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PubMed2003

Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles transcriptomes during oocyst differentiation.

Understanding the life cycle of the malaria parasite in its mosquito vector is essential for developing new strategies to combat this disease. Subtractive hybridization cDNA libraries were constructed that are enriched for Plasmodium berghei and Anopheles stephensi genes expressed during oocyst differentiation on the midgut. Sequencing of 1485 random clones led to the identification of 1137 unique expressed sequence tags. Of the 608 expressed sequence tags with data base hits, 320 (53%) had significant matches to the non-redundant protein data base, whereas 288 (47%) with matches only to genomic data bases represent novel Plasmodium and Anopheles genes. Transcription of six novel parasite genes and two previously identified asexual stage genes was up-regulated during oocyst differentiation. In addition, the mRNA for an Anopheles fibrinogen domain gene was induced on day 2 after an infectious blood meal, at the time of ookinete to oocyst differentiation. The subcellular distribution of MAEBL, a sporozoite surface protein, is developmentally regulated from presumed storage organelles in day 15 oocysts to uniform distribution on the surface in day 22 oocysts. This redistribution may reflect a sporozoite maturation program in preparation for salivary gland invasion. Furthermore, apical membrane antigen 1, another parasite surface molecule, is translationally regulated late in sporozoite development, suggesting a role during infection of the vertebrate host. The present results and those of an accompanying report (Abraham, E. G., Islam, S., Srinivasan, P., Ghosh, A. K., Valenzuela, J., Ribeiro, J. M., Kafatos, F. C., Dimopoulos, G., & Jacobs-Lorena, M. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5573-5580) provide the foundation for studies seeking to understand at the molecular level Plasmodium development and its interactions with the mosquito.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Plasmodium activates the innate immune response of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.

Innate immune-related gene expression in the major disease vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae has been analyzed following infection by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. Substantially increased levels of mRNAs encoding the antibacterial peptide defensin and a putative Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (GNBP) are observed 20-30 h after ingestion of an infected blood-meal, at a time which indicates that this induction is a response to parasite invasion of the midgut epithelium. The induction is dependent upon the ingestion of infective, sexual-stage parasites, and is not due to opportunistic co-penetration of resident gut micro-organisms into the hemocoel. The response is activated following infection both locally (in the midgut) and systemically (in remaining tissues, presumably fat body and/or hemocytes). The observation that Plasmodium can trigger a molecularly defined immune response in the vector constitutes an important advance in our understanding of parasite-vector interactions that are potentially involved in malaria transmission, and extends knowledge of the innate immune system of insects to encompass responses to protozoan parasites.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1992

Biological control of Culicidae with the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis and larvivorous fish (Poeciliidae) in a village of French Polynesia.

The copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday and the larvivorous fishes Gambusia affinis (B. & G.) and Poecilia reticulata R. & B., were released into mosquito breeding sites in Tuherahera village, Tikehau atoll, French Polynesia, to control larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae.polynesiensis Marks, Culex annulirostris Skuse and Cx quinquefasciatus Say. Treatments were completed within a week, in January 1990. Fish quickly eliminated mosquito larvae from the open breeding sites (ponds, wells). The impact of copepods in water tanks, drums and covered wells was inconsistent, apparently depending on the availability of microfaunal diet for growth of copepod nauplii. As the biting rate of adult Ae.aegypti seemed to be unaffected by the biological control of larvae, this village-scale experiment was judged to be unsuccessful as a means of vector control.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Effects of available sugar on the reproductive fitness and vectorial capacity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae).

Although females of most mosquito species are known to use sugar as a necessary source of energy, female Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto are thought to use it facultatively or not at all. However, field evidence of sugar-free living is inconclusive, and the implications for reproductive fitness and vectorial capacity are unknown. To evaluate the role that sugar may play in the ecology of these mosquitoes, mated female An. gambiae in the laboratory were given access to either no food (water only), 10% sucrose, human blood, or human blood + 10% sucrose, and comparisons of daily mortality, fecundity, and biting frequency were made. The effect of sugar availability on vectorial capacity and the intrinsic rate of increase, a measure of fitness, then were determined. Females (pooled and individual) given blood + sugar lived significantly longer than did those on the other diets. Daily fecundity was higher for females given blood alone than for those fed blood + sugar (13 versus 9 eggs per female daily). However, total fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase were not affected by sugar availability. Biting frequency was significantly higher (0.41 versus 0.26 bites per female per day) for females given blood alone. Despite the reduced survivorship, exclusive blood-feeding led to a theoretically higher vectorial capacity for Plasmodium falciparum at 27 degrees C. These data indicate that female An. gambiae could replace sugar with increased blood feeding without suppressing reproductive fitness. Increased blood feeding could, in turn, increase the rate of malaria transmission and may explain the unusual efficiency of this vector.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on x-ray induced chromosomal translocations in Anopheles albimanus. III. Effect of the release of translocation males on the dynamics of cage populations.

Anopheles albimanus males carrying an Y-autosome translocation were continuously released into a cage population at a ratio of 1:5 in favor of translocation males. The release caused a significant decrease in the absolute density of cage populations. Virtually complete replacement of wild type Y chromosome by translocated Y chromosome was observed after four generations. The results obtained from the cage experiments encourage actual field trials for the control of this vector species.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Passage of yellow fever virus: its effect on infection and transmission rates in Aedes aegypti.

The effect of successive lytic passage of yellow fever virus on mosquito infection and transmission rates in the vector, Aedes aegypti, was determined. Three strains of yellow fever virus from Trinidad and Peru were passaged five times in suckling mouse brains and seven times in BHK-21 cells. Mosquitoes were fed meals containing passaged and unpassaged viruses and infection and transmission rates were compared. Rates were similar for all but one of the three virus strains grown in both substrates with the exception of virus strain 1899/81 (human isolate from Peru) passaged seven times in BHK-21 cells. Infection rates declined from 62% (109/177) to 35% (61/176), and transmission rates declined from 64% (60/94) to 45% (22/49). The oligonucleotide fingerprint of strain 1899/81 passaged seven times in BHK-21 cells shared 98% (45/46) of its large, T1-resistant oligonucleotides with the parent strain, indicating limited biochemical differences. The data suggest that uncloned yellow fever virus populations, passaged a limited number of times, and exhibiting some phenotypic changes, are representative of the original virus strain and can be used with a reasonable degree of confidence in vector competence studies.

Aedes↗
PubMed1986

Rhodnius neivai: a new experimental vector of Trypanosoma rangeli.

Rhodnius neivai was as efficient as Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius robustus in transmitting by bite a Colombian strain of Trypanosoma rangeli following its inoculation into the hemocoel. Under conditions of the study the strain of T. rangeli had a high and constant infectivity to the salivary glands of R. prolixus, its natural vector in Colombia. Six species of Triatoma and Dipetalogaster maximus likewise inoculated did not develop metatrypomastigotes in the salivary glands. Of the 12 known species of Rhodnius, R. neivai is the eight to be demonstrated as an anterior station vector of T. rangeli.

Animals↗

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