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At least 1,801 records · Page 100Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The impact of herbal medicines on dermatologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: In recent years herbal medicines and supplements have become increasingly popular. With their increased popularity, more publications are warning about the potential harmful effects of some of these products. OBJECTIVE: To present scientific evidence of the benefits and surgical risks of herbal products. METHODS: A Medline search and review of the literature was performed. RESULTS: Many herbal medicines are relevant in dermatologic surgery since Ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginger, ginseng, feverfew, and vitamin E may increase the risk of bleeding, and ephedra may potentiate the side effects of epinephrine. CONCLUSION: Dermatologists should be aware of these herbal products and their uses. Many of these products prescribed by alternative medicine physicians or purchased over the counter should be discontinued prior to dermatologic surgery to minimize the risk of surgical complications.

Blood Loss, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herbs, menopause, and dialysis.

Women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for menstrual disorders, early menopause, and osteoporosis, and rarely discuss gynecologic and reproductive issues with their nephrologist. Various complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) products are of interest to women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who have these disorders. However, very little is known about the specifics of using herbal medicines in patients on chronic dialysis, resulting in numerous problems when patients and providers try to ascertain the safety and efficacy of these products. This article reviews evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of black cohosh, ginseng, chastetree, dong quai, evening primrose oil, soy products, and the so-called natural hormones. Pharmacologic parameters important to evaluating the quality of botanical products are discussed, along with recommendations and information resources.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders.

World-wide use of herbal medicines is increasing, following regulatory and manufacturing developments. Herbs are attractive alternative medications to many patients with sleep disorders, who may be averse to using conventional drugs. We review here the most common herbal stimulants and sedatives. Caffeine, in herbal teas, black tea, coffee, soft drinks and pharmaceuticals, is used widely to control sleepiness, but more research is needed on its use in sleep disorders. Ephedra, and its constituent ephedrine, are used in both stimulant and weight loss preparations, sometimes with caffeine; safety concerns have arisen with this practice. Yohimbe is another herb used in stimulant and body-building preparations which has safety concerns. Asian and Siberian ginseng have been traditionally used for fatigue, and have some supportive experimental evidence for this use. Herbal sedatives also have some evidence for efficacy; the observations that certain plant flavonoid compounds bind to benzodiazepine receptors adds interest to their use. Valerian and kava have received the most research attention; both have decreased sleep onset time and promoted deeper sleep in small studies, and kava also shows anxiolytic effects. German chamomile, lavender, hops, lemon balm and passionflower are reputed to be mild sedatives but need much more experimental examination.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Complementary and alternative medicine use in the Amish.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the rate of utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Amish women, a population that traditionally uses non-mainstream medicine. METHODS & RESULTS: Sixty-six Amish women completed a survey concerning their use of CAM. Thirty-six percent of the Amish women used at least one form of CAM, primarily reporting a use of diet and nutrition programs, herbal therapies, and chiropractic medicine. In addition, ten pregnant Amish women reported using echinacea, St. John's Wort, red clover, garlic and ginseng. CONCLUSION: This survey highlights the need to address potential adverse effects of herbal therapies in young women who are a member of a group that may use non-mainstream medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Modulatory role of ginsenosides injected intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly in the production of antinociception induced by kappa-opioid receptor agonist administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse.

We examined the effects of ginseng total saponin and several ginsenosides injected intrathecally (i.t.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the antinociception induced by U50, 488H (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2- (1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeocetamide; a kappa opioid receptor agonist) administered i.c.v. The tail-flick test was used as an analgesic assay. Total saponin fraction at doses of 0.1 to 20 micrograms, which when administered intrathecally (i.t.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) alone did not affect the latencies of tail-flick threshold, attenuated dose-dependently the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by U50, 488H (60 micrograms) administered i.c.v. The duration of antagonistic action of total saponin fraction against U50, 488H-induced antinociception lasted at least for 6 h. Various doses (from 0.1 to 1 microgram) of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg1, but not Re, injected i.t. dose-dependently attenuated antinociception induced by U50, 488H administered i.c.v. Furthermore, various doses (from 1 to 10 micrograms) of ginsenosides Rb2 and Re, but not Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Rg1, injected i.c.v. dose-dependently attenuated antinociception induced by U50, 488H administered i.c.v. In summary, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg1 administered spinally appear to be responsible for blocking the antinociception induced by U50, 488H administered supraspinally, whereas ginsenosides Rb2 and Re administered supraspinally appear to be responsible for blocking the antinociception induced by U50, 488H administered supraspinally.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed2000

Panax vietnamensis protects mice against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity without any modification of CYP2E1 gene expression.

In order to explore the effect of Panax vietnamensis on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, mice were pretreated for 7 days with either crude extract or total saponins. Crude extract and total saponins dramatically decreased carbon tetrachloride-induced increase of serum GST alpha level (-50.0%, -49.5% respectively). Serum AST level was significantly decreased only with total saponins (-52.2%) and ALT level was slightly modified. In vitro experiments shown that both preparations at high concentrations (> 2000 micrograms/ml) are able to inhibit CYP2E1 enzymatic activity in mouse and human microsomes. However, we did not observe any modification of Cyp2e1 gene expression (enzymatic activity, protein and mRNA levels) in mice treated with either crude extract or total saponins. Taken together, these data demonstrated that Panax vietnamensis could be used as an hepatoprotectant. However, the mechanism of action is not associated with CYP2E1 expression, as previously suggested in vitro in rat for total saponins from Panax ginseng.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

In vitro inhibitory effect of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and its modulation by known TNF-alpha antagonists.

Ginsenosides are the major principles of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) used as a mild oriental folk medicine. In this report, we have examined the inhibitory potency of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (PPDGs) such as Rb1, Rb2 and Rc, and their co-treatment effect with known tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antagonists on TNF-alpha production in either murine (RAW264.7) or human (U937) macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rb1, and Rb2 strongly suppressed TNF-alpha production in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 of 56.5 and 27.5 microM, respectively, and in differentiated U937 cells with an IC50 of 51.3, and 26.8 microM, respectively. The inhibitory activity of Rb1 and Rb2 was significantly increased by pharmacological agents against protein kinase C, protein tyrosine kinase, and protein kinase A, and anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs, such as chloroquine and steroid drugs. In contrast, only cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP PDE) inhibitors among cAMP-elevating agents did not change the inhibitory potency of PPDGs. These data suggest that PPDGs may possess potential therapeutic efficacy against TNF-alpha mediated disease and the therapeutic potency of PPDGs may be enhanced when co-treated with various kinds of known TNF-alpha antagonists but not with cAMP PDE inhibitors.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2001

Application of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analysis to authenticate Panax species and their adulterants.

A 420-bp RAPD fragment from Panax quinquefolius was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. The main difference between the SCAR of P. quinquefolius and its homolog in P. ginseng is the presence of a 25 bp insertion in the latter. Primers derived from this sequence were successfully used to authenticate six Panax species and two common adulterants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

A new lignan glycoside from Eleutherococcus senticosus.

A new lignan glycoside, named eleutheroside E(2) (1), has been isolated from the roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (known as "Siberian ginseng"), along with isomaltol 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2), eleutherosides B, E and E(1), and thymidine. The structure of 1 was established by spectral interpretations as episyringaresinol 4"-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Compound 2 is described here for the first time as a naturally occurring compound.

Eleutherococcus↗
PubMed2002

Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional chinese medicinal herb Panax notoginseng.

The roots of the sanchi ginseng, Panax notoginseng, were extracted with an aqueous buffer. The extract was chromatographed on a CM-cellulose column to remove extraneous unadsorbed proteins. The adsorbed fraction was dialyzed and chromatographed on Affi-gel blue gel. The adsorbed fraction was again collected, dialyzed and applied on a column of Mono S. The second peak was dialyzed and chromatographed on an FPLC-gel filtration Superdex 75 column. An antifungal protein with an N-terminal sequence similar to those of chitinases was isolated from the first peak which had a molecular mass of 35 kDa. The sequence was distinctive in that the third and ninth highly conserved N-terminal residues (C and G) were replaced by H and M, respectively. The protein inhibited mycelial growth in Coprinus comatus, Physalospora piricola, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum with an IC 50 of 100 nM, 1 microM, 630 nM and 560 nM, respectively. It inhibited cell-free translation with an IC 50 of 630 nM. Its antifungal and translation-inhibitory activities were more potent than those of previously reported antifungal proteins. It inhibited human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase by 35.8 % at 12.6 microM and 24.7 % at 1.26 microM.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Ginsenosides inhibit EGF-induced proliferation of renal proximal tubule cells via decrease of c-fos and c-jun gene expression in vitro.

Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that ginseng intake is associated with a reduced risk for environmentally related cancers. However, the effects of ginsenosides on the proliferation of renal proximal tubule cells have not yet elucidated. This study investigated the effect of total ginsenosides, protopanaxatriol (PT) saponin, and protopanaxadiol (PD) saponin fraction on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced renal cell proliferation and, furthermore, c-fos and c-jun gene expression. In the present study, total ginsenosides (10 -6 g/ml) completely blocked EGF-induced DNA synthesis and cell growth. In contrast, the PT and PD fractions partially blocked it. In addition, the EGF-induced increase of c-fos and c-jun gene expression was completely blocked by total ginsenosides and partially by PT and PD saponins. In conclusion, ginsenosides, in part, inhibit EGF-induced cell proliferation via decrease of c-fos and c-jun gene expression in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs). Abbreviations. EGF:epidermal growth factor PD:protopanaxadiol PT:protopanaxatriol PTCs:primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of ginsenoside Rd and decursinol on the neurotoxic responses induced by kainic acid in mice.

In the present study, we examined the effects of ginsenoside Rd (G-Rd) and decursinol (DC) on various neurotoxic responses induced by kainic acid (KA) administered intracerebroventricularly ( i. c. v.) in ICR mice. Ginseng total saponin (GTS) inhibited the KA (0.5 microg)-induced lethal toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, G-Rd, a component of GTS, also attenuated the KA-induced lethal toxicity as well as DC pretreated orally for 30 min. In ICR mouse, neurotoxic damage induced by KA (0.1 microg) in the hippocampus was markedly concentrated in the CA3 pyramidal neurons. G-Rd and DC did not affect the pyramidal cell death in CA3 hippocampal region. In an immunohistochemical study, KA dramatically increased phospho-ERK and decreased phospho-CREB in the hippocampal area. G-Rd and DC attenuated, in part, the increased phospho-ERK and the decreased phospho-CREB protein levels. However, DC potentiated the increased c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels in the hippocampus induced by KA. Thus, our results suggest that the phosphorylation of ERK or the dephosphorylation of CREB protein may play a major role in the regulation of lethal toxicity induced by KA, whereas cell death in the hippocampal CA3 region induced by KA administered i. c. v. may not be directly mediated by ERK phosphorylation and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse.

Angelica↗
PubMed2003

Authentication of Panax notoginseng by 5S-rRNA spacer domain and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.

The great majority of Panax species are well-known herbal medicines in the Orient, and many of them share a close resemblance in appearance and chemical composition. Among these Panax species, the root of P. notoginseng (Sanqi) is a unique herb that has distinct clinical usage. Here, the 5S-rRNA spacer domains were isolated from P. notoginseng, P. japonicus var. major, P. stipuleanatus, P. quinquefolius, P. ginseng, P. zingiberensis, and P. wangianus, and four common adulterants of P. notoginseng including Curcuma wenyujin, Curcuma longa, Bletilla striata and Gynura segetum. The spacer domains were sequenced and compared, which showed over 75 % DNA identity among all Panax species, but not for the adulterants. In addition, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to distinguish different members of Panax genus as well as the morphological variants of P. notoginseng. These molecular methods could be used in the authentic identification of P. notoginseng from other Panax species.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed2004

Roles of ginsenosides on morphine-induced hyperactivity and rewarding effect in mice.

Ginsenosides, the main effective components of the root of Panax ginseng, have been reported to modulate morphine action. In the present study, ginsenosides Rd, Rb2, Rgl and Re were divided into two groups according to their effects in mice on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Ginsenosides Rd, Rb2, Rgl had no effect on morphine-induced hyperactivity, but antagonized morphine-induced CPP. On the contrary, ginsenoside Re increased morphine-induced hyperactivity whereas it showed no effect on morphine-induced CPP.Furthermore, Re antagonized the inhibitory effect of the mixture involving Rd, Rb2 and Rgl on the morphine action. These results suggest that ginsenosides with different structures have antagonizing properties in the regulation of morphine-induced reinforcement.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides differentially modulate type 1 and type 2 cytokines production from murine splenocytes.

Seven protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and their aglycones including PPT, PT, -Re, -Rg (1), -F (1), -Rh (1), 20(R)-Rh (1) which are closely related in structure were studied for their effects on type 1 and type 2 cytokines production from murine splenocytes and their related mechanisms were examined. The results indicate that PPT, PT and ginsenoside-Re show hardly any or weak effects on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced production of IFN-gamma and IL-4. Ginsenoside-Rh (1) and 20(R)-Rh (1) induce a Con A-induced type 1 cytokine pattern by increasing the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), the expression of IFN-gamma, T-bet and enhancing NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. In contrast ginsenosides-Rg (1) and -F (1) cause a Con A-induced type 2 cytokines response by increasing the expression of IL-4, GATA-3 and enhancing NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Thus, these protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides have different immunomodulatory effects, which might explain the complex immunomodulatory effect of Panax ginseng.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anti-inflammatory activity of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol: enhanced heme oxygenase 1 expression in RAW 264.7 cells.

20( S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the metabolites of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. In this study, we demonstrate that PPD inhibits the increase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB by preventing degradation of inhibitory factor-kappaBalpha. PPD also induces heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in RAW 264.7 cells, at the mRNA and protein levels, in the presence and absence of LPS. This effect is associated with suppression of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS expression. The HO-1 inducer hemin is associated with the suppression of LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, and the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin attenuates the inhibitory activity of PPD on LPS-induced NO production. These results provide evidence for the role of HO-1 in the inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by PPD.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed2006

Mediation of beta-endorphin by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

We investigated the plasma glucose-lowering mechanism(s) of Rh2, a ginsenoside derived from Panax ginseng, in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ-diabetic rats). After intravenous injection over 120 min into fasting STZ-diabetic rats, Rh2 decreased plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel to the lowering of plasma glucose, an increase of plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was observed. In addition, naloxone and naloxonazine at doses sufficient to block opioid mu-receptors inhibited the plasma glucose-lowering action of Rh2 in genetically wild-type, diabetic mice. In contrast, Rh2 failed to lower plasma glucose in opioid mu-receptor knockout diabetic mice. An increase in gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels of glucose transporter subtype 4 (GLUT 4) was observed in soleus muscle obtained from STZ-diabetic rats treated with Rh2 three times daily for one day; this increase in expression was absent when opioid mu-receptors were blocked. In conclusion, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 may lower plasma glucose in STZ-diabetic rats based on an increase in beta-endorphin secretion that activates opioid mu-receptors thereby resulting in an increased expression of GLUT 4.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effects of ginsenoside Re and its metabolite, ginsenoside Rh1, on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate- and oxazolone-induced mouse dermatitis models.

The effects of the main constituent ginsenoside Re in ginseng and its metabolite, ginsenoside Rh1, were investigated in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)- and oxazolone-induced mouse ear dermatitis models. Ginsenoside Rh1 potently suppressed the TPA- and oxazolone-induced swellings as well as mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, although these were only weakly inhibited by ginsenoside Re.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

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