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PubMed1976

Effect of some cannabinoids on naloxone-precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent mice.

Mice were rendered morphine-dependent by the subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base; 72 h after the implantation, the animals were injected intraperitoneally either with vehicle or with various doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, or 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Thirty minutes after injection of the cannabinoids, the antagonist, naloxone HC1, was administered to induce the stereotyped withdrawal jumping syndrome. The dose of naloxone needed to induce withdrawal jumping in 50% of the animals (ED50) was determined for each dose of the cannabinoids. All of the cannabinoids inhibited the naloxone-precipitated morphine abstinence as evidenced by an increase in the naloxone ED50. Two additional signs of morphine abstinence, defecation and rearing behavior, were also suppressed by the cannabinoids. The relative effectiveness of the cannabinoids in inhibiting morphine abstinence appeared to be in the following order: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol greater than cannabidiol greater than cannabinol. These data suggest that cannabinoids may be useful in facilitating narcotic detoxification.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Behavioural effects of (-)naloxone in mice from four inbred strains.

To study the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the regulation of behavioural responses to novelty, male mice from the inbred strains SRH, SRL, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 were injected IP with either saline alone, or the opiate antagonist naloxone, dissolved in saline, in dosages of 4 or 8 mg/kg. After 10 min, the animals were placed individually for 20 min in a novel environment and some 12 behavioural components were recorded. Naloxone reduced grooming and incipient rearing in all four strains and it reduced sniffing, leaning against the wall, and locomotor activity in some of them. Object-sniffing, object-learning, defecation, freezing, and Straub tail elevation remained unaffected. The results for grooming and locomotor activity are largely in agreement with reports from others. Rather unexpectedly, the drug enhanced rearing responses in all strains. Although in several cases, a genotype-treatment interaction became apparent, the observed strain differences usually persisted and the correlations found between the behavioural components did not alter much. The naloxone-induced reductions in sniffing, leaning, locomotion, and grooming suggest endogenous opioid involvement in the control of behavioural activation in a novel situation. The increases in rearing possibly result from an additional agonist action of naloxone.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lectin binding sites in Paramecium tetraurelia cells. II. Labeling analysis predominantly of non-secretory components.

All the lectin-FITC conjugates tested (ConA, RCA II, WGA) bind to the surface of Paramecium cells. Yet only WGA yields a distinct fluorescent pattern; it contours the basis of cilia and in some cells it brilliantly stains a few neighbouring rows of the regular surface fields in the anterioventral region (a region known to contain extensive fields of linear aggregates of freeze-fracture particles and to be engaged in conjugation). Incubation in vivo with WGA-FITC resulted in the selective labeling of the cytopharyngeal region as well as of the cytoproct. On Lowicryl K4M sections, WGA-gold probes concomitantly labeled disk-shaped vesicles that are assumed in the literature to serve as shuttle vesicles between these two cell regions and, thus, to connect forming and defecating digesting vacuoles (stages DV I and DV IV). On K4M sections WGA-Au stains also most other components of the lysosomal system. Also on K4M sections RCA II-Au labeled the walls of bacteria contained in DV I and II type digesting vacuoles (but not lysosomes identified bona fide by their size and shape and by their frequent vicinity to or continuity with digesting vacuoles). The WGA data largely support previous conclusions on the possible functional connection of all these elements (DV I-IV, smaller lysosomes, disk-shaped vesicles etc.) of the lysosomal system in Paramecium, as proposed by Allen and his group on the basis of other lines of evidence. As shown in the accompanying paper, ConA-FITC stained ghosts (formed after massive trichocyst exocytosis) also abut into DV-like structures. The different results obtained with the three lectins tested reflect the complex sorting machinery contained in the elaborate lysosomal system of a Paramecium cell. In the cytosol, finally, there occurs a particularly intense staining with ConA-gold, applied to Lowicryl sections, that probably represents glycogen-like particles. The same procedure reveals some weak staining of secretory contents and of nuclear structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biofeedback treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Biofeedback has had a greater impact on gastroenterology than on any other medical subspecialty. Biofeedback is the treatment of choice for many of the most common types of fecal incontinence, and preliminary studies suggest that it is likely to become a preferred method for treating patients with constipation related to inability to relax the striated pelvic floor muscles during defecation. This dysfunction may account for up to 50% of patients with chronic constipation. Thermal biofeedback forms part of a multicomponent behavioral treatment for irritable bowel syndrome that is reported to be effective, and other promising applications of biofeedback for gastrointestinal disorders are under investigation.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1982

Zero-order rectal delivery of theophylline in man with an osmotic system.

In vivo and in vitro performances of a rectally applied osmotic delivery system containing a water-soluble derivative of theophylline were compared. The system was applied in six healthy volunteers during 72 h, and a comparison was made with two conventional dosage forms, a suppository and a solution administered orally, given once. In vitro, a perfect zero-order release rate with the osmotic system was obtained. In all subjects, application of the osmotic system resulted in a constant steady-state theophylline level just as in a long time zero-order i.v. infusion, which strongly suggests that the release rate in vivo is zero-order too. The release rate was not influenced by renewing the dosage form after 36 hr or by defecation. The in vivo and in vitro release rates were almost identical and subject-independent.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

Bidirectional selection for open-field activity in young chicks.

A selection program for open-field activity in 2-day-old chicks was performed over eight generations. All characters measured responded to selection, and for most of them the response was symmetric in the two strains. After eight generations of selection the distribution of latencies and of measures of activity overlapped only slightly. The two exceptions were the latency to move and the percentage of birds which defecated. From an evolutionary point of view the symmetry of the two lines, the relatively high heritabilities, and the absence of heterotic effects on these characters show that open-field behavior has been subjected to a stabilizing natural selection rather than a directional one. This conclusion agrees with observations on open-field behavior in this and other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of floor textures on open-field behavior in selected lines of mice.

Mice representing the twenty-second generation of selection for high and low open-field activity were tested on four different floor textures: soil, bedding, metal, and astroturf. Members of both groups were most active on soil and least active on the metal floor surface. Although floor texture significantly affected activity level, rank order of the high and low selected groups was maintained. In general, defecation scores were negatively correlated with activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Open-field behavior in mice: A diallel analysis of selected lines.

The open-field behavior of 719 mice resulting from a diallel cross among the six lines of the DeFries selection experiment was assessed. Results of several analyses employing different models and procedures in open-field activity and defecation among these lines have predominantly additive effects. Estimates of heritability obtained from these analyses were considerably higher than previous estimates based on familial resemblance or the realized response to selection; thus estimation of heritability from diallel analyses is clearly unwarranted when selected lines are employed and the character of interest has been either directly or indirectly subjected to artificial selection.

Alleles↗
PubMed1977

Neonatal androgen injection changes open-field behavior of mice.

Newborn female mice of the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ inbred strains and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were injected either with testosterone or with oil vehicle alone. Both the repeatablity and mean level of open-field activity scores over a 10-day test period increased in hormone-injected animals compared with controls. Increased activity due to hormonal treatment was greater in hybrid females than in inbred females. There was no consistent effect of hormonal treatment on open-field defecation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Tsukuba high- and low-emotional strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus): an overview.

This report compiles the results of a series of studies on the Tsukuba High- and Low-Emotional strains (THE and TLE) of rats (Rattus norvegicus) established at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. The THE and TLE strains have been selected, respectively, for low and high activity in a runway test. During the course of selection, defecation has increased in the THE strain and decreased in the TLE strain. These strain differences were not affected by maternal influences, early experience, or psychotropic drugs. THE rats were consistently inactive in all novel situations examined, while TLEs were very active. The level of spontaneous activity, however, was similar between the two strains. It was remarkable that THE rats showed more burrowing activity than TLE animals, whereas the latter displayed more aggression than the former. Differences in learning ability, concentration of neural transmitters, and social behavior were examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of behavioral and hippocampal variation in congenic albino and pigmented BALB mice.

Mice of the BALB/c strain are widely used in behavioral research in spite of the albino condition, which can obscure brain-behavior relationships. We have developed a pigmented BALB strain, congenic to BALB/c, which could be more appropriate for neurogenetic studies that aim at identifying the effects of neurological mutations on behavior. Comparison of inbred albino and pigmented congenic BALB arising from the same litters provides a valuable tool for detecting the consequences of the albino mutation on behavioral performances. Preliminary results presented here show that the albino condition does not interfere with the development and patterns of connectivity of mossy fibers in the hippocampus. On the other hand, obvious coat color-linked differences appear for locomotor activity and defecation scores in the open field, pigmented mice being unexpectedly less active and more reactive than albino, as if better vision increased their reactions to a novel, anxiogenic environment. Finally, pigmented mice do not show better performances in the radial maze, which confirms that the inability of BALB mice for spatial learning in a highly demanding version of this task cannot be attributed to their inability to process visual information.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains: a North American perspective.

The Maudsley experiment involving bidirectional selection for differences in open-field defecation (OFD) is briefly reviewed. Attention is focused on the North American stocks of these strains since problems have been encountered with regard to the open-field behavior and continued viability of the British stocks. The open-field behavior of the colonies of the Maudsley strains at the National Institutes of Health and at the University of Northern Iowa closely resembles that originally exhibited by the British strains, provided they are compared under standard conditions. On more complex behaviors, such as escape-avoidance conditioning, serious discrepancies have emerged between the British and North American findings. These may be resolved when attempts are made to replicate more closely the procedures used in the British studies. Particular emphasis has been placed on the potential of a second nonreactive strain, the MNRA/HAR strain, to serve as a replicate of selection for decreased emotionality. The value of the RXNRA group of recombinant-inbred strains, developed and maintained by the author, for examining the reliability of associations between traits is also stressed. A correlation between OFD and biochemical aspects of sympathetic function has been found in the Maudsley strains. This finding lends credibility to Hall's claim that the expression of emotionality is linked to autonomic arousal.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A gene-imposed nervous system difference influencing behavioral covariance.

Behavioral and physiological scores from 697 mice sampled from lines at various times during their response to bidirectional selection for divergent caudal nerve conduction velocity suggest broad-reaching behavioral effects of the gene differences among lines. Sciatic nerve conduction velocity differences as well as line differences in reflexive leg withdrawal indicate gene effects general to other peripheral nerves and to behaviors with known dependence on functional by those nerves. Independently replicated line differences for open-field activity and defecation demonstrate effects on more complex behaviors with no obvious direct relationship to peripheral nerve conduction velocity. The direction of line differences in open-field behaviors suggests that genetic variance for peripheral nerve function may contribute to genetic covariance between these behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Mortality in broiler chicks on feed amended with Fusarium proliferatum culture material or with purified fumonisin B1 and moniliformin.

Two hundred twenty-eight male chicks (Columbia x New Hampshire) were given feed amended with autoclaved culture material (CM) of Fusarium proliferatum Containing fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2) and moniliformin in 3 separate feeding trials. Purified FB1 and moniliformin were given separately and in combination in a fourth feeding trial. Birds were given amended rations at day 1 (Trial 1 and 4), day 7 (Trial 2), and day 21 (Trial 3) and their respective ration was given for 28 days (Trial 1), 21 days (Trial 2), 7 days (Trial 3), and 14 days (Trial 4). FB1 concentrations were 546, 193, and 61 ppm; FB2 were 98, 38 and 14 ppm; and moniliformin were 367, 193, and 66 ppm in the first 3 feeding trial regimens. Chicks in Trial 4 were given dietary concentrations of purified FB1 at 274 and 125 ppm, and moniliformin at 154 and 27 ppm. FB1 and moniliformin, both alone and in combination, produced dose-responsive clinical signs, reduced weight gains and mortality in chicks. Age of birds given amended feeds had little difference in the clinical response; however, those given the rations from days 7 or 21 were slightly less susceptible than those given rations beginning at 1 day of age. Additive effects were noted when the toxins were given in combination. When toxins were given separately, adverse effects took longer to occur. A system to monitor pattern and rate of defecation (RD) was developed for assessing the chicks' approach to feed, water and heat source as illness progressed. Our results indicate that chicks fed corn heavily infected with F. proliferatum under field conditions could suffer acute death similar to that described for 'spiking mortality syndrome' during the first 3 weeks of age.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Effect of neonatal nomifensine exposure on adult behavior and brain monoamines in rats.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of early postnatal exposure to nomifensine, an inhibitor of catecholamine uptake, on concurrent active (REM) sleep, on later alcohol related behavior and on monoamine concentrations in various brain regions of rats. For these purposes rats were given daily injections of 10 mg/kg nomifensine s.c. between the 7th and the 18th postnatal days. During the nomifensine exposure active sleep, expressed as a percentage of total sleeping time, was reduced. At one month of age, the nomifensine rats showed increased ambulation and had lower defecation scores in the open-field than the controls. Neonatal exposure to nomifensine increased voluntary intake of 10% (v/v) alcohol when the rats were 2-3 months of age. The rats, however, did not exhibit preservation in the T-maze, and similarly to control rats suppressed drinking 0.1 M lithium chloride even when thirsty. Measurement of cerebral monoamine concentrations at the age of 3 months suggested that neonatal nomifensine treatment interferes with the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in several regions of the brain. Concentrations of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were decreased in the cerebral cortex and frontal cortex, concentration of 5-HIAA was decreased in the neostriatum, and concentrations of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-HIAA were elevated in the lower brain stem. Taken together, these findings show that exposure to nomifensine during the 2nd and 3rd postnatal weeks suppresses neonatal active sleep, causes changes in the adult open-field behavior, and increases voluntary alcohol intake, perhaps due to a long-lasting alteration in brain monoamines.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of anorectal physiology in patients with increased mast cells.

Diarrhea, urgency, and fecal incontinence are common complaints in systemic mastocytosis and in patients with increased gastrointestinal mucosal mast cells. We performed anorectal manometry on six patients with clinical symptoms of mastocytosis and histologic evidence of increased mast cells and compared the results to anorectal manometry of six age- and sex-matched controls, with no bowel symptoms. Standard techniques with balloon volumes were used to measure maximal basal pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, smallest volume sensed, degree of relaxation of the internal sphincter, and the volume causing: (1) a strong urge to defecate and (2) pain. Patients with mastocytosis, compared with controls, had smaller balloon volumes induce rectal urgency (97 vs 164 ml) and pain (117 vs 278 ml). A trend was present for lower maximal basal pressure in mastocytosis, but was not statistically significant. Sensitivity to balloon inflation suggests decreased rectal compliance or overreactive rectal contractility. These findings provide an explanation for the anorectal symptoms in patients with increased mast cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Physiologic aspects of postoperative continence following ileoanal anastomosis with and without intrapelvic reservoir].

Clinical and electro-manometric investigations were performed in six patients with ileoanal anastomoses. The results were compared with electromyographic and electrophysiological observations in the literature. It can be shown that decreasing motility, increasing compliance and a normalisation of the frequency of stools is possible after ileoanal as well as after ileo-pouch-anal anastomoses. Following both procedures high amplitude phase waves may persist in the distal and even in the proximal ileum. These waves can be stopped by voluntary contractions of the striated sphincter muscles if the patient becomes aware of them. During the night, however, uncontrolled defecations may occur. Un-isoperistaltic bowel segments will become isoperistaltic a few weeks or months after the operation. However, pouch-anal anastomoses show a better compliance and lower amplitude segmental or peristaltic waves than ileoanal anastomoses.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1997

Perineal canal.

Perineal canal (PC) is a rare anomaly constituting 4% of all anorectal malformations. Sixty patients (56 females and 4 males) with PC managed over the past 27 years are reported. The ages ranged from 2 days to 13 years. The chief symptom was passage of fecal matter through both the anus and the fistula. One girl had undergone previous, unsuccessful surgery. All our patients were treated by anterior sagittal anorectoplasty (ASARP), which allowed anatomic exposure and accurate repair of the anomaly. In 49 patients without any perineal inflammation primary ASARP was undertaken. Surgery was delayed in 11 patients with perineal excoriations and/or active inflammation. One patient died post-operatively due to unrelated causes and 1 developed a recurrence. Anal dilation was required in 7 cases. Fifty patients were seen at first follow-up 12 weeks after surgery. All were continent and had normal defecation without the use of laxatives. Thirty-four could be followed up to the age of 3 years; they were continent with normal bowel habits. There was no shift in the position of the anus and no instance of rectal dilation. Individualization of the management and operation by the anterior sagittal approach thus offers good results in this uncommon anorectal anomaly.

Adolescent↗

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