orientals and Caucasians significantly lower than Negroes: p<0.0001 (corrected means and 95% confidence intervals [c.i.]: Orientals: 0.63 cm2, 0.55-0.71 cm2; Caucasians: 0.69 cm2, 0.62-0.77 cm2; Negroes: 0.87 cm2, 0.79-0.95 cm2). Height alone correlated with D in the decongested state (p<0.0001); race as well as height in non-decongested noses (p = 0.018). There were significant racial differences in Vol in both decongested (p = 0.014), and non decongested noses (p<0.0001). In the non-decongested state MA was significantly different in all racial groups: p<0.0001 (corrected means and c.i.: Orientals: 3.89 cm2, 3.47-4.31 cm2; Caucasians: 4.67 cm2, 4.27-5.09 cm2; Negroes: 5.13 cm2, 4.72-5.53 cm2). In the decongested state there was a significant difference between Negroes and the other two groups (p = 0.015), and Orientals and Caucasians were a homogenous population. We conclude that race has a significant effect on acoustic rhinometry measurements and this needs to be taken into account.
Acoustics↗
Neoplasms of the central nervous system. incidence and population selectivity in the Washington DC, metropolitan area.
During the period 1960 through 1969, 990 primary neoplasms of the central nervous system were diagnosed in hospitals in the Washington, DC, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). All cases were identified according to age, race, sex, histologic type, and date of diagnosis. A West African composite of 253 cases was used for comparison. In the Washington SMSA, the age-adjusted incidence rates were: for Caucasians 5.5 in males and 3.6 in females and for Negroes 4.8 in males and 3.4 in females per 100,000 annual population. Caucasians in the Washington SMSA had a higher relative proportion of gliomas than Negroes in the same area and in Africa (p less than 0.005). The relative proportion of pituitary adenomas was higher in American Negroes (p less than 0.005) and in Africans than in Caucasians. The comparable pattern of CNS tumors in American and African Negroes, relative to Caucasians, suggests that in the development of neoplasms of the central nervous system racial factors may be of importance.
Africa, Western↗
Within and between race distances in population studies based on discrete traits of the human skull.
A battery of 24 discrete cranial traits has been tested for its power to discriminate within- and between-race distances for the two principal North American indigenous populations: Indian (7 samples, N = 366) and Eskimo (7 samples, N = 451). One of the Indian samples, Dakota Sioux, has been split according to tribal subdivisions, the intra-tribal mean distance providing a parameter of very close relationship. In addition, two Negro samples provide a parameter of relationship phylogenetically remote from the Amerinds. Separate male-female analysis of the three largest samples indicates that distances for pooled samples are not seriously affected by the sex component. Within-race distances (C. A. B. Smith's Measure of Divergence, MD), are smaller than between-race at the .00001 level of significance (Mann-Whitney U test) for both Indian-Eskimo and Amerind-Negro comparisons. The features most powerful for Indian-Eskimo and Amerind-Negro comparisons. The features most powerful for Indian-Eskimo discrimination are revealed by their percent contribution to the mean of 49 MD's. The African heritage of American Blacks is reflected in a characteristic Negro pattern of trait frequencies different from the Amerind. This battery of features yields valid taxonomical information useful in conjunction with other physical data to reconstruct affinities of extinct populations.
Black People↗
Studies of lipoproteins and fatty acids in maternal and cord blood of two racial groups in Trinidad.
The high mortality rate from coronary heart disease (CHD) among Indians compared to Negroes in Trinidad led us to test plasma lipid profiles to see whether dietary or genetic factors might be involved. There were no interracial differences in the composition of plasma cholesterol ester fatty acids of the tested women and neonates. This finding suggests that dietary fat does not account for the interracial difference in CHD, nor does the cause appear to be due to genetic differences in lipid profiles, as there was no significant difference between values for plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apo-I, apo-II, apo B or cholesterol ester fatty acids in the cord blood of each racial group. Blood samples were collected from 69 nonpregnant and 71 postpartum, fasted Negro and Indian women. Also taken were 71 umbilical cord blood samples. The mean triglyceride level was significantly lower in the Negro nonpregnant and postpartum women than in the Indians. HDL cholesterol and apo-I values were lower in the Indian women. There were no significant differences in the total cholesterol and apo B measurements. The triglyceride values for postpartum women were higher than those of the nonpregnant Negroes and Indians (75% and 47%, respectively), whereas the total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, apo A-I and apo A-II ranged from 9% to 29% higher in the postpartum women. Apo B was about 40% higher postpartum in both ethnic groups. The high CHD rate of Indians in Trinidad cannot be explained by dietary factors, plasma total cholesterol or fatty acid composition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
The HLA genetic constitution of the Bushmen (San).
The HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens of 290 and the DR antigens of 212 !Kung San individuals were characterized. The most frequent antigens were HLA-A30 [gene frequency (gf) = 0.193], Bw58 (gf = 0.303), Cw6 (gf = 0.327), DR4 (gf = 0.273), and DQw3 (gf = 0.553). An unexpected finding was the low frequency of the classic African black antigen Bw42 (gf = 0.004). Marked differences as well as similarities in HLA gene frequencies were observed between the San and the South African Negroes, supporting the view that they had a common origin and were then separated for a very long time. During this period differences developed as a result of selective advantage in the Negroes following the pastoralist-agriculturalist way of life as opposed to the hunter-gatherer way of life. The picture is further complicated by the fact that gene flow, mostly from the San to the southern African Negroes, took place when they met again a few hundred years ago. The data also illustrate HLA haplotypes, linkage disequilibria, and four-locus haplotypes not previously seen in other human populations. The most frequent four-locus haplotype in the San, HLA-Aw43,Cw7,B7,DRw6 was also different from A30, Cw2,Bw42,DR3, the most common among the South African Negroes.
Africa, Southern↗
Patterns of emergence of the human mental nerve.
This study investigated the path of emergence of the mental nerve in a number of human population groups. Skeletal material comprised 117 Negro skulls (53 males), 114 caucasoid skulls (62 males) and 100 pre-contact Maori skulls (70 males). In each case, the path of emergence was classified into posterior, anterior, right-angled or multiple. Those cases with severely resorbed alveolar ridges that made classification difficult were excluded from the study. Additionally, 56 cadaveric mandibles were examined, in which an osteotomy of 1cm was made on either side of the mental foramen to expose the nerve. The most common pattern of emergence in caucasoids and Maoris was a posterior direction (86.7% of caucasoid males, 90.2% of caucasoid females; 85.5% of Maori males, 93.1% of Maori females). In Negroes the most common pattern was a right-angled path of emergence (45.8% of males, 45.0% of females), with this difference between population groups being statistically significant (Pearson's chi(2): males=23.4, females=45-97; P<0.01). Multiple foramina were rare, with the highest incidence being in Maori and Negro males. Cadaveric data supported the findings of the skeletal investigation, with the dominant emergence recorded as posteriorly directed (80.7% of males, 86.6% of females). It was concluded that while the traditionally accepted ontogenetic explanation for the inclination of the mental nerve might be applicable to caucasoids and Maoris, it fails to explain the observed right-angled emergence pattern in Negroes. Hence, the nerve's emergence might be genetically, rather than functionally, determined. The study did not show a measurable anterior loop in the emergence of the mental nerve that would have any significant impact on treatment planning for implants in the anterior mandible.
Aged↗
Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress.
Relatively little ecophysiological research has been conducted to determine the responses to drought of Phaseolus vulgaris. Four bean cultivars (cvs.) from Brazil, A320, Carioca, Ouro Negro and Xodó were submitted to an imposed water deficit in order to evaluate the importance of some adaptive mechanisms of drought resistance through the analysis of growth parameters, water status, gas exchange and indicators of tolerance mechanisms at the cellular level. During the drought treatment, relative growth rates were more reduced for A320 and Xodó than Carioca and Ouro Negro. A320 closed its stomata very rapidly and complete stomatal closure was obtained at Psi(w)=-0.6 MPa, in contrast to the other cvs. where stomata were fully closed only at Psi(w)=-0.9 MPa. Net assimilation rates were closely related to stomatal conductances. Mechanisms at the cellular level appeared to be mostly important for higher tolerance. Carioca and Ouro Negro, when compared to A320 and Xodó, were characterized by having better drought tolerance mechanisms and higher tissue water retention capacity leading to a better growth under water deficits. The leaf dehydration rates of those cvs. were slow whereas those of the drought sensitive cvs. were rapid. The results were confirmed by the electrolyte leakage test and leaf osmotic potential measurements, which indicated higher membrane resistance and osmotic adjustment in the two tolerant cvs. Carioca and Ouro Negro. It appears from this study that despite being cultivated in the same geographical region, the four cvs. of P. vulgaris displayed somewhat different drought adaptive capacities for prolonged drought during the vegetative phase.
Journal Article↗
Distribution of adenylate kinase and phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes in the population of the city of New York.
Blood samples from unrelated persons living in New York, N.Y., were examined for phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and adenylate kinase (AK) phenotypes, the sample consisting of 164 Caucasians, 133 Negroes, 129 persons of Spanish origin or descent, and 156 Chinese for PGM and 136 Caucasians, 134 Negroes, 136 persons of Spanish origin or descent, and 156 Chinese for AK. The PGM1 gene frequency was found to be 0.7774 for Caucasians, 0.8083 for Negroes, 0.7461 for Hispanic persons, and 0.7917 for Chinese. One Hispanic person had a very rare type, PGM 8-1-FAST. The AK1 gene frequency was found to be 0.9669 for Caucasians, 0.9813 for Negroes, 0.9779 for Hispanic persons, and 1.000 for Chinese.
Adenylate Kinase↗
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