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PubMed1981

Fetal growth retardation induced by dietary imbalance of threonine and dispensable amino acids, with adequate energy and protein-equivalent intakes, in pregnant rats.

Whether fetal growth retardation could be induced by diets apparently adequate in protein and energy sources, but imbalanced relative to a single amino acid, was investigated. Pregnant rats were fed one of three diets: either a basal (B) 6% casein diet supplemented by L-methionine (L-Met) and a 5% mixture of essential plus 4.5% small neutral non-essential amino acids, which provided 4 kcal and 0.16 g protein-equivalent/g diet and was complete in other essential nutrients; an experimental (E) diet [same, except 0.4% L-threonine (L-Thr) supplement omitted]; or a control (C) diet, life B, but containing 20% casein. A total of 343 fetuses and their placentas were delivered by Caesarean section usually on day 21 of pregnancy but occasionally on day 20 or 22. Food consumption was similar in all groups (kcal/100 g rat/day); however, protein intake of the B and E rats was bout half that of the C group. Net maternal weight gain (excluding uterus + contents) was +8% in C. )% in B and -12% in E group dams. Body weight, length, volume, brain weight and placental weight, adjusted by multiple regression analysis to standardize for maternal prepregnant weight, length, litter size, net weight gain and duration of gestation, were significantly reduced in 155E greater than 156 B greater than 32C fetuses. Protein restriction accounted for 30-59% of the total observed variance in birth measures of the B versus C group fetuses; and the Thr-limiting amino acid imbalance for 36% of the total variance between the E and B groups. Imbalanced diets containing excess dispensable amino acids with adequate net protein and caloric intakes during pregnancy induce fetal growth retardation (F GR), which is increased by limiting threonine. Net maternal weight loss does not prevent F GR in rats under these conditions.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population.

OBJECTIVE: To describe seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. DESIGN: A longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Most of the study participants were recruited from a health maintenance organization (HMO) in central Massachusetts, USA. Additional individuals of Hispanic descent were recruited from outside of the HMO population to increase the ethnic diversity of this sample. SUBJECTS: Data from 593 participants, aged 20-70, were used for this investigation. Each participant was followed quarterly (five sampling points: baseline and four consecutive quarters) for 1-year period. Body weight measurements and three 24-h dietary and physical activity recalls were obtained on randomly selected days (including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) per quarter. Sinusoidal regression models were used to estimate peak-to-trough amplitude and phase of the peaks. RESULTS: Daily caloric intake was higher by 86 kcal/day during the fall compared to the spring. Percentage of calories from carbohydrate, fat and saturated fat showed slight seasonal variation, with a peak in the spring for carbohydrate and in the fall for total fat and saturated fat intake. The lowest physical activity level was observed in the winter and the highest in the spring. Body weight varied by about 1/2 kg throughout the year, with a peak in the winter (P<0.001 winter versus summer). Greater seasonal variation was observed in subjects who were male, middle aged, nonwhite, and less educated. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is seasonal variation in diet, physical activity and body weight, the magnitude of the change is generally small in this population. SPONSORSHIP: US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Energy expenditure was studied in ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and weight loss, and in five malnourished patients without clinical evidence of COPD (control group) prior to and after a two-week refeeding regimen. Patients received 5 percent dextrose solution (plus electrolytes) for 36 hours to establish standard baseline conditions and were then randomly assigned to either a carbohydrate-based (CB; 53 percent of calories) or fat-based (FB; 55 percent of calories) diet for the first week. The alternate diet was given the following week. Total calorie intake was set at 70 percent above the energy expenditure measured prior to institution of nutritional support. During energy repletion, energy expenditure was greater than predicted (116 percent) in patients with COPD and less than predicted (90 percent) in the control patients. Thermic effect of nutrients during administration of either regimen was significantly greater (p less than .05) in patients with COPD than in those without COPD during both diets. The difference between the two groups was enhanced during the CB regimen. These observations suggest that malnourished patients with COPD have an elevated resting energy expenditure, and an enhanced thermic response to nutrients as compared to malnourished patients without COPD. Increased diet-induced thermogenesis may contribute to weight loss in patients with COPD, in addition to factors previously described such as decreased caloric intake and increased resting energy expenditure.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of controlled release and immediate release metoclopramide for the management of chronic nausea in patients with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND: The short elimination half-life of metoclopramide necessitates frequent administration for optimal relief of nausea. This study compares a newly developed controlled release preparation of metoclopramide (CRM) and immediate release metoclopramide (IRM) with respect to efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic nausea associated with advanced cancer. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with advanced cancer with nausea lasting more than 1 month and with no evidence of involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, peptic ulcer or gastritis, brain metastases, or metabolic abnormalities were randomized, in a double-blind cross-over study, to receive 40 mg of CRM every 12 hours or 20 mg of IRM every 6 hours for 3 days. Nausea, food intake, and side effects were assessed four times daily. On Day 3, sequential venous samples were taken (12 patients) to determine plasma metoclopramide concentrations. RESULTS: In 29 evaluable patients, the intensity of nausea on Day 3, measured by a 0-100-mm visual analogue scale and 0-3 categoric scale was 15 +/- 17 and 0.6 +/- 0.6 after IRM, versus 8 +/- 9 (P = 0.033) and 0.4 +/- 0.5 (P = 0.055) after CRM, respectively. Visual analogue scale nausea scores recorded by time of day and by day for the 3 treatment days were significantly lower for patients who received CRM compared with those who received IRM (P = 0.047 and P = 0.043, respectively), but categoric nausea scores were not significantly different between treatments by time of day and by day across the 3 treatment days. No differences were observed in caloric intake or side effects between treatments. In a pharmacokinetic analysis, the CRM/IRM ratio for area under the curve0-12 (microgram x hours x L-1), Cmax (microgram/L), and Tmax (hours) was 100%, 98%, and 2.3 fold, respectively. CONCLUSION: Controlled release metoclopramide is safe and effective in managing chronic nausea in patients with advanced cancer. Future studies should focus on characterizing this syndrome more clearly and on determining the optimal dose of metoclopramide and the effects of drug combinations that have proven to be useful in managing chemotherapy-induced emesis (i.e., metoclopramide plus corticosteroids).

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2003

Energy intake patterns in obese women with binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: For binge eating disorder (BED) to be accepted as a distinct diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, it must be demonstrated that the criteria identify a diagnostic entity that is distinct from bulimia nervosa and obesity. This study examined the difference in total energy intake per day, patterns of energy intake throughout the day, and nutrient content of foods consumed in obese individuals who met the criteria for BED (on binge and non-binge days) and those who did not. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty women, 12 who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for BED and 8 matched obese controls, participated in the study. All participants underwent six random 24-hour dietary recall telephone interviews conducted by experienced interviewers using the Nutrition Data Software System. RESULTS: The BED group ingested significantly more kilocalories on days when they had binge eating episodes than the obese control group on average. The BED group ate significantly more in the evening on binge days than their control group counterparts. There is some indication in the data that those with BED may be restricting caloric intake. Finally, data indicated that the BED group ate significantly more protein, carbohydrate, and fat on binge days than on non-binge days. However, the proportion of kilocalories from each nutrient shifted on BED binge days compared with non-binge days to favor consumption of fat over carbohydrates. DISCUSSION: More research needs to be done to determine if these findings are reproducible. Then, the neurobiological underpinnings of these differences in nutrient intake patterns and nutrient selection can be studied to help to determine the biological basis of the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Fitness and the effect of exercise training on the dietary intake of healthy adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: In healthy, nonobese, adolescent males and females to: (1) Determine the relationship between fitness and energy intake; (2) assess the effect of five-weeks endurance training on energy intake and food choice and (3) compare food record assessments of energy intake with doubly-labeled water (DLW) measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE). DESIGN: (1) Cross sectional analysis of fitness and food intake and (2) Prospective, randomized, controlled interventional study of endurance-type exercise training in 44 females and 44 males (age range, 15-17 y). MEASUREMENTS: Pre and end interventional three day food records were successfully collected from 32 females (15 controls, 17 trained) and 39 males (19 controls, 20 trained). Fitness was assessed from cycle ergometry as peak oxygen uptake normalized both to thigh muscle mass and body weight. Thigh muscle mass was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. TEE using the DLW technique was measured in 12 females (6 controls, 6 trained) and 20 males (10 controls, 10 trained) during weeks 4-5 of the exercise training program (simultaneously with the second assessment of food records). Food record data were analyzed using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System. RESULTS: Fitness was correlated with self reported total caloric intake in males but not females. In females, there was a significant increase in fat intake (19.8+/-9%, P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in carbohydrate intake (-9.8+/-4%) in the trained subjects. No changes were observed in the control subjects. Energy expenditure (2072+/-52 kcal/d) was significantly greater than the estimated energy intake (1520+/-112 kcal/d, P < 0.007) during the intervention in the trained, but not control, subjects. However, there was no weight change in either control or trained subjects. In males, no changes were observed in food choice in either control or trained subjects. Similar to the females, energy expenditure (2425+/-22 kcal/d) was significantly greater than the estimated energy intake (2168+/-117 kcal/d, P < 0.05) during the intervention in the trained, but not control, subjects. No weight changes were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Fitness is associated with increased self-reported energy intake in males but not females, while exercise training led to alterations in food selection (greater fat and reduced carbohydrate) only in females. These observations could reflect specific gender differences, or, alternatively, the generally lower levels of fitness in the females. The apparent negative energy balance without evidence for weight loss in both the trained males and females suggests a systematic under reporting of food intake during exercise programs in adolescents, and indicates the possibility that errors in self reported food intake might be greater during transitions from one level of energy expenditure to another.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Glucose flux in relation to energy expenditure in malnourished patients with and without cancer during periods of fasting and feeding.

Glucose dynamics, energy metabolism, and nitrogen balance were studied in eight malnourished cancer patients and seven malnourished patients without cancer. Glucose flux was measured by single injection of [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]glucose. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Each patient was studied after an overnight fast and during constant gastric infusion of a formula diet. Cancer patients had elevated glucose flux when fasting, corresponding to 42% of their spontaneous daily intake of glucose. At least one-half of the elevated flux in cancer patients compared with controls was due to increased recycling of glucose carbon after an overnight fast. Feeding doubled the total glucose flux in both cancer and control patients. The recycling was unchanged in the cancer group and disappeared in the controls during feeding. The increased glucose flux in cancer patients was concomitant with normal resting energy expenditure during periods of both fasting and feeding. Glucose flux in relation to energy expenditure was doubled in cancer patients compared to controls, and the glucose flux in fed cancer patients was similar to the rate of glucose infusion, which shows that the endogenous production of glucose was not inhibited. Cancer and control patients reached a comparable positive energy and nitrogen balance, allowing for their overall caloric intake. Our results show that cancer patients seem to have a characteristically increased glucose demand, which contributes to their weight loss when fasting. The energy drain by this elevated glucose flux can explain, as a maximum estimate, a loss of about 0.9 kg of body fat per 30-day period.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

Body composition in infants with chronic lung disease after treatment with dexamethasone.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to study the effect of chronic lung disease (CLD) and dexamethasone treatment on body composition in preterm infants (birthweight < 1500 g). In addition, anthropometric measurement of body composition were compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Fourteen preterm infants with CLD and a comparison group of 18 preterm infants were studied until 3 mo corrected age. CLD infants received approximately 20 kcal kg-1 per day extra nutritional intake during dexamethasone treatment until term. At term no differences were found between CLD and no CLD infants for percentage bone mass (1.4 +/- 0.2 vs 1.4 +/- 0.1%), fat mass (18.7 +/- 4.5 vs 17.4 +/- 3.5%), lean body mass (79.9 +/- 4.6 vs 81.2 +/- 3.5%) or bone mineral density (0.15 +/- 0.02 vs 0.15 +/- 0.01%). At 3 mo corrected age both groups were also similar for bone mass (1.6 +/- 0.1 vs 1.6 +/- 0.2%), fat mass (22.6 +/- 5.5 vs 24.5 +/- 5.7%), lean body mass (75.8 +/- 5.7 vs 74.0 +/- 5.8%) and bone mineral density (0.20 +/- 0.02 vs 0.20 +/- 0.01%). All anthropometric measurements showed a high correlation with body composition. However, calculated fat mass was 56.7 +/- 8.8% lower than fat mass measured with DXA. CONCLUSION: Body composition at term and 3 mo corrected age in preterm infants treated with dexamethasone for CLD, who received extra caloric intake until term, did not differ from that in preterm infants without CLD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between ghrelin and energy expenditure in healthy young women.

Ghrelin is a novel peptide that has been isolated from human and rat stomach tissues. Despite its known stimulatory effects on appetite and eating behavior, little information is available regarding its relationship with energy expenditure in normal-weight humans. To address this issue, we examined the relationship between serum ghrelin and resting metabolic rate (RMR), the thermic effect of food (TEF), fasting and postprandial respiratory quotient, physical activity level, peak aerobic capacity (VO(2 peak)), energy intake, and psychological measures of feeding behavior. We recruited 65 young healthy women and determined RMR and TEF by indirect calorimetry after a 12-h fast. Physical activity was determined by a leisure time physical activity questionnaire; VO(2 peak) was determined by bicycle ergometer test to exhaustion; energy intake was determined by a 24-h dietary recall; and food behavior was determined by a three-factor eating questionnaire. Our cohort showed a broad range of body mass index (range, 16.8-28.3 kg/m2), RMR (range, 820-1550 kcal/d), TEF (range, 74.4-136.5 kcal/d), and percent body fat (range, 14.0-37.7%). We noted significant inverse correlations between ghrelin and RMR (r = -0.350, P = 0.004) and TEF (r = -0.396, P = 0.001). These inverse correlations persisted after statistical control for both fat-free mass and fat mass (ghrelin vs. RMR partial, r = -0.284, P = 0.024; and ghrelin vs. TEF partial, r = -0.329, P = 0.01) and insulin levels (ghrelin vs. RMR partial, r = -0.255, P = 0.046; and ghrelin vs. TEF partial, r = -0.287, P = 0.024) using partial correlation analysis. We also observed a significant inverse correlation between ghrelin and daily caloric intake (r = -0.266, P = 0.032), but ghrelin levels were not significantly correlated with fasting (r = -0.002), postprandial respiratory quotient (r = -0.016), leisure time physical activity (r = 0.104), VO(2 peak) (r = 0.138), dietary disinhibition (r = -0.071), dietary restraint (r = 0.051), or feeling of general hunger (r = -0.028). These results suggest that higher levels of ghrelin are associated with low levels of resting and postprandial thermogenesis, which is independent of individual differences in fat-free mass and fat mass. Although speculative, serum ghrelin may play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by acting as a hormonal marker of increased energy efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Resistance to diet-induced obesity: food intake, pancreatic sympathetic tone, and insulin.

After 15 wk on a moderately high-calorie high-fat (CM) diet, 43% of 40 3-mo-old male Sprague-Dawley rats developed diet-induced obesity (DIO) (29% more weight gain), whereas 57% of diet-resistant (DR) rats gained no more weight than 20 chow-fed controls. When switched to chow for another 7 wk, DR rats ate 13% less, gained 55% less weight, and had 49% lower food efficiency, whereas DIO rats ate 4% less but had comparable weight gain and efficiency to controls. DIO rats had 29% more carcass lipid (percent of carcass weight). DIO rat retroperitoneal white adipose pads had 65% more cells that were the same size as those in chow-fed pads; DR rat cells were similar to controls. Both DR and DIO rats increased norepinephrine turnover in their interscapular brown adipose pads by greater than 90%. DIO rats also had 40% lower pancreatic turnover; their plasma insulin levels were 327% of controls after 15 wk on the CM diet and 188% after 7 wk on chow. DR levels were the same as controls at both times. Therefore, regulation of caloric intake, pancreatic sympathetic tone, and plasma insulin levels were three important differences between rats that resisted and those that developed DIO on high-energy diets.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1988

Interrelationships between energy and fat metabolism and hypophagia in rats treated with perfluorodecanoic acid.

Energy metabolism and body composition were investigated in perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)-treated rats (single i.p. dose of 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg) and their respective pair-fed counterparts 7 days after dosing. Cumulative feed intake and body weight were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, PFDA-treated rats either gained less weight or lost more weight (dependent on the dose administered) than their pair-fed, vehicle-treated counterparts, even though feed intake in these two treatment groups was similar. Energy expenditure, determined indirectly by quantifying oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, decreased in a dose-dependent fashion, yet it was similar in PFDA-treated rats and their pair-fed counterparts at a given dose. Body composition analysis indicated a dose-dependent decrease in carcass water and protein content in both PFDA-treated rats and pair-fed partners, while total amount of ash remained unchanged in all treatment groups. These alterations in body composition are compatible with a negative energy balance. Even though PFDA-treated rats had a lower body weight than their pair-fed counterparts at each dose level, they were found to have a greater carcass fat content. Thus, at maintenance (i.e., zero change of body weight) PFDA-treated rats require a higher caloric intake associated with a greater body fat content than vehicle-treated animals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Age, diet, maximal aerobic capacity and serum lipids.

Eighty males ranging in age from 21 to 75 years were examined for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max expressed in ml/kg x min-1), serum cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL, and VLDL-cholesterol), serum triglycerides, body fatness (%) and dietary patterns including total and constituent (protein, fat and carbohydrate) kilocalories and dietary cholesterol and alcohol intake. With age, subjects demonstrated a decreased maximal aerobic capacity, increased total serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, increased serum triglycerides and body fatness. Dietary characteristics and HDL-cholesterol did not change with age. Older males (N = 27) with a mean age of 51.7 (+/- 7.2) years were matched for maximal aerobic capacity with younger males (N = 27) with a mean age of 34.2 (+/- 4.5) years. Dietary patterns and total serum cholesterol and HDL, LDL, and VLDL-cholesterol did not differ significantly between groups. Older subjects demonstrated significantly greater body fatness and serum triglycerides. It was concluded that a relationship exists between maximal aerobic capacity and serum cholesterol concentrations. This relationship did not appear to be influenced by dietary characteristics. It was further concluded that the gradual increase in body fatness with age was not attributable to quantitative or qualitative changes in caloric intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer.

Although dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been reported to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, few studies have been done on the relationship between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. This case-control study was conducted to investigate the effects of plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol, as well as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols on the risk of prostate cancer. The study included 65 patients with prostate cancer and 132 cancer-free controls; all of them were interviewed using a standard epidemiological questionnaire at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1993 to 1997. Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. An unconditional logistic regression model was used in bivariate and multivariate analyses using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). After adjusting for age, race, years of education, daily caloric intake, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, and family history of prostate cancer, significantly inverse associations with prostate cancer were observed with plasma concentrations of the following carotenoids: lycopene [odds ratio (OR), 0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04-0.78; P for trend, 0.0052] and zeaxanthin (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.83; P for trend, 0.0028) when comparing highest with lowest quartiles. Borderline associations were found for lutein (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-1.03; P for trend, 0.0064) and beta-cryptoxanthin (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.08-1.24; P for trend, 0.0666). No obvious associations were found for alpha- and beta-carotenes, retinol, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols. Our study confirmed the inverse associations between lycopene, other carotenoids such as zeaxanthin, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin, and prostate cancer. This study provides justification for further research on the associations between lycopene and other antioxidants and the risk of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adrenalectomy abolishes the food-induced hypothalamic serotonin release in both normal and monosodium glutamate-obese rats.

Corticosteroids influence energy homeostasis through centrally-mediated stimulation of energy intake and inhibition of expenditure, while central serotonin (5-HT) has opposite effects. Both serotonergic dysfunction and high glucocorticoid levels may be relevant in obesity. The neurotoxin monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces a non-hyperphagic and hypometabolic obesity with hypercorticosteronemia. We investigated the influence of corticosterone levels on the serotonergic system of MSG-obese and control rats. Applying microdialysis, we found a similar feeding-induced stimulation of serotonin release in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in sham-adrenalectomized control and MSG rats. The concomitant serum corticosterone variations were markedly distinct between them, in that an increase occurred in the control group, while the initially high levels of the MSG rats decreased with feeding. It is suggested that this lowering of corticosterone prevented a higher serotonergic activation, which would lead to a higher meal-induced thermogenesis and a better adequation of the caloric intake to a low metabolism. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the feeding-evoked serotonergic stimulation in both groups. This observation demonstrates that glucocorticoids are necessary for food intake to acutely stimulate 5-HT release and indicates that serotonergic activity in the LH is not likely to participate in the adrenalectomy-induced attenuation of the MSG-obesity.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1989

Prostaglandins, brown fat and weight loss.

In obesity, a situation is created in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. The three components of energy expenditure are resting metabolism, physical activity, and thermogenesis. Increasing attention is being paid to the role of impaired energy expenditure in obesity. Evidence indicates that impairment in activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates thermogenic processes, contributes to the etiology of obesity. In addition, insulin resistance, a well-recognized metabolic consequence of obesity, appears to interfere with feeding-related, insulin-mediated increases in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. This thermogenic defect results in reduced energy buffering by brown adipose tissue leading to deficient energy expenditure and an increased efficiency in weight gain. A unique weight loss program, The Princeton Metabolic Diet Program, is presented. The Program stimulates metabolism by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system and correcting insulin resistance, thereby enhancing thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Methods include: 1) alternating diet composition and caloric intake and, 2) the use of nutritional metabolic stimulants. This type of non-toxic therapy, directed at correcting biochemical defects, will enhance metabolic mechanisms and induce weight loss.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1994

[Comparison of 2 methods of evaluation of food and nutrient intake: 24-hour recall and semiquantitative frequency questionnaire].

BACKGROUND: Methods of dietary collection at an individual level include various procedures with different estimates of food, energy and nutrients intakes. The aim of this study was to compare two dietary methods widely used in nutritional epidemiology: a 24-hour recall and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-five people selected at random from the population of the Valle de Arán (Lérida, Spain) were surveyed. Nutritional intake information was obtained from both methods. RESULTS: The frequency method overestimated all the nutrient intakes only before adjustment by energy intake, except for cholesterol. After adjustment by energy intake estimations from both questionnaires were very similar; the percentages of energy supplied by proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates were very similar, too; the polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fatty acid ratios, were almost the same. Results show a level of correlation between the questionnaires that ranges from 0.81 to 0.23. Nutrients that showed the highest crude correlation between both questionnaires were alcohol, energy, carbohydrates, sodium and iodine (R > or = 0.7) while vitamins C, B1, B6, B12, and A, niacine, folic acid, iron, phosphorus and potassium showed the lowest (R < or = 0.5). Energy adjusted correlations were quite different to unadjusted ones particularly for lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, fiber, cholesterol, zinc and sodium, for which a lower coefficient was calculated after adjustment, and vitamins B2, B6, C, D and potassium, for which a higher coefficient was estimated after energy adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods make similar assessments when adjusting for caloric intake, but food frequency questionnaire tends to overestimate food consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of medium-chain triglyceride feeding on energy balance in adult humans.

In recent years, the metabolism of triglycerides has attracted much attention. Oxidation of fatty acids is an essential energy supply, especially when glucose supply is limited. In the present study, the effect of a 3-day high medium-chain triglyceride (MCT; 51% of calories), low carbohydrate intake on plasma glucose and amino acid, and urinary organic acid levels, including dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, was determined in eight normal adult volunteer subjects. Urine was collected at baseline and at 48 to 72 hours for amino acid and organic acid levels, and plasma collected at 0 and 72 hours for glucose and amino acid concentration. The MCT diet increased urinary levels of dicarboxylic acids (adipic 8-, suberic 65-, sebacic 284-fold) and keto acids (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, 67.5-fold); alanine and lactate were decreased 2.5- and 4-fold, respectively, while pyruvate, other amino acids and citric acid intermediates remained unchanged. Plasma amino acid levels were unchanged, while the plasma glucose levels decreased by 8% from baseline. The loss of calories as urinary dicarboxylic acids and keto acids, although increased during the MCT diet, was less than 1% of the daily caloric intake. The data suggest MCT sustain energy expenditure through medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) oxidation with no decrease in citric acid cycle intermediates, while sparing protein oxidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sensitivity of serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels to changes in dietary fat content.

The distinctive biological properties of apolipoprotein A-IV suggest that its concentration in serum should be specifically regulated by dietary triglyceride. To test this hypothesis, serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein levels were measured in 10 normolipidemic male subjects whose dietary fat intake was isocalorically modified over a range of 10%-50% of total calories. Serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels changed significantly from baseline in response to each dietary modification. Apolipoprotein A-IV levels decreased by 21% during the first week of the low-fat (10%) diet, increased to 12% over baseline during the first week of the moderate-fat (25%) diet, and increased further to 35% over baseline during the first week of the high-fat (50%) diet. Unexpectedly, during the second week of each dietary period, apolipoprotein A-IV levels demonstrated statistically significant trends back toward baseline, which were opposite in direction and proportional in magnitude to the changes during the first week. Nonetheless, serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels, but not apolipoprotein A-I or apolipoprotein B levels, were significantly and positively correlated with the percent of total daily caloric intake ingested as dietary fat. It was concluded that serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels are extremely sensitive to acute changes in dietary fat content and over the range of fat intake examined in this study are significantly correlated with the percent of total calories consumed as dietary triglyceride. Furthermore, the results also suggest that apolipoprotein A-IV may be subject to a rapidly acting autoregulatory mechanism.

Adult↗

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