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PubMed1999

MAF1, a novel plant protein interacting with matrix attachment region binding protein MFP1, is located at the nuclear envelope.

The interaction of chromatin with the nuclear matrix via matrix attachment region (MAR) DNA is considered to be of fundamental importance for chromatin organization in all eukaryotic cells. MAR binding filament-like protein 1 (MFP1) from tomato is a novel plant protein that specifically binds to MAR DNA. Its filament protein-like structure makes it a likely candidate for a structural component of the nuclear matrix. MFP1 is located at nuclear matrix-associated, specklelike structures at the nuclear envelope. Here, we report the identification of a novel protein that specifically interacts with MFP1 in yeast two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays. MFP1 associated factor 1 (MAF1) is a small, soluble, serine/threonine-rich protein that is ubiquitously expressed and has no similarity to known proteins. MAF1, like MFP1, is located at the nuclear periphery and is a component of the nuclear matrix. These data suggest that MFP1 and MAF1 are in vivo interaction partners and that both proteins are components of a nuclear substructure, previously undescribed in plants, that connects the nuclear envelope and the internal nuclear matrix.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Transforming growth factor-beta controls cell-matrix interaction of microvascular dermal endothelial cells by downregulation of integrin expression.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a pleiotropic regulatory factor of tissue remodeling. Angiogenesis, a prerequisite of tissue repair and tissue expansion, is induced by TGF-beta in vivo, while proliferation and migration of cultured endothelial cells are inhibited by TGF-beta. Indirect mechanisms stimulating angiogenesis and modification of TGF-beta effects by cell-matrix interaction have been postulated to account for this paradigm. Because cellular behavior in tissue remodeling is decisively determined by cell-matrix interactions, which in turn is mediated via integrins, we investigated the effect of TGF-beta on matrix-dependent endothelial cell functions. Integrin expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) was measured by Northern blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis after TGF-beta treatment and correlated to cell-matrix interactions, which were studied in a colorimetric cell attachment assay as well as the Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. We found a cell-specific downregulation of integrin expression in HDMEC on the level of mRNA as well as on the cell surface. This effect correlated well with the reduction of integrin-dependent cell adhesion to several matrix proteins, in particular to fibronectin. Moreover, TGF-beta decreased fibronectin-induced chemotaxis of HDMEC. Thus, TGF-beta controls cell-matrix interaction of HDMEC by down-regulation of integrin expression. This effect of TGF-beta reflects direct and cell-specific control mechanisms on microvascular cells that may be critical for the coordinated process of angiogenesis requiring a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory factors.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1995

cDNA sequence and mRNA tissue distribution of a novel human matrix metalloproteinase with a potential transmembrane segment.

The complementary DNA sequence of a novel matrix metalloproteinase was isolated from a human lung cDNA library. It consists of 3530 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 669 amino acids. In comparison to other matrix metalloproteinases, the deduced sequence of the amino acid chain exhibits closest similarity to a recently discovered membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase of 582 amino acids. Likewise, it is composed of a signal peptide, a prodomain, a catalytic domain, a hemopexin-homologous domain and a C-terminal domain. Furthermore, the novel matrix metalloproteinase shares a similar activation site with its 582-amino-acid homologue, an insertion of eight amino acids in the catalytic domain and a tract of more than 20 hydrophobic amino acids near the C-terminus. The hydrophobic structure in the C-terminal domain suggests that the novel matrix metalloproteinase is also membrane bound. When lung cell membrane fractions were probed in immunoblots with polyclonal antibodies against a recombinant fragment of the 669-amino-acid chain, a protein of M(r) 72,000 reacted preferentially with the antibodies. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated quite different tissue distributions of mRNA for the two membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases. While mRNA for the 582-amino-acid enzyme was found predominantly in lung, placenta, kidney, ovary, intestine, prostate and spleen, mRNA for the 669-amino-acid enzyme appeared to be synthesized preferentially in liver, placenta, testis, colon and intestine. Substantial amounts of the latter mRNA were also detected in pancreas, kidney, lung, heart and skeletal muscle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Gene expression and matrix turnover in overused and damaged tendons.

Chronic, painful conditions affecting tendons, frequently known as tendinopathy, are very common types of sporting injury. The tendon extracellular matrix is substantially altered in tendinopathy, and these changes are thought to precede and underlie the clinical condition. The tendon cell response to repeated minor injuries or "overuse" is thought to be a major factor in the development of tendinopathy. Changes in matrix turnover may also be effected by the cellular response to physical load, altering the balance of matrix turnover and changing the structure and composition of the tendon. Matrix turnover is relatively high in tendons exposed to high mechanical demands, such as the supraspinatus and Achilles, and this is thought to represent either a repair or tissue maintenance function. Metalloproteinases are a large family of enzymes capable of degrading all of the tendon matrix components, and these are thought to play a major role in the degradation of matrix during development, adaptation and repair. It is proposed that some metalloproteinase enzymes are required for the health of the tendon, and others may be damaging, leading to degeneration of the tissue. Further research is required to investigate how these enzyme activities are regulated in tendon and altered in tendinopathy. A profile of all the metalloproteinases expressed and active in healthy and degenerate tendon is required and may lead to the development of new drug therapies for these common and debilitating sports injuries.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Identification, characterization, and mapping of Ecm1, a locus affecting extracellular matrix production and lesion size in Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

A mutant of Cochliobolus heterostrophus lacking the outer layer of extracellular matrix around its germ tubes and hyphae was obtained by mutagenizing protoplasts. The mutant not only lacks the outer matrix, but also produces much smaller lesions on corn leaves than nonmutant strains; the area of mutant lesions averages 0.6 mm2 compared with 5.8 mm2 for nonmutant lesions. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the failure to produce the outer matrix cosegregates with the reduced lesion size, indicating that the two traits are controlled by the same locus, designated Ecm1 (Extracellular Matrix Deficient). The mutant retains normal growth on media and normal abilities to germinate, form appressoria, and penetrate corn leaves. This indicates that the outer matrix is not necessary for infection prior to entrance of the fungus into the leaf. It also indicates that the pathogenicity defect in this mutant is manifested after penetration. To facilitate future tests of whether the pathogenicity defect is caused by the lack of the outer matrix, Ecm1 was mapped. Seven markers linked to Ecm1 were found by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Ecm1 maps to chromosome 4; the closest markers to Ecm1 are 5 cM distant, which is estimated to represent about 115 kb.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of extracellular matrix synthesis by mechanical stress.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides mechanical support to tissues and is a substrate for cell adhesion and differentiation. Cells bind to ECM via specific cell surface receptors such as integrins. When engaging with ECM ligands, these receptors can activate signal transduction pathways within the cells and may act as mechanochemical transducers. Thus, interaction of cells with ECM can modulate gene expression although the exact mechanisms are not known. Among the genes that are, in part, controlled by cell-ECM interactions are those for certain ECM components themselves. Bone cells, for example, remodel their matrix and reorient bone trabeculae in response to mechanical strain. Recently, we found that fibroblasts attached to a strained collagen matrix produce more of the ECM glycoproteins tenascin and collagen XII than cells in a relaxed matrix. In vivo, these two proteins are specifically expressed in places where mechanical strain is high. We also showed that the chick tenascin gene promoter contains a novel cis-acting, "strain-responsive" element that causes enhanced transcription in cells attached to a strained collagen matrix. Similar enhancer elements might be present in the promoters of other genes induced by mechanical stress. It can be speculated that connective tissue cells sense force vectors in their ECM environment and react to altered mechanical needs by regulating the transcription of specific ECM genes; this process is a prerequisite for matrix remodeling.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An in vitro system for the study of matrix metalloproteases during decidualization in the mouse.

Decidualization results in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix with the loss of collagen type I and the appearance of basement membrane matrix components. We have developed an in vitro assay system to study matrix metalloproteases during mouse decidualization. Uterine stroma, or decidua isolated from day 7.5 pregnant mice, were grown on a three-dimensional collagen type I matrix (Vitrogen). Gelatin zymography of conditioned media from these cultures showed constitutive secretion of processed forms of gelatinase A at 65, 62, and 59 kDa with 62 kDa predominating. Similar patterns of gelatinase A expression were obtained from tissue lysates of decidualizing uteri from days 5.5 to 7.5 of development. Cells cultured on Vitrogen, but not on plastic or matrix-coated dishes, were able to process the proenzyme to the 59 kDa form as observed in vivo. Only stroma cells cultured on a coating of collagen type I displayed the same increase in the 59 kDa zymogen. Decidua cells grown on Vitrogen attached and then migrated into aggregates that eventually penetrated the gel and spread as differentiated decidua on the underlying plastic. These preliminary results suggested that the in vitro assay system can be used to study the role of metalloproteases in matrix remodeling during decidualization.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from airway smooth muscle interact with the extracellular matrix.

Airway remodeling describes the structural changes that occur in the asthmatic airway that include airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, increases in vascularity due to angiogenesis, and thickening of the basement membrane. Our aim in this study was to examine the effect of transforming growth factor-beta on the release of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from human airway smooth muscle cells derived from asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. In addition we studied the immunohistochemical localization of these cytokines in the extracellular matrix after stimulating bronchial rings with transforming growth factor-beta. Connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor were released from both cell types and colocalized in the surrounding extracellular matrix. Prostaglandin E2 inhibited the increase in connective tissue growth factor mRNA but augmented the release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 decreased the amount of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, but not fibronectin deposited in the extracellular matrix. This report provides the first evidence that connective tissue growth factor may anchor vascular endothelial growth factor to the extracellular matrix and that this deposition is decreased by matrix metalloproteinase-2 and prostaglandin E2. This relationship has the potential to contribute to the changes that constitute airway remodeling, therefore providing a novel focus for therapeutic intervention in asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Turnover of extracellular matrix by type II pulmonary epithelial cells.

Rat type II pulmonary epithelial cells synthesize and assemble a multicomponent extracellular matrix (ECM) which can modulate cellular differentiation in primary culture. This study defines turnover of the type II cell matrix. Turnover kinetics were analyzed in two types of pulse-chase protocols based on loss of radioactive ECM components. To estimate turnover of previously synthesized ECM, type II cells were plated on extracted matrix that was radiolabeled 2, 3, or 6 days; alternatively, ECM was radiolabeled in pulse-chase experiments to measure turnover by the same cells that synthesized the matrix. Rapid initial rates of ECM turnover were evident in both cases. While overall matrix stability appeared to change with culture time, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed a similar spectrum of proteins in the ECM over the course of kinetic studies. The results reveal rapid turnover of ECM by type II cells and suggest that matrix stability may be regulated. These observations provide a basis for future investigations of the physiological significance of turnover of individual ECM components by the alveolar epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Migration, matrix production and lamellar bone formation of human osteoblast-like cells in porous titanium implants.

The goal of this study was to characterize growth, mineralization and bone formation of osteoblast-like cells in titanium pore channels of defined diameter. Titanium implants with continuous drill channels of diameters of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 1,000 microm were inserted into human osteoblast-like cell cultures. The ingrowth of the cells into the drill channels was investigated by transmitted-light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence and histological analysis of 15-channel sections of each diameter were used to investigate the growth behavior and the matrix protein patterns. Mineralization was evidenced by Alizarin red staining and high-resolution microradiography. The ingrowth of human osteoblast-like cells in the drill channels occurred in a sequence of four characteristic stages. In stage 1, osteoblast precursor cells adhered to the wall of the channel and migrated three-dimensionally into the channel by forming foot-like protoplasmic processes. For all 15 sample drill channels that were investigated, the cell ingrowth over 20 days amounted on average to 793 microm (+/- 179) into 600-microm-diameter channels, where they migrated significantly faster than in all the other channels. In stage 2, approximately on day 5-7, the osteoblast-like cells began to anchor on the substrate wall by matrix proteins and to build up a dense network of matrix proteins in the drill channel. The mineralization of the extracellular matrix, while depending on cell stimulation, was initiated in stage 3, on average after 4 weeks. In drill channels of a diameter of 1,000 microm the cell growth was incomplete and no mineralization was found by radiological assessment. Starting in week 6, in the drill channels of diameters ranging from 300 to 600 microm, the network of extracellular matrix proteins and osteoblast-like cells began to form an osteon-like structure. Neither the highly developed migration behavior of osteoblastic cells nor the reorganization from a fiber-like matrix to a lamellar structure have so far been described for cell cultures.

Bone Matrix↗
PubMed1992

Cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells digest naturally produced extracellular matrix. Involvement of plasminogen-dependent and plasminogen-independent pathways.

Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell migration and proliferation play a major role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions, graft occlusion, and restenosis after angioplasty. Cell migration implies the digestion of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Cell-associated proteolysis has been extensively studied in neoplastic and inflammatory cells, but very little is known about the proteolytic properties of VSM. We have evaluated the ability of rat cultured VSM cells to solubilize [3H]amino acid-labeled extracellular matrices produced by bovine VSM. When plated at a density of 30,000 cells per well in 24 multiwell plates, VSM cells were able to solubilize 63.3 +/- 7.0% of the extracellular matrix after 10 days in culture. Extracellular matrix digestion occurred also when the cells were cultured in plasminogen-depleted serum but was higher in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml purified plasminogen (net percent digestion after the subtraction of the appropriate control, 8.6 +/- 3.0% versus 21.2 +/- 3.5% after 3 days in culture, p less than 0.005, respectively). The involvement of other enzymes in addition to plasmin is confirmed by the ability of VSM cells to degrade extracellular matrices from which the plasmin-sensitive component was removed with plasmin pretreatment. Rat VSM cells were able to solubilize 52.3 +/- 2.0% of this residual extracellular matrix-associated radioactivity after 6 days in culture versus 26.1 +/- 1.5% in the control dishes (p less than 0.01, n = 5). Cell contact was required for extracellular matrix degradation: cell-conditioned medium did not have any effect on extracellular matrix digestion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Protein-to-protein interactions: criteria defining the assembly of the enamel organic matrix.

Enamel crystallites form in a protein matrix located proximal to the ameloblast cell layer. This unique organic extracellular matrix is constructed from structural protein components biosynthesized and secreted by ameloblasts. To date, three distinct classes of enamel matrix proteins have been cloned. These are the amelogenins, tuftelin, and ameloblastin, with recent data implicating ameloblastin gene expression during cementogenesis. The organic enamel extracellular matrix undergoes assembly to provide a three-dimensional array of protein domains that carry out the physiologic function of guiding enamel hydroxyapatite crystallite formation. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have surveyed these three known enamel gene products for their ability to direct self-assembly. We measured the capacity of the enamel gene products to direct protein-to-protein interactions, a characteristic of enamel proteins predicated to be required for self-assembly. We provide additional evidence for the self-assembly nature of amelogenin and tuftelin. Ameloblastin self-assembly could not be demonstrated, nor were protein-to-protein interactions observed between ameloblastin and either amelogenin or tuftelin. Within the limits of the yeast two-hybrid assay, these findings constrain the emerging model of enamel matrix assembly by helping to define the limits of enamel matrix protein-protein interactions that are believed to guide enamel mineral crystallite formation.

Amelogenesis↗
PubMed2002

The role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease.

There is growing interest in the role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. These conditions are often characterized by excessive tissue remodelling, and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity has been demonstrated in aneurysms, intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerotic plaque disruption. These enzymes represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to modify vascular pathology. The core of this review is derived from a MEDLINE database literature search. The review found that there is convincing evidence of increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in a spectrum of vascular disease. Evidence for an imbalance promoting increased matrix degradation is less well documented. However, studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in vascular disease models suggest potential therapeutic benefit. In conclusion, in vivo studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition are required to further study the potential for reversal or deceleration of the excessive tissue remodelling that accompanies vascular disorders.

Connective Tissue Diseases↗
PubMed2006

The extracellular matrix provides directional cues for neuronal migration during cerebellar development.

Normal central nervous system development relies on accurate intrinsic cellular programs as well as on extrinsic informative cues provided by extracellular molecules. Migration of neuronal progenitors from defined proliferative zones to their final location is a key event during embryonic and postnatal development. Extracellular matrix components play important roles in these processes, and interactions between neurons and extracellular matrix are fundamental for the normal development of the central nervous system. Guidance cues are provided by extracellular factors that orient neuronal migration. During cerebellar development, the extracellular matrix molecules laminin and fibronectin give support to neuronal precursor migration, while other molecules such as reelin, tenascin, and netrin orient their migration. Reelin and tenascin are extracellular matrix components that attract or repel neuronal precursors and axons during development through interaction with membrane receptors, and netrin associates with laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and binds to the extracellular matrix receptor integrins present on the neuronal surface. Altogether, the dynamic changes in the composition and distribution of extracellular matrix components provide external cues that direct neurons leaving their birthplaces to reach their correct final location. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that orient neurons to reach precisely their final location during development is fundamental to understand how neuronal misplacement leads to neurological diseases and eventually to find ways to treat them.

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal↗
PubMed2003

Effect of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma on the expression of type I collagen, heat shock protein 47, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 by fibroblasts from normal gingiva and hereditary gingival fibromatosis.

BACKGROUND: Increased collagen and extracellular matrix deposition within the gingiva is the main characteristic feature of hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). To date, it is not well established if these events are a consequence of alterations in the collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules synthesis or disturbances in the homeostatic equilibrium between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix molecules. Cytokines are important regulators of expression of the profibrogenic genes, including type I collagen and its molecular chaperone heat shock protein (Hsp)47 and proteolytic enzymes degrading extracellular matrix such as matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2 (MMP-1 and MMP-2). METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the expression and production of type I collagen, Hsp47, MMP-1, and MMP-2 in normal gingiva (NG) and HGF fibroblasts, and investigated the effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the expression of these genes by NG and HGF fibroblasts. RESULTS: Our results obtained from semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and enzymographies clearly demonstrated that the expression and production of type I collagen and Hsp47 were significantly higher in fibroblasts from HGF than from NG, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression and production were lower in fibroblasts from HGF patients. Addition of TGF-beta1 and IL-6, which are produced in greater amounts by HGF fibroblasts, promoted an increase in type I collagen and Hsp47 and a decrease in MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression. IFN-gamma reduced both type I collagen and Hsp47 expression, whereas it had a slight effect on the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2. CONCLUSION: These patterns of expression and production suggest that enhanced TGF-beta1 and IL-6 production simultaneously increase the synthesis and reduce the proteolytic activities of fibroblasts from patients with HGF, which may favor the accumulation of extracellular matrix observed in patients with this condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Matrix accumulation and retention in embryonic cartilage and in vitro chondrogenesis.

Since hyaluronan anchors the proteoglycan-rich pericellular matrix to chondrocytes, hyaluronan-cell interactions may direct cartilage matrix assembly. To test this hypothesis, the competitive binding of hyaluronan hexasaccharides for native hyaluronan during matrix assembly, accumulation and retention in embryonic cartilage was studied. Chondrocytes released from explants with collagenase P retained pericellular matrices, but chondrocytes appeared "matrix-free" when released from hexasaccharide-treated explants. Decreased safranin O staining was also observed in the hexasaccharide-treated explants. This loss of proteoglycan retention was demonstrated quantitatively in the cartilage extracts and recovered in the media. The continual presence of hexasaccharides in micromass cultures resulted in decreased proteoglycan deposition. Increased proteoglycan retention, indicative of matrix repair, occurred following hexasaccharide wash-out. Thus, native hyaluronan-chondrocyte interactions are important for the assembly and maintenance of cartilage matrix.

Aggrecans↗
PubMed2000

Mechanical strain-induced human vascular matrix synthesis: the role of angiotensin II.

INTRODUCTION: Reduced vascular compliance in patients with hypertension results from an increase in extra-cellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition in blood vessels. At least two key factors, namely mechanical strain and neurohumoral mediators, for example Angiotensin II (Ang II), promote fibrogenesis within vessel walls; however potential interactions between these have not been clearly defined. This work examined the direct effect of mechanical strain on matrix mRNA expression and protein synthesis by human vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells and identified the importance of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation in stretch-induced matrix production. METHODS: Human VSM cells were exposed either to a cyclical mechanical strain regimen or to Ang II in the presence or absence of the Ang II receptor (AT(1) R) antagonist losartan or its more potent metabolite EXP3174. Analysis of matrix mRNA expression (Northerns) and protein synthesis (ELISA) and cellular AT(1)-receptor protein expression (Westerns) were determined. RESULTS: Ang II increased both collagen alpha1 (92%, SEM +/- 20%) mRNA expression and fibronectin (21% +/- 6%) protein synthesis in static VSM cells compared with unstimulated controls. The effect of Ang II was attenuated by antagonism of the AT(1)-receptor (AT(1) R). Similarly, mechanical strain induced an increase in both collagen alpha1 (102% +/- 30%) mRNA expression and fibronectin (50% +/-21%) protein synthesis. Surprisingly, in the absence of exogenous Ang II, AT(1)-receptor blockade attenuated this stretch-induced increase in matrix synthesis. Mechanical strain also induced an increase in total cellular AT(1)-receptor protein (30.7% +/- 3.5%) compared with static cells. CONCLUSION: Both mechanical strain and Ang II increased matrix gene expression and protein synthesis by human VSM cells. The effect of strain was attenuated by AT(1)-receptor antagonism. Our results further suggest that mechanical strain may sensitise human VSM cells to the fibrogenic actions of Ang II, perhaps via upregulation of the AT(1)-receptor.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2005

Altered profiles of nuclear matrix proteins during the differentiation of human gastric mucous adenocarcinoma MGc80-3 cells.

AIM: To find and identify specific nuclear matrix proteins associated with proliferation and differentiation of carcinoma cells, which will be potential markers for cancer diagnosis and targets in cancer therapy. METHODS: Nuclear matrix proteins were selectively extracted from MGc80-3 cells treated with or without hexamethylamine bisacetamide (HMBA), and subjected to 2-D gel electrophoresis. The resulted protein patterns were analyzed by Melanie software. Spots of nuclear matrix proteins differentially expressed were excised and subjected to in situ digestion with trypsin. Peptide masses were obtained by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis and submitted for database searching using Mascot tool. RESULTS: The MGc80-3 cells were induced into differentiation by HMBA. There were 22 protein spots which changed remarkably in the nuclear matrix, from differentiation of MGc80-3 cells compared to control. Eleven of which were identified. Seven proteins--actin, prohibitin, porin 31HL, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1, vimentin, ATP synthase, and heat shock protein 60 were downregulated, whereas three proteins--heat shock protein gp96, heat shock protein 90-beta, and valosin-containing protein were upregulated, and the oxygen-regulated protein was only found in the differentiated MGc80-3 cells. CONCLUSION: The induced differentiation of carcinoma cells is accompanied by the changes of nuclear matrix proteins. Further characterization of those proteins will show the mechanism of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as cancer differentiation.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗

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