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PubMed1991

Chemically distinct compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys relay principal and spinal trigeminal pathways to different layers of the somatosensory cortex.

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the monkey thalamus was investigated with combined immunocytochemical, histochemical, and connection-tracing techniques. Injections of anterogradely transported tracers were placed selectively in the caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex, and retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent dyes were placed on the surface or into the depths of defined parts of the trigeminal representation in the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the cerebral cortex. The results are correlated with those of the preceding paper (Rausell and Jones, 1991), which demonstrated the presence of 2 domains in the nucleus on the basis of different patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity. The cells of the CO-defined rod and matrix domains receive inputs from different components of the trigeminal afferent system and project to different layers of SI. The large- and medium-sized relay cells of the CO-rich rods, which are immunoreactive for parvalbumin, all project to middle layers of SI. The small relay cells of the weakly-stained CO-matrix, surrounding and intervening between the rods, are immunoreactive for 28-kDa calbindin and project to superficial layers (I and II) of SI. Anterograde tracing studies reveal that the rod domain in VPM is innervated by fibers arising in the contra- and ipsilateral principal trigeminal nucleus, while the matrix domain (and calbindin-positive domains in adjacent nuclei) are innervated by fibers arising in the caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal complex. These results demonstrate the modularity and parallel streaming of the functional components of the trigeminal part of the somatic sensory system and suggest that lemniscal and nonlemniscal elements of the system gain access by separate routes to different layers of the SI cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Histochemical and immunocytochemical compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys and their relationship to the representational map.

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the monkey thalamus was investigated with correlative anatomical and physiological techniques. On the basis of staining for cytochrome oxidase (CO), VPM is divided into a lightly stained, background matrix domain and an intensely stained rod domain. The latter consists of elongated rods of large, medium, and small cells, 500 microns wide on average and extending anteroposteriorly, many of them through the full extent of the nucleus. The matrix, consisting of small cells, penetrates between the rods and expands at the dorsomedial, ventrolateral, and posterior aspects of VPM. Multiunit mapping reveals that VPM contains a dorsally situated representation of the contralateral side of the head, face, eye, and interior of the mouth and a medially situated representation of the ipsilateral side of the lips and interior of the mouth, and that the same small region is represented in the same relative position through the full anteroposterior extent of the nucleus. Earlier work had shown that single CO rods contain the representation of the same portion of the periphery throughout their length. The present study suggests that rods in equivalent positions may represent the same portion of the periphery from animal to animal. The cells of the rod and matrix domains show different patterns of immunoreactivity. Virtually all of the large- and medium-sized rod cells are immunoreactive for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, and many are stained by the monoclonal antibody CAT 301. Small GABA-immunoreactive cells and terminal-like puncta are highly concentrated in the rods but are dispersed in the matrix. In the matrix, all non-GABA cells are small, immunoreactive for 28-kDa calbindin, and not stained by CAT 301. They appear to form part of a wider system of calbindin-positive cells that extends into adjacent nuclei. The CO rods are indicative of the modularity of the lemniscal component of the trigeminal part of the somatic sensory system at thalamic levels. Thalamocortical relay neurons in this compartment of VPM express a calcium-binding protein and a surface proteoglycan that distinguishes them from relay neurons in the matrix compartment of the nucleus. In the following paper (Rausell and Jones, 1991), the rod and matrix compartments are shown also to have different patterns of input and output connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Recent studies on the biological actions of vitamin D on intestinal transport and the electrophysiology of peripheral nerve and cardiac muscle.

Vitamin D, with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, is an essential factor in the homeostatic regulation of systemic calcium in most vertebrate species. Targets for this aspect of vitamin D action, through its biologically active metabolites, are primarily the intestine, kidney and bone. Each of these tissues or organs are stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 to increase the transport calcium into the extracellular fluid compartment when plasma calcium levels are below normal and/or when there is a greater need for calcium to meet the requirements of physiological processes, such as growth, gestation and lactation. During such periods, the efficiency of the absorption of calcium from the intestine increases, the resorption of calcium salts from bone is stimulated, and the efficiency of the reabsorption of filtered calcium by the renal tubule is increased. In addition to the homeostatic function of vitamin D, there is an increasing amount of evidence that vitamin D has important effects on tissues and organs other than those concerned with calcium homeostasis. With regard to the intestinal epithelial system, the genomic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 was shown several years ago when the de novo synthesis of a specific vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein (CaBP, calbindin-D) was demonstrated. In our view, this appears to be an essential factor in the well-documented enhancement of calcium absorption by vitamin D. The function of calbindin-D, a high affinity calcium-binding protein, in the absorptive process is not precisely known but currently considered to act as an intracellular facilitator of the diffusion of calcium from the microvillar pole of the enterocyte to the basal-lateral membrane. There is evidence that vitamin D influences another step in the absorptive process. This step appears to be associated with the entrance of luminal calcium into the enterocyte, the first step in the transepithelial transport process. This response appears to occur relatively early (1 h or less) after 1,25(OH)2D3 is given to vitamin D-deficient animals, whereas the de novo synthesis of transport proteins has a much longer lag time (about 4 h). The in vitro absorption studies of Nemere et al (1984) and the in vivo experiments of our group (Wasserman et al, 1982) accentuate this point. However, the more rapid reaction, i.e., the possible modification of the permeability properties of the brush border membrane, does not result in a substantive increase in overall calcium absorption unless the enterocyte had been "primed" by previous exposure to vitamin D. The "priming" reaction might represent the synthesis of CaBP or some other intracellular component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Topographic organization of the ventral striatum afferent projection from amygdaloid complex and hippocampal formation].

The organization of the striatal afferent fibers from the amygdaloid complex and hippocampal formation was studied in the monkey with particular emphasis on specific projections of the ventral striatum. Retrograde tracers were injected into the different regions of the ventral (limbic) striatum and dorsolateral (sensorimotor) striatum. Labeled neurons were observed in the various regions of the amygdaloid complex and hippocampal formation. The medial ventral striatum received dense projections from the amygdala (the basal nucleus and the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus), and the hippocampus (subiculum, CA1 and CA3). The shell of the nucleus accumbens (calbindin-D28k negative region) also received dense projections from the amygdala (the basal nucleus and the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus), and the hippocampus (subiculum). The injections into the core of the nucleus accumbens showed scattered labeled neurons in the amygdala, and only a few labeled neurons in the hippocampus. The lateral ventral striatum received few inputs from the amygdala and hippocampus. In contrast to the ventral striatum, the dorsolateral striatum received no projection from the amygdala or the hippocampus. The connectional similarities between the medial ventral striatum and the shell of the nucleus accumbens suggest that although the medial ventral striatum is not calbindin-D28k negative, it may be regarded as a transitional zone between the shell and the rest of the ventral striatum.

Amygdala↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical localization of neuronal and glial calcium-binding proteins in hippocampus of chronically low level lead exposed rhesus monkeys.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of the neuronal calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin D28k, calretinin and the glial protein S100 in the hippocampus of lead exposed rhesus monkeys. It has been suggested that lead may exert its toxic effects by perturbing the intracellular calcium homeostasis. Lead is able to increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and can serve as a calcium substitute. It has been shown that some calcium-binding proteins are capable of binding lead. We tried to find a putative dose-depending relation between long-term low level lead exposure and the expression of the proteins investigated. Rhesus monkeys were pre- and postnatally exposed to 600 mg-350 mg-0 mg lead-acetate in diet for nine years, as described by Lilienthal et al. (1986). After a lead-free period of 32 months animals were sacrificed. Hippocampal paraffin sections were stained for parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D28k (CB), calretinin (CR), and S100 with immunohistochemical methods. The distribution of the neuronal calcium-binding proteins was almost identical for the different exposure groups. The most striking observation was a marked decrease of S100 immunoreactivity in astrocytes in the high lead group. Considering a protective role against high Ca2+ concentration and Pb2+ accumulation respectively the unchanged expression of PV, CB, and CR remains to be clarified. The apparent difference in S100 expression supports the hypothesis that glial cells are the main target of lead toxicity. The reduced expression may indicate a developmental retardation of astroglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Immunohistochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the guinea pig bowel and pancreas.

Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are known to be present on neural elements in both the bowel and the pancreas, the precise location of these receptors has not previously been determined. Immunocytochemistry, by using a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb35), which recognizes alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt)-insensitive nAChRs, and a polyclonal antibody raised against the alpha-Bgt-sensitive receptor subunit, alpha7, was used to locate receptor protein in guinea pig gut and pancreas. mAb35-receptor (mAb35-R) immunoreactivity was abundant in both enteric plexuses, enterochromaffin cells, and pancreatic ganglia. Immunostaining was associated with the cell membrane, and clusters of mAb35-R were observed on cell somas and dendrites. Receptor immunoreactivity was also observed on terminals and axons, suggesting that a subset of nAChRs is presynaptic. Internal sites of mAb35-R were observed in permeabilized ganglia. Cells expressing the receptors were closely associated with ChAT-immunoreactive nerve fibers. In addition, the majority of ChAT-positive neurons expressed both cell surface and internal stores of mAb35-R. In the bowel, clusters of mAb35-R were present on the soma and dendrites of Dogiel type I motorneurons and secretomotor neurons. Receptors were detected at the plasma membrane of calbindin-immunoreactive myenteric neurons. In contrast, calbindin-immunoreactive submucosal neurons did not express cell surface mAb35-R, supporting the idea that they are sensory neurons. A subset of enteric neurons expressed both mAb35-R and glutamate receptor (GluR1) immunoreactivity. In the pancreas, mAb35-R immunoreactivity was only observed in ganglia. Alpha7-immunoreactivity was found on both enteric cell bodies and nerve fibers. Based on these results, it appears that visceral nAChRs are composed of at least four subunits and that both pre- and postsynaptic nAChRs are present in the gut and pancreas.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Different origins and developmental histories of transient neurons in the marginal zone of the fetal and neonatal rat cortex.

Two major classes of early-born neurons are distinguished during early corticogenesis in the rat. The first class is formed by the cortical pioneer neurons, which are born in the ventricular neuroepithelium all over the cortical primordium. They appear at embryonic day (E) 11.5 in the lateral aspect of the telencephalic vesicle and cover its whole surface on E12. These cells, which show intense immunoreactivity for calbindin and calretinin, are characterized by their large size and axonal projection. They remain in the marginal zone after the formation of the cortical plate; they project first into the ventricular zone, and then into the subplate and the internal capsule. Therefore, these cells are the origin of the earliest efferent pathway of the developing cortex. Pioneer neurons are only present in prenatal brains. The second class is formed by subpial granule neurons, which form the subpial granular layer (SGL), previously considered to be found exclusively in the human cortex. SGL neurons are smaller than pioneer neurons. They are generated in a transient compartment of the retrobulbar ventricle between E12 and E14, and we propose the hypothesis that they invade the marginal zone, through tangential subpial migration, at different moments of fetal life. SGL neurons contain calbindin, calretinin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but the GABA-immunoreactive group becomes inconspicuous before birth. The extracellular matrix-like glycoprotein reelin, a molecule crucial for cortical lamination, is prenatally expressed by SGL neurons; postnatally, it is present in both Cajal-Retzius cells and subpial pyriform cells, both derivatives of SGL cells. In the rat, Cajal-Retzius cells are horizontal neurons that remain only until the end of the first postnatal week. They are located in layer I at a critical distance of approximately 20 microm from the pial surface and express reelin and, only occasionally, calretinin. Subpial pyriform cells coexpress reelin and calretinin and remain in layer I longer than Cajal-Retzius cells. Both pioneer neurons and subpial granule neurons are specific to the cortex. They mark the limit between the rudimentary cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb in the rat during early corticogenesis.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

A new view of specific and nonspecific thalamocortical connections.

Past theories about the circuitry that promotes integration of the whole cerebral cortex and thalamus during forebrain activities that underlie different states of consciousness have relied on the intralaminar nuclei as the sources of diffuse thalamocortical projections that could facilitate spread of activity across many cortical areas. Evidence is presented to show the presence of a matrix of superficially projecting cells extending throughout the whole thalamus that could form a substrate for diffusion of activity across the cortex. The superficially projecting cells in monkeys are distinguished by immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein calbindin. They are found in all thalamic nuclei and are increased in some nuclei. They not only project to superficial layers of the cortex but do so over wide areas, unconstrained by boundaries between areas. They are innervated by subcortical inputs that lack the topographic order and physiological precision of the principal sensory pathways. Superimposed on the matrix, but only in certain nuclei, is a core of cells characterized by immunoreactivity for another calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin. These project to middle layers of the cortex in an area-specific and topographically ordered manner. They are innervated by subcortical inputs that are typically precise in having a high degree of topographic order and readily identifiable physiological properties. The parvalbumin cells provide the sensory and other inputs to the cortex that are to be used as a basis for perception. The diffusely projecting calbindin cells can form a basis for the engagement of multiple cortical areas and thalamic nuclei, especially when recruited by corticothalamic connections. Diffusion of activity across multiple areas and thalamic nuclei is essential for the binding of all aspects of sensory experience into a single framework of consciousness.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neurochemical organization of the human basal ganglia: anatomofunctional territories defined by the distributions of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32.

The distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28K (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR), and of the nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (with SMI-32) was investigated in the human basal ganglia to identify anatomofunctional territories. In the striatum, gradients of neuropil immunostaining define four major territories: The first (T1) includes all but the rostroventral half of the putamen and is characterized by enhanced matriceal PV and SMI-32 immunoreactivity (-ir). The second territory (T2) encompasses most part of the caudate nucleus (Cd) and rostral putamen (PuT), which show enhanced matriceal CB-ir. The third and fourth territories (T3 and T4) comprise rostroventral parts of Cd and PuT characterized by complementary patch/matrix distributions of CB- and CR-ir, and the accumbens nucleus (Acb), respectively. The latter is separated into lateral (prominently enhanced in CB-ir) and medial (prominently enhanced in CR-ir) subdivisions. In the pallidum, parallel gradients also delimit four territories, T1 in the caudal half of external (GPe) and internal (GPi) divisions, characterized by enhanced PV- and SMI-32-ir; T2 in their rostral half, characterized by enhanced CB-ir; and T3 and T4 in their rostroventral pole and in the subpallidal area, respectively, both expressing CB- and CR-ir but with different intensities. The subthalamic nucleus (STh) shows contrasting patterns of dense PV-ir (sparing only the most medial part) and low CB-ir. Expression of CR-ir is relatively low, except in the medial, low PV-ir, part of the nucleus, whereas SMI-32-ir is moderate across the whole nucleus. The substantia nigra is characterized by complementary patterns of high neuropil CB- and SMI-32-ir in pars reticulata (SNr) and high CR-ir in pars compacta (SNc) and in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The compartmentalization of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32 in the human basal ganglia, in particular in the striatum and pallidum, delimits anatomofunctional territories that are of significance for functional imaging studies and target selection in stereotactic neurosurgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of expression of calcium binding proteins and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in different populations of hippocampal GABAergic neurons in mice.

We examined the expression of calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), and calbindin D28K (CB), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons of the mouse hippocampus, with particular reference to areal and dorsoventral differences. First, we estimated the colocalization of the calcium binding proteins and nNOS. GABAergic neurons containing both PV and nNOS, i.e., PV-immunoreactive (-IR)/nNOS-IR neurons, were rare in Ammon's horn but frequent in the dentate gyrus (DG). CR-IR/nNOS-IR neurons and CB-IR/nNOS-IR neurons were frequent in Ammon's horn but rare in the DG. In the entire hippocampus, the percentage of CR-IR neurons containing nNOS was significantly higher at the ventral level (44.3%) than at the dorsal level (17.0%). The percentage of CB-IR neurons containing nNOS was also significantly higher at the ventral level (42.3%) than at the dorsal level (29.3%). Next, we estimated the numerical densities (NDs) of calcium binding protein-containing GABAergic neurons. The ND of PV-IR neurons was comparable at the dorsal (1.16 x 10(3)/mm(3)) and ventral levels (1.23 x 10(3)/mm(3)), respectively. The ND of CR-IR neurons was less at the dorsal level (0.52 x 10(3)/mm(3)) than at the ventral level (0.64 x 10(3)/mm(3)). The ND of CB-IR neurons was also less at the dorsal level (0.91 x 10(3)/mm(3)) than at the ventral level (1.57 x 10(3)/mm(3)). Overall, approximately half of the GABAergic neurons contained one of the three calcium binding proteins (45% at the dorsal level and 47% at the ventral level). These data establish a baseline for examining potential roles of GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network activity in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of the human motor-related thalamic nuclei during the first half of gestation, with special emphasis on GABAergic circuits.

This study analyzed the expression of differentiation markers (Calbindin D28K: CaBP; parvalbumin: PARV; calretinin: CalR), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) markers (GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylases: GAD65, GAD67; and GABA transporters: GAT1, GAT3), and other markers (neurotensin: NT, and neurofilament-specific protein: SMI32) in the human thalamus at 8-23 gestation weeks (g.w.), focusing on the motor-related nuclei. From 8-13 g.w. mainly CaBP was expressed in the cells while fiber bundles traversing the thalamus in addition to CaBP expressed all GABA markers except GAD67. CaBP and PARV expression patterns in different nuclei changed over the time course studied, whereas NT was expressed consistently along the anterior-lateral curvature of the thalamus. CalR and SMI were detectable at 23 g.w. in the ventral parts of the dorsal thalamus. Most remarkably, punctate GAD65 immunoreactivity in the neuropil was confined to the nigro- and pallidothalamic afferent receiving nuclei from 16 to about 21 g.w., overlapping with that of CaBP in some of these nuclei (subdivisions of the ventral anterior and mediodorsal nuclei) and with PARV in others (centromedian nucleus). During this period, GAD65 immunoreactivity can be considered a marker of the basal ganglia afferent receiving territory in the motor thalamus. GAD67-positive local circuit neurons were first detected at 12-13 g.w. in the thalamic nuclei outside the basal ganglia afferent receiving territory. In the ventral anterior and centromedian nuclei, GAD-containing local circuit neurons were not conspicuous even at 22-23 g.w. The cells of the reticular nucleus expressed GAD67 and PARV from 12 g.w. on starting in the lateral-posterior regions. By 23 g.w., both markers were expressed in about two-thirds of the nucleus except for its most medial-anterior part. The results imply spatially and temporally differential expression of GABA and differentiation markers in the developing human thalamus.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1994

Infrequent co-localization of nitric oxide synthase and calcium binding proteins immunoreactivity in rat neocortical neurons.

Immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS-IR) was detected in a small population of rat neocortical neurons scattered throughout the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices. Two-color double-labeling studies revealed that the number of NOS-IR neocortical neurons expressing immunoreactivity to the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV-IR), calbindin-D28K (CB-IR) or calretinin (CR-IR), was low. The absence or low level of calcium binding proteins may imply a reduced Ca2+ buffering capacity in NOS-containing neurons, thereby contributing to their vulnerability to Ca2+ influx through the activated AMPA/kainate receptors reported by others.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1994

Expression of calcium-binding proteins in the neurotrophin-3-dependent subpopulation of rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells in culture.

In this study we have examined the calcium-binding protein expression in rat embryonic (E16) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in vitro in the presence of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). A comparison was made with the expression of calcium-binding proteins in DRG subpopulations that depended in vitro on nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our results show that NT-3 promotes the survival of a DRG subpopulation of which over 75% expresses parvalbumin (PV). The majority of these PV-positive NT-3-dependent DRG neurons were large 'type A' neurons. Expression of calbindin-D28k (CaBP) and calretinin (Calr) in the NT-3-dependent DRG population was seen in smaller fractions (between 12 and 17%) of the surviving DRG neurons and in both type A and B neurons. The preferential expression of PV in NT-3-dependent type A neurons is unique in comparison to the expression of PV and the other calcium-binding proteins in DRG neurons surviving in vitro in the presence of NGF or BDNF.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of calcium binding protein mRNAs in rat cerebellar cortex.

The distribution of three calcium binding protein mRNAs in the rat cerebellar cortex was investigated using alkaline phosphatase labelled specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide probes. Calbindin D28k mRNA was detected in the Purkinje cells, parvalbumin mRNA was located in the Purkinje cells and also in basket/stellate cells of the molecular layer. Calretinin in contrast was found only in the granule cell layer. Use of multiple alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labelled oligodeoxynucleotides resulted in an increase in signal strength and reduced detection time with no increase in background staining indicating the utility of these enzyme labelled probes for non-isotopic in situ.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Calretinin in rat brain: an immunohistochemical study.

Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein related to calbindin-D28k; both are present in different though overlapping sets of neurons in brains of birds and mammals. We describe in detail the pattern of calretinin immunoreactivity in the rat brain. As in chick brain, calretinin immunoreactivity is abundant in various sensory pathways (particularly certain cells and fibres of the cochlear nuclei and olfactory bulb), in the heterogeneous parts of the brainstem and in parts of the hypothalamus. Many primary sensory fibres are strongly positive. Major groups of calretinin-positive neurons also include the thalamic reticular nucleus, triangular septal nucleus, lateral mammillary nucleus and substantia nigra pars compacta. Many other calretinin-positive cells are recognizable as local inhibitory neurons. Calretinin is absent from all but a few cells in the cerebral cortex, and is never found in motor neurons. There are also some distinctive positive structures whose identity is uncertain, notably irregular "shells" of cells and fibres around the thalamus and in the amygdala and an unnamed cell type in the vestibulocerebellum.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Changes in expression of P2X purinoceptors in rat cerebellum during postnatal development.

Changes in expression of P2X receptors (P2X1-7) during postnatal development of the rat cerebellum are described. At P3, immunoreactivity (ir) to all the P2X receptors, except for P2X3 receptors, was found in Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei, P2X5-ir being most prominent. Granular and microglial cells were labeled for P2X5 (weakly) and P2X4 receptors, respectively. At P7, expression of all the P2X receptors (with the exception of P2X3) was up-regulated, P2X5 and P2X6 receptors being most prominent. Scattered P2X receptor-ir in unipolar brush cells in the granular cell layer and P2X1- and P2X7-ir of microglial cells was also present. At P14, the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells were intensely labeled by P2X1-7 receptor antibodies, except for P2X3, while P2X1, P2X4 and P2X7 receptor immunostaining in microglial cells and P2X5 receptor immunostaining in granular cells was up-regulated. At P21, expression of all P2X receptors (except P2X3) was down-regulated in the Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei; P2X1, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors-ir was present in microglial cells. In contrast, expression of P2X5-ir in granular cells was up-regulated. At P60, expression levels of all the P2X receptors (except P2X3) were similar with those at P21. In double-labeling experiments, almost all the P2X-ir Purkinje cells were immunoreactive for calbindin-D28k, while 60-80% of P2X-ir cells in the granular cell layer were immunoreactive for calretinin. The possible short- and long-term functional significance of the changes in expression of P2X receptors during postnatal development is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs target dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa and neurotensin-containing neurons, but not GABAergic interneurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens of ventral striatum.

Specific neurons in the brain are the primary targets of the action of antipsychotic drugs. Identification and characterization of the nature of these neurons are important for understanding how antipsychotic drugs produce their effects. In previous studies GABAergic/dynorphinergic neurons were identified as a principal cell target of antipsychotic drugs in the shell of nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we further characterized which subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in this area respond after acute administration of antipsychotic drugs. Rats were treated with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, or the prototype atypical antipsychotic clozapine and killed two hours after treatment. In appropriate sections of brain, double immunofluorescence labeling was performed with antibodies directed against markers specific to candidate cell types and Fos-like proteins (a marker to identify drug-induced cell activation). We reported here that haloperidol- and clozapine-activated neurons showed the following features: 1) approximately 54-57% of them express dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (a marker for GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons), 2) they appear rarely to be GABAergic interneurons, marked by the calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin, calretinin or calbindin-D28K, 3) about 84-86% of them express the neuropeptide neurotensin (a neurotransmitter most often associated with projection neurons in the site tested). The results suggest that most of the antipsychotic drug-activated neurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens are likely to be neurotensin containing projection neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Immunocytochemical characterization of hippocamposeptal projecting GABAergic nonprincipal neurons in the mouse brain: a retrograde labeling study.

The neurochemical contents of hippocamposeptal projecting nonprincipal neurons were examined in the mouse brain by using retrograde labeling techniques. We used the immunofluorescent multiple labeling method with a confocal laser-scanning microscope. First of all, the hippocamposeptal projecting nonprincipal neurons were glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-immunoreactive (IR), i.e., these hippocamposeptal projecting nonprincipal neurons were immunocytochemically GABAergic in the mouse brain. Next, most (93.0%) of the hippocamposeptal projecting GABAergic neurons were somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SS-LIR). The SS-LIR hippocamposeptal projecting neurons were frequently found in the stratum oriens of the CA1 and CA3 regions, and were also occasionally found in the stratum radiatum, stratum lucidum, and stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region. They were also frequently found in the dentate hilus. On the other hand, at least 40.6% of SS-LIR neurons in the hippocampus projected to the medial septum. Next, 38.0% of hippocamposeptal projecting GABAergic neurons were calbindin D28K (CB)-IR. Although the distribution of the CB-IR hippocamposeptal projecting neurons was generally similar to that of the SS-LIR projecting neurons in Ammon's horn, they were never seen in the dentate hilus. At least 22.1% of CB-IR GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus projected to the medial septum. Furthermore, 5.8% of hippocamposeptal projecting GABAergic neurons were parvalbumin-IR, which were most always found in Ammon's horn. Finally, no hippocamposeptal projecting GABAergic neurons were neuronal nitric oxide synthase-IR nor calretinin-IR. These results indicate that the SS-LIR neurons play a crucial role in the hippocamposeptal projection of the mouse brain, and they are also assumed to be involved in the theta oscillation of the mouse hippocampus.

Animals↗

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