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PubMed1991

Enuresis: analysis of 100 cases.

One hundred children with enuresis were studied to find out various factors responsible for this condition. Enuresis was more frequent in first born, service class and bottle fed children. There was a significant role of stress factors in causation of enuresis. We found a higher frequency of behavioral symptoms among children with enuresis. There was no significant correlation between enuresis and sex, education of parents, social class, sleep patterns, age of mother at marriage and intellectual grades of the children. Worm infestations, giardiasis, amebiasis and urinary infection were seen in 70% of cases. General body weakness, cold and nervousness were the common causes of enuresis in the parents' opinion. The main reason for not seeking the treatment at an early stage in view of parents' was that they thought enuresis a normal variant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Seasonal fertility cycles in rural Egypt: behavioral and biological linkages.

The annual birth cycle in rural Egypt peaks in December and has two distinguishable minima in June and September. This pattern bears a striking inverse resemblance to the seasonal movements of employment and wages. Infant and child mortality and marriage also display stable, though different seasonal patterns. The paper explores whether the correlation between labor demand, mortality events and fertility reflect some causal behavioral relationship. It is shown that the probability of a birth is lower in months with high opportunity cost of time. Direct replacement is a significant phenomenon in rural Egypt and it occurs fairly quickly.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2001

Biodemographic study of a central Apennine area (Italy) in the 19th and 20th centuries: marriage seasonality and reproductive isolation.

This study investigates seasonality of marriages and reproductive isolation in six long-isolated communities in the central Apennines (Italy). It had two objectives: (1) the identification of an Apennine biodemographic model in comparison with mountain communities of other regions, and with non-Apennine communities in Abruzzo, and (2) to identify the possible effects of the drainage of Lake Fucino (1854-1876) on that area. Marriages in this region show two very stable seasonal patterns: one is typical of sedentary rural societies, with summer migrations and marriages preferentially celebrated in the winter, and the other has marriages that are strongly concentrated in the summer months, i.e. between 75% and 93.5% of marriages were celebrated between June and October in these communities in the 1800s. These were traditionally pastoral communities with winter transhumance of the flocks and their shepherds towards the lowlands of southern Italy. In both groups, restrictions imposed by the Catholic Church do not seem to have affected the timing of marriages. Indeed, economic factors related to work activities seem to have had more influence. Concerning reproductive isolation, the results show high rates of endogamy: between 85% and 98% in both the 19th and 20th centuries. Rates of consanguineous marriages were between 5% and 20%, and those of isonymous marriages rarely exceeded 9%. The coefficient of inbreeding a shows that there was a delayed, limited period of increased consanguinity in the few decades around the turn of the century. This is different from the national situation, and thus could be a consequence of the Lake Fucino drainage.

Altitude↗
PubMed1989

Fatal violence among spouses in the United States, 1976-85.

In this paper we examine patterns and trends in homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976 through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595 spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000 married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3 times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976 through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than 45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Family formation and marital selectivity among Colombian and Dominican immigrants in New York City.

"Utilizing data from a 1981 survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants to New York City, and from 1975 marriage certificates for the entire city, this article describes the extent of family formation in the U.S. and patterns of marital selectivity of recent Hispanic immigrants residing in New York City. A core goal of the analysis is the provision of indicators of the extent of and nature of integration processes at an early stage of the immigration." It is found first that "Hispanic immigrants in New York City are clearly long-term settlers, although not necessarily permanent ones. They are forming nuclear families in this country to a considerably greater extent than they are either transferring families from the origin country or residing as unattached temporary migrants. Second, a significant minority of marriages contracted in this country are with spouses of different national origin groups, indicating an openness in ethnic boundaries in the host society context."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1986

Marital distance and its geographical orientation in England and Wales, 1979.

"A representative sample of just over one thousand marriages solemnized in England and Wales in 1979 is used to analyse the distribution of the distances between the partners' addresses at marriage....according to various social and demographic variables also derived from the same source. Comparison with other surveys suggests that marriages in which both partners give the same address are likely to be those of couples who cohabit before marriage. Partners who work in unskilled manual occupations, or who marry with a civil ceremony, or who have been married before, appear more likely than the average to cohabit. Of the marriages where different addresses are given, about one-half bring together partners living within 5 km of each other." It is found that "there is a strong relationship between high social class and increased marital distance, and also between greater marital distance and older ages up to about age 40. Longer-range marriages show clear evidence of geographical orientation, the effect being more pronounced at longer distances. This is attributed to variations in population density over the country and geographical constraints on settlement patterns."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Problem drinking and marital adjustment.

To examine the interdependency between alcohol misuse and marital adjustment, emphasis was placed on investigating how different patterns of alcohol use vary with different levels of marital satisfaction, and how such relationships might be mediated by the sociobehavioral consequences of problem drinking within the family. It was found that the likelihood of marital disruption was greater in heavy drinking households than in nonheavy drinking households. However, differences between heavy drinking and nonheavy drinking settings with respect to the marital relationship became largely nonsignificant when the number of sociobehavioral consequences of alcohol use for the marriage was controlled. The relationship between patterns of alcohol misuse and marital adjustment seems to be complex and variable and is in need of further investigation. Findings in the present study are compared with other research on the alcoholic marriage. Recommendations are offered for future studies on this topic.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Hispanic intermarriage in New York City: new evidence from 1991.

"This study [uses] 1991 marriage records from New York City [to examine] trends in marital assimilation among Puerto Ricans and the non-Puerto Rican Hispanic population. The prevalence of intermarriage varies among the six Hispanic national-origin groups. Changes in intermarriage patterns since 1975 are documented. Results show very high rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics among Cubans, Mexicans, Central Americans, and South Americans. Considerable intermarriage among Hispanics of different national origins is characteristic of all Hispanics. Finally, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans have distinct patterns of intermarriage...."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

First-marriage decrement tables, for males and females in Ontario, Canada, 1971-1981.

This article presents an analysis of first-marriage decrement tables for males and females in Ontario, Canada, for 1971, 1976, and 1981. The analysis indicates that along with the age at 1st marriage, the age range between 2 sexes has also increased. An increasing number of Ontarians are remaining never-married, and the prospect of eventually getting married has also declined. The paper also discusses social and economic implications of these changes in the nuptiality patterns of Ontario.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Woman and career: an unhappy marriage? A study model: dentistry].

Women's participation in the professions is steadily increasing. This study is a quantitative assessment of male and female career patterns in dentistry and of the role of marriage in any gender gap. A 1997 survey explored the professional activity of Flemish dentists. There is no educational disparity between dentists, female dentists enter the profession on an equal footing with their male colleagues. Therefore any other career influencing factors reveal themselves relatively clearly. Dependent variable was income; independent variables were gender and marriage. Female dentists scored lower than male dentists in each career phase; marriage made no significant difference. However, marriage turned out to be an important positive factor in the career of male dentists. Women dentists marry significantly later and less than their male colleagues. Further research, also of a qualitative nature, is necessary to evaluate the professional and social impact of this substantial gender difference.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The value of youth: equalizing age differentials in marriages.

"The objective of this paper is to present a model of constrained utility-maximizing behaviour which is able to explain several features of marriage. The model predicts that individuals meet in the marriage market and trade characteristics, in which they are relatively well endowed, to obtain characteristics in which they are less well endowed. The model implies a positive age differential in favour of the husband due to biological differences. This differential is shown to be attentuated by differences in earnings capacity and human capital investments. The model also has implications for dynamic aspects of marriage and provides an explanation for the secular increase in females' age of first marriage and difficulty experienced by females in the post thirty-year age group in finding suitable partners. An examination of unit record data on residents of metropolitan California from the 1980 United States Census reveals systematic patterns in the data are consistent with the theory."

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Education as policy: the impact of education on marriage, contraception, and fertility in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Using data from the World Fertility and Demographic and Health Surveys of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, we model the effects of education on three demographic outcomes: the timing of first sexual union, contraceptive use, and fertility. These effects are examined over time and across geographic areas using a multivariate framework. We find substantial improvements in female educational attainment over the last fifty years and a strong relationship between education and the demographic outcomes. Each successive increment in education is associated with declines in the marriage rate, increased contraceptive use, and lower fertility. Education accounts for some of the changes over time in the demographic outcomes, but the pattern varies by outcome, time period, and geographic area. In support of the social diffusion hypothesis, our results indicate that educational differences in reproductive behavior are reduced as the level of development increases and societies pass through their demographic transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Marriage and ethnicity in West Malaysia.

"This paper will focus on ethnic differentials in the nuptiality of West Malaysia and on their evolution since the Second World War. The growing similarity of nuptiality patterns in the Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities will be outlined and the influence of age and sex distributions on the observed changes will be examined. The sources of data for this study are the 1947, 1957, and 1970 Population Censuses and the 1974 Malaysian Family and Fertility Survey."

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Natural fertility in northeastern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to describe the fertility of a sample of Mexican women (> or =45 years of age, married, not using any family planning methods, and residing in the Mexican state of Nuevo León); 2) to determine whether or not the distribution of completed family size fits the negative binomial distribution, as in other populations studied in the world, and 3) to assess the association between fertility and 10 explanatory variables. METHODS: A sample of 410 women was interviewed at and selected from seven medical units of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). The women were grouped by their year of birth (1896-1925 and 1926-1955) and birthplace [persons whose four grandparents were born in northeastern Mexico (NE) and outside northeastern Mexico (Not-NE)]. A binomial negative distribution analysis was assessed. Multiple linear regression was used to assess association between fertility (transformed by the use of inverse hyperbolic sines) and 10 explanatory variables, including age at marriage, heterozygosity, individual admixture, wife's education, husband's education, wife's occupation, husband's occupation, and couple's residence zone, birth year, and birthplace. RESULTS: Completed fertility was only associated with age at marriage. This population showed a fertility pattern similar to those described in Venezuelan and Brazilian populations in 1950 and 1940, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that before worldwide family planning programs, fertility was determined mainly by natural selection forces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth.

Recent work with samples of black and white urban American women showed a clear behavioral sequence relating age at menarche to age at first intercourse to age at first birth. This paper shows that the linking of ages at menarche, intercourse, marriage, and first birth is a pattern which occurs in very diverse cultures. We present confirmatory data from the United States, Belgium, and Pakistan, and from Malay and Chinese women in Malaysia. We interpret our findings as indicating a biological process leading to (a) social interpretations of readiness for reproduction, and (b) persisting biological differences between early and late maturing women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monte Carlo simulation on the effect of different approaches to thalassaemia on gene frequency.

We used computer simulation to determine variation in gene, heterozygous and homozygous frequencies induced by 4 different approaches to thalassaemia. These were: supportive therapy only; treat homozygous patients with a hypothetical modality phenotypically only; abort all homozygous fetuses; and prevent marriage between gene carriers. Gene frequency becomes constant with the second or the fourth strategy, and falls over time with the first or the third strategy. Heterozygous frequency varies in parallel with gene frequency. Using the first strategy, homozygous frequency falls over time; with the second strategy it becomes constant; and with the third and fourth strategies it falls to zero after the first generation. No matter which strategy is used, the population gene frequency, in the worst case, will remain constant over time.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1995

Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian population.

This study was conducted on 3212 Saudi families to investigate the prevalence of consanguineous marriages. The families were interviewed and the information on the relationship between the husband and wife was obtained. The overall rate of consanguinity shows that 57.7% of the families screened were consanguineous. The most frequent were first cousin marriages (28.4%) followed by distant relative marriages (15.2%) and second cousin marriages (14.6%). The families were grouped according to the province of their origin and the consanguinity rates were calculated accordingly. There were slight differences in the consanguinity rates in the five provinces, which ranged from 52.1% to 67.7%. In each province first cousin marriages were the most frequently encountered pattern, ranging from 17.9% to 40.9%. The inbreeding coefficient (F) was calculated for each province and ranged from 0.020 to 0.030. Within each province, there were several significant differences among the populations in the different areas. The highest rate of consanguinity was 80.6% in Samtah and the lowest rate was around 34% in Abha in the South Western province. These results place Saudi Arabia among the countries of the world with a high rate of consanguinity. The possible consequences of increased consanguinity are presented and discussed.

Consanguinity↗

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