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PubMed1994

Effect of mouthwashes of variable NaF concentration but constant NaF content on oral fluoride retention.

Previous work showed that oral fluoride levels increased with increasing applied F dose for both mouthwashes and dentifrices. This study aimed to determine whether the above dependence was related to applied fluoride concentration or applied fluoride amount. Ten adults mouthrinsed with aqueous NaF solutions of 1-10 ml, each of which contained 2.5 mg F, i.e. in the concentration range 250-2,500 ppm F. Subjects rinsed for 1 min and then spat out. Samples of mixed saliva were collected for 3 h afterwards, which were analysed for fluoride. Salivary fluoride clearance curves were obtained which could be fitted to a pharmacokinetic model involving processes ascribed to loss of fluoride from saliva by swallowing and to exchange of fluoride between saliva and an oral reservoir. Mean salivary fluoride concentrations increased significantly with increasing applied F concentration both within the first 3 h after single use and up to at least 18 h after regular daily use. These findings suggest that applied F concentration is a more important factor than applied F amount per se in determining the elevation of oral fluoride levels following topical fluoride use. This implies that application of a given F dose, in a smaller volume at higher concentration than the current norm, may increase efficacy without increasing the risk of adverse effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fluoride concentration, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque from old glass ionomer fillings.

Previous studies have found that the fluoride concentration of plaque growing on or adjacent to glass ionomer cement (GIC) is increased and the proportion of mutans streptococci in plaque is reduced. So far, there are only a few studies of the long-term effect of glass ionomer fillings on plaque in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether old GIC fillings have effects on plaque fluoride and microflora and whether this effect can be increased by topical application of fluoride on GIC fillings in vivo. The participants were 27 adults with at least 3 GIC fillings about 3 years old. Plaque was collected from sites adjacent to the GIC fillings and from the contralateral teeth, after which a 1.2% fluoride gel was applied to all teeth. Three days later, plaque was collected from the same sites as before. Stimulated saliva was also collected at both appointments. The results show that none of the patients had elevated levels of fluoride in their saliva either before or 3 days after the fluoride treatment. The fluoride concentration was 0.51 microgram/mg protein in plaque on GICs and 0.35 microgram/mg protein in plaque on contralateral teeth (p = 0.028). After the fluoride treatment, the respective fluoride concentrations were 0.59 microgram/mg and 0.75 microgram/mg (p = 0.849). No significant differences in the proportion of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque from GIC and contralateral teeth were found. The results suggest that the fluoride concentration of plaque growing on old GIC fillings is slightly increased. In this study, however, this had no significant effect on the cariogenic microflora.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Electron spectroscopic studies of interactions between superficially-applied fluorides and surface enamel.

Despite comparable acidities and fluoride concentrations, distinctly different characteristics of fluoride deposition and enamel degradation were observed. In the sequence of the amine hydrofluorides, this may possibly be due to the increasing cation polarity. Thus, by the concomitant rise in the dissociation constants of the compounds, the increasing effectiveness of fluoride accumulation is due to the presence of more free fluoride in solution. On the other hand, sodium fluoride shows behavior comparable to that of the unsaturated amine hydrofluoride. Presumably, specific interactions between the cations and surface apatite may favor fluoride deposition. Under present conditions of treatment, however, neither sodium nor quaternary ammonium cations are deposited in significant amounts on tooth surfaces. Thus, the behavior of fluoridizing agents cannot be understood only by their properties in bulk solution. Obviously, specific reaction mechanisms between surface-adjacent solutions and enamel apatite must be considered. Similar reactions have been studied extensively in connection with corrosion problems. The investigations clearly demonstrated that, for the interpretation of mechanisms, all relevant parameters must be considered: the ionic composition of solutions, the temperature, the time of treatment, etc. Thus, a series of additional experiments will be necessary for more insight into the reaction mechanisms of fluoride on superficial dental enamel. The consequence of the present studies is that the cariostatic effect of superficially applied fluoridizing agents cannot be discussed in terms of fluoride accumulation only.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Dental fluorosis as related to the concentration of fluoride in teeth and bone.

Rats (N = 58), given a diet low in fluoride, were stomach-fed solutions of NaF and (NH4)3AIF6 in amounts corresponding to 3.3, 8.3, and 16.5 microgram of fluoride per gram of body weight. After five weeks, the incisors were scored for fluorosis and samples of the incisors and mandibles were analyzed for fluoride. Less fluoride was deposited in teeth and bone from AIF6, than from NaF at all dosage levels. Less fluorosis also developed from AIF6, except at the lowest dosage level, which produced very little fluorosis in either group. Both incisor fluoride and fluorosis scores increased with increases in ingestion of fluoride. In a larger group of rats (N = 101) that had been on different fluoride regimens, the fluoride concentrations of the incisors were grouped according to the fluorosis scroes. There was a consistent trend of increase in fluoride with increase in fluorosis scores, but each score had a wide range and overlap in fluoride concentrations.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1995

Infants' fluoride ingestion from water, supplements and dentifrice.

Concerns about dental fluorosis and the paucity of detailed fluoride intake data prompted this longitudinal study of fluoride intake in infants from birth to 9 months of age. On average, water fluoride intake greatly exceeded that from dietary fluoride supplements or fluoride dentifrice. However, fluoride supplements and dentifrice contributed substantial proportions of fluoride intake among children using them. Some children had estimated fluoride intake from water, supplements and dentifrice that exceeded the recommended "optimal" intake (a level that has yet to be determined scientifically). Practitioners should estimate fluoride ingestion from all these sources if considering systemic fluoride supplementation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Fluoride intake by children from water and dentifrice].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the total fluoride dose to which children were exposed during the critical age of developing dental fluorosis, in an optimally fluoridated region, having diet (liquids and solids) and dentifrice as fluoride sources. METHODS: For the pilot study, 39 children (aged 20 to 30 months) were selected from a day care center in Piracicaba, Brazil. They drank and ate food prepared with fluoridated water. To determine the total dose of fluoride exposure, duplicate-plate samples and products from tooth brushing were collected for two consecutive days, in four periods of the year. Fluoride was determined using an ion specific electrode. A 5% level of significance variance analysis (Anova) was carried out. RESULTS: Children were exposed to a total fluoride dose of 0.090 mg/day/kg of body weight, of which 45% came from the diet and 55% from dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming 0.07 mg/kg as a threshold value of fluoride systemic exposure, children were exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis. Thus, measures to reduce fluoride intake at the studied age range would be recommended. Reducing the amount of dentifrice used for tooth brushing seems to be the best measure, given the risk/benefits of fluoride use from the public health perspective.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Evaluation of the repair process in mechanically injured rat bone stimulated by sodium fluoride with non-toxic doses].

The influence of sodium fluoride on the course of repair process in the mechanically injured rat bone was studied. Thirty six male Wistar rats aged 5 months, weighing 460-540 g were investigated. The animals lived under standard conditions and were fed ad libidum with the standard LSM food including 0.7 mg/kg of fluorine on the average. The animals randomly divided into 3 groups that comprised study and control groups, 6 rats each. The rats in the first group were given water with 20 mg (1.05 mmol) of sodium fluoride per kg of body weight for 24 h over a period of 2 weeks--group Ia. In the second group--IIa--animals were given water with sodium fluoride at a dose of 1.5 mmol/kg b.w./24 h for a period of 4 weeks. In the third group--IIIa--the animals were given sodium fluoride in a dose of 1.5 mmol/kg b.w./24 h for a period of 6 weeks. The rats from the control groups I, II and III were given water without sodium fluoride for the period of 2, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment a hole was drilled in both femoral bones in rat under barbiturate anaesthesia. According to the protocol the rats underwent ether euthanasia after 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery and the following samples were collected: blood from the heart for biochemical studies and both femoral bones for biochemical and histological studies. The following parameters were evaluated in blood serum: fluorine, calcium, magnesium contents, serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, bilirubin and activity levels of enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholinesterase, base phosphatase. Fluorine, calcium magnesium and zinc contents were estimated in bone samples. The concentration of fluorine ions in animal serum after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of experiment increased significantly as compared with the corresponding controls. The highest fluorine concentrations were observed in serum of rats supplemented with NaF for 6 weeks. The fluorine concentrations in the bone tissue and fresh and dried granulation tissues in all studied groups also revealed statistically significant increase as compared to the controls. The rats fed with sodium fluoride for the period of 6 weeks revealed statistically significant increase of serum magnesium concentration as compared to the remaining study groups. Bone magnesium concentrations in animals fed with NaF for the period of 2 and 6 weeks were higher as compared to the corresponding control groups, with the highest differences observed after 6 weeks of experiment. Animals fed with sodium fluoride for the period of 6 weeks revealed increased serum calcium concentrations as compared to the study groups after 2 and 4 weeks of experiment. Similar results were achieved in bone tissue samples (Fig. 1 and 2, Tab. 1-6). Basing on the achieved results in biochemical studies and histological pictures it should be assumed that laboratory animals fed with sodium fluoride in doses recognised as non-toxic reveal intensified healing process within mechanically injured bones. The use of sodium fluoride led to accelerated chondrogenesis process in the area of insufficiently perfused bone, osteogenesis including temporary callus formation and mineralization of the new bone, as well as remodelling into mature lamellar bone. The greatest differences in the repair dynamics for both groups occurred between the second and fourth week of experiment. These results could be the base of clinical studies on application of the sodium fluoride in the acceleration of fracture healing.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Increased ash contents and estimation of dissolution from chemical changes due to in-vitro fluoride treatments.

The in-vitro fluoride treatment technique has been introduced to investigate the composite behavior of bone tissue. Bone tissue with different mechanical properties can be obtained by varying the concentration, pH and immersion time in fluoride ion solutions. The chemical and physical changes in intact pieces of bone treated in-vitro with different concentrations of fluoride ions are studied. The amount of bone mineral that does not contribute to the mechanical behavior of bone tissue is estimated from the dissolution occurring in the fluoride treated bones. Cortical bones from 18-month-old steers were treated in-vitro with 0.145, 0.5 and 2.0 M sodium fluoride (NaF) solutions for three days. The dissolved bone mineral precipitates as calcium fluoride-like (CaF2/P with some phosphate [P] ions) and fluorapatite(FAp)/fluorhydroxyapatite(FHAp)-like materials within the bone tissue. The dissolution estimated from the presence of the precipitated fluoride phases is 5.6, 11.7, and 13.1% of the initial bone mineral content for the 0.145 M, 0.5 M, and 2.0 M NaF treatments respectively. Estimates of dissolution based on the measurements of phosphate and carbonate ions are lower and higher respectively when compared to the fluoride ion measurements. The wet and dry densities decreased slightly due to dissolution and re-precipitation while the ash content (ratio of the ash weight to dry weight) increased a small amount with increasing concentration of fluoride ion treatments. The increased ash content was due to the excess loss of water in the fluoride treated bones as compare to controls (untreated bone samples) during the drying process. The increased removal of water during the drying process may explain the increased ash contents in some in-vivo treatments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluoride varnish concentration gradient and its effect on enamel demineralization.

PURPOSE: Two of the 4 fluoride varnishes available on the American market today are sold in 10-mL tubes of 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat and Duraflor). Pilot studies have shown that a separation of contents within these tubes exists. The purpose of the current study was 4-fold: (1) to measure the fluoride concentration gradient in 10-mL tubes of fluoride varnish, based on resting position of the tube prior to use; (2) to compare and contrast fluoride concentration gradients of Duraphat, Duraflor, and CavityShield; (3) to compare this gradient to the ability to inhibit caries in an artificial caries environment; and finally, (4) to determine if quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) can detect differences in lesions developed when exposed to an artificial caries environment and fluoride varnish. METHODS: Human teeth specimens were subjected to a caries challenge and treated with a sample of fluoride varnish from 1 of 5 categories: Duraphat stored horizontally and vertically for 1 week, Duraflor stored horizontally and vertically for 1 week, or a CavityShield 0.4 mL "unidose." All specimens were then analyzed with the QLF system and with confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Results showed no significant fluoride ppm differences exist between groups (P=.29). It was shown that the order in which Duraflor varnish was dispensed from tubes significantly affected the fluoride concentration (P<.05). The order effect was not significant for Duraphat (P=.99). QLF data analysis showed there was no significant difference (P>.05) in the amount of remineralization obtained by using any varnish stored in any position. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that all 3 brands of fluoride varnish are able to remineralize incipient in vitro carious lesions, regardless of what part of the 10-mL tube the varnish is taken from. However, a fluoride concentration gradient exists in tubes of Duraflor. Also, QLF is able to detect demineralized and remineralized incipient lesions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Fluoridation of drinking water, why is it needed?].

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a widespread disease. It causes irreversible damage, pain and considerable expense. Fluoride is the only known substance that raises the tooth's resistance to acid attack. Natural drinking waters contain fluoride at different concentration. The most effective method of fluoride administration to the community level is by adjustng the fluoride concentration in the drinking water to about 1 part per million. AIM: To describe the mode of action of fluoride, methods of administration and to describe water fluoridation, advantages and disadvantages. RESULTS: Fluoridation of drinking water started in 1945 in the world and in 1981 in Israel. Today more then 300 million people in some 60 countries enjoy the defending effect of fluoride in drinking water. This is the most effective method for decreasing incidence of caries, as well as being cost effective. Over the years there were many attempts to 'blame' fluoridation with negative side effects to human health. Till today, none of the allegations passed scientific scrutiny. CONCLUSIONS: There is overwhelming scientific support for the Regulations that oblige the Water supplier to adjust fluoride levels to 1 ppm in every town or municipality with more then 5,000 inhabitants.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Interproximal plaque mass and fluoride retention after brushing and flossing--a comparative study of powered toothbrushing, manual toothbrushing and flossing.

PURPOSE: To determine differences in interproximal plaque mass and fluoride retention with different modes of toothbrushing and flossing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven subjects in good health used four treatments in a four-period, randomized, crossover design: 1) manual brushing only; 2) manual brushing and daily flossing; 3) electric brushing using a rotational oscillation toothbrush; and 4) electric brushing using a sonic toothbrush. Subjects used a standard sodium fluoride dentifrice during the eight-day experimental periods and a fluoride-free dentifrice during the seven-day washout periods between treatments. Interproximal plaque samples were taken on Day 1 and on Day 8, weighed, and analyzed for fluoride content. RESULTS: The amount of interproximal plaque was lowest with sonic brushing, which left 43-65% less plaque than all other treatments. Manual brushing and flossing yielded less plaque than manual brushing alone and rotational oscillation brushing. Differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for treatment; there was no time effect on plaque mass. For fluoride retention, at Day 1 sonic brushing gave at least 54% more fluoride in the interproximal plaque than all other treatments, which was significant. All treatments demonstrated a significant increase in fluoride concentration with time except manual brushing and flossing, which showed a significant decrease. At Day 8, the fluoride concentration was significantly higher for sonic brushing than for manual brushing or rotational oscillation brushing by over 40%, and all treatments exhibited significantly greater fluoride than the manual brushing and flossing combination. CONCLUSION: The mode of toothbrushing may impact the amount of plaque retained interproximally and its fluoride concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of fluoride application on specular reflectance and stain potential of unfilled and photocured microfilled resin veneering materials.

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effect of application of four types of fluoride solutions commonly used and administered by dentists on the specular reflectance and staining potential of photocured and regular unfilled resin veneering materials. The fluoride solutions used were: (1) 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF) gel, (2) 0.4% stannous fluoride gel, (3) 0.2% sodium fluoride solution and (4) .05% sodium fluoride solution. Specular and diffuse reflectance using scanning spectrophotometer were carried out for the fluoride treated samples and the control untreated samples before and after staining. The results revealed that the (APF) gel, produced the highest surface roughness and staining ability followed by the stannous fluoride solution for the both tested veneering materials. The sodium fluoride mouth wash solutions (0.2% and 0.05%) produced the least effect. So, on the bases of these results, caution should be taken in utilization of fluoride treatment in patients with prosthesis containing resin veneering material.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1996

Use of in-office fluorides in the Greater Houston area.

The purpose of this study was to determine the types of fluorides and techniques used for the application of in-office fluorides in the Houston area. A telephone survey was conducted using a stratified random sample of 262 dentists. Approximately 39% of the offices contacted chose to respond to the survey. Only one of the 101 dental offices responding was using an ADA approved professional fluoride product and technique: 1.23% APF for 4 minutes. While 41.6% or 42 of the respondents were using 1.23% APF, they were administering the fluoride for 2 minutes or less with the majority (38 out of 42) administering for only 1 minute. The second most number of respondents (35.6%) reported using a dual rinse type product consisting of 0.31% APF and 1.64% SnF2. Of the 101 respondents, 12.8% reported the use of sodium fluoride gels and rinses. Of these 13 respondents, 9 were using 2.0% NaF but for less than the recommended 4 minute application time. The other 4 were using 2.0% rinse which is more appropriate as a weekly-use rinse. The remaining respondents (9.8%) reported the use of a stannous fluoride containing less fluoride than the approved 8.0%. Of these 10 respondents, 3 were using 0.63% SnF2 and 7 were using 0.4% SnF2. One office reported the use of a non-fluoride containing mouthrinse used as an in-office fluoride treatment. This response is not included in the data as it does not qualify as a type of fluoride product.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1986

In vitro effect of topical fluoride on dental porcelain.

Fifty-seven porcelain samples were randomly subjected to a variety of topical fluorides for time intervals of 4 to 64 minutes. Half of each porcelain surface was masked to prevent contact with the fluoride. Measurements of roughness were made for the fluoride-treated and the untreated porcelain surfaces to evaluate the effect of the different fluoride preparations over time. The resulting surfaces were also examined using an SEM. Conclusions from this study include the following. Statistically significant differences in roughness were found among surfaces exposed to 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel, 8% stannous fluoride, and the control surfaces. There were no significant differences in roughness between the test and control surfaces with 0.05%, 0.2%, and 2% sodium fluoride solutions or 0.4% stannous fluoride gel. The dentist should be aware of the potentially deleterious effects of prescribing or administering a topical fluoride for patients with porcelain/metal restorations.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of two fluoridation measures on erosion progression in human enamel and dentine in vitro.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride on the progression of erosive demineralisation in human enamel and dentine using a cyclic de- and remineralisation model in vitro. The mineral content expressed in micrometres was determined daily by longitudinal microradiography (LMR) and presented as cumulative mineral loss over 5 days. For erosive demineralisation, all samples were immersed in 0.05 M citric acid (pH 2.3) for 6x10 min/day and stored in a remineralisation solution. Fluoridation measures were performed as follows: group 1: control, no fluoridation; group 2: toothpaste fluoridation 3x5 min/daily (NaF, 0.15% F-); group 3: toothpaste fluoridation as group 2 and additionally application of a fluoride mouthrinse (Olaflur/SnF2, 0.025%F-) 3x5 min/daily and on days 1 and 3 gel fluoridation (Olaflur/NaF; 1.25% F-) for 1x5 min. After the first experimental day, no significant differences were found between the groups. However, after 5 days the erosive mineral loss values for enamel were 147.5+/-18.7 microm in the control group, 128.1+/-15.0 microm in group 2 (p< or =0.05) and 116.1+/-12.4 microm in group 3 (p< or =0.001). In dentine, the respective values were 136.7+/-16.4, 111.8+/-26.9 (p< or =0.001) and 60.3+/-17.8 (p< or =0.001). The intensive fluoridation significantly reduced erosion progression in enamel but had a more pronounced effect on dentine. The results suggest that subjects with erosive lesions should use an intensive fluoridation measure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effect of a casein/calcium phosphate-containing tooth cream and fluoride on enamel erosion in vitro.

The aim of this study was to determine whether a tooth cream containing casein/calcium phosphate (CasCP) protects enamel against erosion. Sixty bovine enamel specimens were prepared for profilometry and distributed into five groups. Specimens were rinsed with artificial saliva interrupted by 1% citric acid (pH 2.3) for 30 s 6 times daily for 14 days. Group 1 (n=12) was not treated (control); in group 2 (n=12) CasCP was applied for 120 s twice daily; in group 3 (n=12) 250 ppm fluoride as NaF was applied for 120 s twice daily; in group 4 (n=12) CasCP was applied for 120 s, then 250 ppm fluoride for 120 s twice daily, and in group 5 (n=12) amine fluoride (AmF) gel (12,500 ppm fluoride) was applied for 120 s twice daily. Differences between groups with respect to erosive enamel loss (profilometrically determined depth after 7 and 14 days) were tested by the Mann-Whitney test (alpha=0.05). After 7/14 days' erosive cycling, specimens treated with AmF gel showed significantly less enamel loss (18.5/35.5 microm; medians) than those treated with CasCP (25.5/46.9 microm), 250 ppm fluoride (25.0/ 40.9 microm), CasCP and 250 ppm fluoride (23.9/47.4 microm) or with no treatment (26.3/49.8 microm). It is concluded that highly fluoridated acidic AmF gel can protect enamel against erosion while CasCP, 250 ppm fluoride or a combination of CasCP and 250 ppm fluoride provide little protection.

Amines↗
PubMed2001

Fluorides in the new millennium.

Water fluoridation is known to be the most successful public health measure of the 20th century. More than half a century later, we are still reaping the benefits of fluoridation. We now know that the most important mechanism of fluoride action occurs through daily low-dose exposures. The battle between demineralization and remineralization occurs constantly, and fluoride shifts the balance to the latter. This dynamic, daily process far supersedes the pre-eruptive fluoride incorporation in importance. Fluoride, however, is now available in a variety of very different forms, useful in waging the war on caries. Nevertheless, opponents of this therapeutic agent maintain that its widespread use should be curtailed. Although the benefits of fluoride can no longer be disputed, fluoride supplementation must be supported and approached with consideration of total fluoride exposure.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1999

The cariostatic mechanism of fluoride.

The benefits of using fluoride to prevent caries have been known for many years, but a complete understanding of this mechanism is still being researched. The fluoride concentration in the apatitic structure of enamel does not have as significant an effect on reducing caries as a continuous presence of fluoride in the plaque liquid. Concentrated, topical fluoride agents (such as in toothpaste, fluoride mouth rinses, gels, or varnishes) have a different mechanism of fluoride protection than low-concentration applications (such as fluoridated water). In initial caries lesions and plaque, concentrated agents form globules of a calcium fluoride-like material on the enamel surface. This material is fairly insoluble, possibly because it is coated with phosphates or proteins. This mechanism explains how the topical application of a fluoride varnish, two or three times a year, can result in caries reduction.

Apatites↗

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