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At least 1,801 records · Page 100Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Renal coccidiosis with cystic tubular dilatation in four bats.

Renal coccidiosis was diagnosed in four bats of different species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis mystacinus, M. nattereri, and Nyctalus noctula). Multiple white and partly indented foci up to 2 mm in diameter were visible on the renal surface. Histologically, the foci appeared as cystic dilated tubules with proliferated epithelium. Asexual and sexual coccidian stages were seen in the epithelial cells, and the extremely distended tubular lumina were filled with schizonts, free zoites, microgamonts, macrogamonts, and unsporulated oocysts. Because the majority of the renal tissue appeared uninvolved in the disease process at the gross and histologic levels and there was no evidence for uremia in other organs, renal function was probably not impaired. Precise classification of the coccidia was impossible because no sporulated oocysts were available. The parasite morphology and the hitherto unreported cystic dilatation of infected tubules containing all developmental stages differ from renal coccidioses reported previously and therefore suggest an undescribed coccidian species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Tarsal navicular fractures in major league baseball players at bat.

Tarsal navicular fractures in athletes, although rare, can present both a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Failure to recognize this injury and initiate treatment early can have devastating consequences. The physician must have a high index of suspicion for the injury in any patient with midfoot pain after a direct blow. Two case reports of tarsal navicular fractures sustained by baseball players at bat in which the diagnosis was not made early are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Echolocation calls and communication calls are controlled differentially in the brainstem of the bat Phyllostomus discolor.

BACKGROUND: Echolocating bats emit vocalizations that can be classified either as echolocation calls or communication calls. Neural control of both types of calls must govern the same pool of motoneurons responsible for vocalizations. Electrical microstimulation in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) elicits both communication and echolocation calls, whereas stimulation of the paralemniscal area (PLA) induces only echolocation calls. In both the PAG and the PLA, the current thresholds for triggering natural vocalizations do not habituate to stimuli and remain low even for long stimulation periods, indicating that these structures have relative direct access to the final common pathway for vocalization. This study intended to clarify whether echolocation calls and communication calls are controlled differentially below the level of the PAG via separate vocal pathways before converging on the motoneurons used in vocalization. RESULTS: Both structures were probed simultaneously in a single experimental approach. Two stimulation electrodes were chronically implanted within the PAG in order to elicit either echolocation or communication calls. Blockade of the ipsilateral PLA site with iontophoretically application of the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid did not impede either echolocation or communication calls elicited from the PAG. However, blockade of the contralateral PLA suppresses PAG-elicited echolocation calls but not communication calls. In both cases the blockade was reversible. CONCLUSION: The neural control of echolocation and communication calls seems to be differentially organized below the level of the PAG. The PLA is an essential functional unit for echolocation call control before the descending pathways share again the final common pathway for vocalization.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1984

Control of plasma sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) in the little brown bat: effects of photoperiod and orchiectomy on the induction of SBP in immature males.

Immature male little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus lucifugus) exhibit striking increases in plasma levels of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) when aroused prematurely from the latter half of hibernation. To identify some of the factors that control this induction, the effects of castration, photoperiod manipulation, and season (early vs. late hibernation) were studied. During the latter half of hibernation, the elevation of plasma SBP levels induced by premature arousal was found to be similar in intact and castrated males. Since castration completely abolished the postarousal rise in plasma testosterone levels, and estradiol concentrations remained low (less than 10 pg/ml) in both groups, changes in gonadal steroids are apparently not responsible for these increases in SBP. The induction of SBP in males aroused late in hibernation also appeared to be independent of whether animals were maintained under long [16 h of light, 8 h of darkness (16L:8D)] or short (8L:16D) photoperiods. Three weeks after arousal, plasma SBP concentrations in the intact groups were 228 +/- 17 nM (mean +/- SE; 16L:8D) and 271 +/- 5 (8L:16D), while in the castrated groups, SBP levels were 256 +/- 43 (16L:8D) and 231 +/- 19 (8L:16D). In addition, comparable degrees of gonadal activation, including increases in testicular weight, rises in circulating testosterone, and initiation of spermatogenesis, were observed in both the long and the short photoperiod groups. During the first half of hibernation, the induction of SBP was similarly unaffected by castration. However, at this time, photoperiod had a marked effect on SBP induction. Only males maintained under a long photoperiod after arousal from early hibernation exhibited increased levels of SBP (158 +/- 51 nM) and evidence of gonadal activity. The animals housed under a short photoperiod had lower levels of SBP (44 +/- 22 nM) and exhibited no gonadal activation. In general, responses seen in animals aroused during the first half of hibernation were reduced compared to those observed after arousal during the second half of hibernation. Thus, the postarousal increase in SBP appears to be independent of gonadal secretions, but can be influenced by photoperiod during early hibernation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

The effects of gape angle and bite point on bite force in bats.

Models of mammalian mastication predict that bite force is affected by both the degree of mouth opening (gape angle) and the point along the tooth row at which force is transferred to a food item (bite point). Despite the widespread use of these models in comparative analyses, experimental data documenting bite force in non-human mammals are extremely limited. The goal of this study is to document variation in non-stimulated bite force associated with change in gape angle and bite point in a broad range of species. We focus on plant-visiting bats because they exhibit a relatively primitive cranial morphology and are good models for generalized mammals. Assessments of the relationship between gape angle and bite force within and among species demonstrate that bite force decreases significantly as gape angle increases. The relationship between bite force and bite point within each of seven species demonstrates that unilateral molar biting universally generates the highest forces while the unilateral canine biting produces the lowest forces. Bilateral canine biting is intermediate. Beyond these general patterns, differences among species suggest that bite force reflects variation in craniofacial architecture. Finally, these data suggest that behavioral variation in gape angle and bite point may be important variables in comparative, functional analyses of feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Peripheral specialization for fine analysis of doppler-shifted echoes in the auditory system of the "CF-FM" bat Pteronotus parnellii.

Pteronotus parnellii uses the second harmonic (61-62 kHz) of the CF component in its orientation sounds for Doppler-shift compensation. The bat's inner ear is mechanically specialized for fine analysis of sounds at about 61-62 kHz. Because of this specialization, cochlear microphonics (CM) evoked by 61-62 kHz tone bursts exhibit prominent transients, slow increase and decrease in amplitude at the onset and cessation of these stimuli. CM-responses to 60-61 kHz tone bursts show a prominent input-output non-linearity and transients. Accordingly, a summated response of primary auditory neurones (N1) appears not only at the onset of the stimuli, but also at the cessation. N1-off is sharply tuned at 60-61 kHz, while N1-on is tuned at 63-64 kHz, which is 2 kHz higher than the best frequency of the auditory system because of the envelope-distortion originating from sharp mechanical tuning. Single peripheral neurones sensitive to 61-62 kHz sounds have an unusually sharp tuning curve and show phase-locked responses to beats of up to 3 kHz. Information about the frequencies of Doppler-shifted echoes is thus coded by a set of sharply tuned neurones and also discharges phase-locked to beats. Neurones with a best frequency between 55 and 64 kHz show not only tonic on-responses but also off-responses which are apparently related to the mechanical off-transient occuring in the inner ear and not to a rebound from neural inhibition.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1980

Coding of directional information by single neurones in the S-segment of the FM bat, Myotis lucifugus.

1. Response parameters of S-segment neurones of the FM bat Myotis lucifugus were measured as a sound was delivered from different azimuthal angles around the animal's head. 2. The response parameters investigated were the amplitude and threshold of the evoked potential (N3) of the S-segment, together with the threshold, latency and number of impulses (per stimulus pulse) of single units. 3. All the neurones studied had their lowest thresholds either at 20-40 degrees contralateral, or 20-40 degrees ipsilateral or at the front (0 degrees). 4. The amplitude of the sound affected the relationship between stimulus direction and the amplitude of a non-monotonic N3, and the relationship between stimulus direction and the number of impulses of a non-monotonic single unit. It had so such effects with a monotonic N3 and a monotonic single unit. 5. From a study of N3 amplitudes and numbers of impulses of single neurones, it appeared that an azimuthal difference as small as 3 degrees could be easily coded at a 95% correct level with stimuli presented at around 20 degrees ipsilateral, 20 degrees contralateral, and at the front. 6. The inter-aural pressure difference (IPD), which is considered an essential cue for echolocation in Myotis (Shimozawa et al. 1974), changed linearly with angle from 0 to 40 degrees lateral at a rate of 0.4 dB/degree for sounds between 33.5 and 49.0 kHz. 7. Assuming the just-detectable IPD to be 0.5 dB (as in man), the minimum detectable azimuthal difference of Myotis around the median plane would be 1.25 degrees.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The primary structure of the hemoglobin from the bat Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera).

The complete primary structure of the hemoglobin from the bat Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera) is presented. This hemoglobin consists of only one component. The alpha- and beta-chains were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The sequences of both chains were established by automatic Edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides, as well as of the C-terminal peptide obtained by acidic hydrolysis of the Asp-Pro bond in the beta-chains using the film- and gas-phase method. The sequences are compared with human hemoglobin: 15 amino-acid substitutions are found in the alpha- and 22 in the beta-chains. A comparison with the hemoglobin of Rousettus aegyptiacus and Myotis velifer shows a closer relation to the Mega- than to the Microchiroptera.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Primary structure and functional properties of the hemoglobin from the free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera). Small effect of carbon dioxide on oxygen affinity.

The hemoglobin of the Free-Tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis (Microchiroptera) comprises two components (Hb I and Hb II) in nearly equal amounts. Both hemoglobins have identical beta-chains, whereas the alpha-chains differ in having glycine (Hb I) or aspartic acid (Hb II) in position 115 (GH3). The components could be isolated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and separated into the globin chains by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose CM-52. The sequences have been determined by Edman degradation with the film technique or the gas phase method (the alpha I-chains with the latter method only), using the native chains and tryptic peptides, as well as the C-terminal prolyl-peptide obtained by acid hydrolysis of the Asp-Pro bond in the beta-chains. The comparison with human hemoglobin showed 18 substitutions in the alpha-chains and 24 in the beta-chains. In the alpha-chains one amino-acid exchange involves an alpha 1/beta 1-contact. In the beta-chains one heme contact, three alpha 1/beta 1- and one alpha 1/beta 2-contacts are substituted. A comparison with other chiropteran hemoglobin sequences shows similar distances to Micro- and Megachiroptera. The oxygenation characteristics of the composite hemolysate and the two components, measured in relation to pH, Cl-, and 2,3-bis-phosphoglycerate, are described. The effect of carbon dioxide on oxygen affinity is considerably smaller than that observed in human hemoglobin, which might be an adaptation to life under hypercapnic conditions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The primary structure of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus, Chiroptera) hemoglobin.

The complete primary structure of the hemoglobin from the Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus, Microchiroptera) is presented. This hemoglobin consists of two components with identical amino-acid sequences, differing, however, in the N-terminus which is formylated in 12.5% of the beta-chains. The alpha- and beta-chains were separated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The sequences of both chains were established by automatic Edman degradation with the film technique or gas phase method using the native chains and the tryptic peptides. The formylation of a part of the N-terminal peptide of the beta-chains was determined by mass spectrometric examination. Compared to the corresponding human chains we found 14 substitutions in the alpha-chains and 21 in the beta-chains. One substitution in the alpha-chains and three in the beta-chains are involved in alpha 1/beta 1-contacts. Among these the exchange beta 123(H1)Thr----Cys is unusual because cysteine was so far not found in this position of mammalian beta-chains. Compared to the hemoglobin of Myotis velifer, another representative of the family Vespertilionidae, 5 residues are replaced in the alpha-chains and 18 in the beta-chains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Hemoglobins from bats (Myotis myotis and Rousettus aegyptiacus): a possible example of molecular adaptation to different physiological requirements.

The functional properties of the hemoglobin systems from two different species of bat i.e. Rousettus aegyptiacus and Myotis myotis have been studied as a function of chloride, polyphosphates, pH and temperature. Apart from overall similarities shared with most mammalian hemoglobins, the two systems show significant differences with respect to the effect of chloride and temperature sensitivity. These findings have been related to the different physiological needs of the two species.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The primary structure of the hemoglobin from the Australian ghost bat (Macroderma gigas, Microchiroptera).

The Australian ghost bat (Macroderma gigas, Microchiroptera) has two hemoglobin components in the ratio 3:2. They share identical beta-chains and differ by three replacements in the alpha-chains. The primary structures of all three chains are presented. They could be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The sequences were determined by automatic liquid and gas phase Edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides. The two alpha-chains show 18 and 19 and the beta-chains 15 exchanges compared to human alpha- and beta-chains, respectively. The divergent evolution of Macroderma gigas and Megaderma lyra, two representatives of the family Megadermatidae, is discussed. An influence of replacements at functionally important positions on the hemoglobin oxygen affinity seems unlikely.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The primary structure of the hemoglobin from the tomb bat (Taphozous georgianus, Microchiroptera).

The primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains of the single hemoglobin component from the tomb bat (Taphozous georgianus, Microchiroptera) are presented. After chain separation by reversed-phase HPLC the sequences could be determined by automatic gas and liquid phase Edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides. The alpha- and beta-chains differ from human hemoglobin by 14 and 18 replacements, respectively. Compared to the total number of amino-acid exchanges, the exchange rate in the interhelical regions of the alpha-chains is surprisingly high (25%). It seems unlikely that substitutions at contact positions affect the oxygen binding properties of the hemoglobin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonality of leptin levels in the BAT of the common shrew (Sorex araneus).

Leptin concentrations in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) were measured in different seasons. The leptin concentrations in IBAT were much higher than in the liver, where leptin is supposed to be of blood origin. In the heart muscle no detectable amount of leptin was found. There were clear seasonal variations in the leptin concentrations in IBAT. Leptin levels in IBAT were the lowest in November at the beginning of the winter. The concentrations increased, however, strongly after the onset of the permanent snow cover, and the highest concentrations were measured in December-January, when the weight of the animals was very low. In April-May, at the time when shrews attain sexual maturity, leptin concentrations in IBAT were lower than in the mid-winter, but significantly higher than in November. In overwintered adults the leptin concentrations were at the same level as in nonwintered subadults. Leptin originating from BAT may inform the central nervous system about the amount of nonshivering thermogenesis as well as the amount of feeding necessary for survival in the winter months.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed2006

Effect of wrist and forearm training on linear bat-end, center of percussion, and hand velocities and on time to ball contact of high school baseball players.

This study examined the effects of 12 weeks of wrist and forearm training on linear bat-end velocity (BV), center of percussion velocity (CV), hand velocity (HV), and time to ball contact of high school baseball players. Forty-three baseball players were randomly assigned by a stratified sampling technique to 1 of 2 training groups. Group 1 (n = 23) and group 2 (n = 20) performed the same full-body resistance exercises while training 3 days a week for 12 weeks according to a stepwise periodized model. Group 2 also performed wrist and forearm exercises 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Wrist and forearm strength were measured pre- and posttraining. Linear BV, CV, HV, and time to ball contact were recorded pre- and posttraining by a motion-capture system. A 3 repetition maximum (RM) parallel squat and bench press were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training. Both groups showed statistically significant increases (p < or = 0.01) in linear BV, CV, and HV (m.s(-1) +/- SD) after 12 weeks of training; however, there were no differences between the 2 groups. Both groups statistically increased wrist and forearm strength (p < or = 0.05). Group 2 had statistically greater increases (p < or = 0.05) in 10 of 12 wrist and forearm strength measures than did group 1. Both groups made statistically significant increases in predicted 1RM parallel squat and bench press after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training; however, there were no differences between groups. These data indicate that a 12-week stepwise periodized training program can significantly increase wrist and forearm strength, linear BV, CV, and HV among high school baseball players. However, increased wrist and forearm strength did not contribute to further increases in linear BV, CV, or HV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Male reproductive patterns in nonhibernating bats.

Knowledge relative to the reproduction of nonhibernating bats is reviewed. Events in the male, as they are now understood, are summarized for all families for which data exist. Attention is given to the wide species diversity of male accessory sex oragns in respect to gross structure and glandular complement. Stability or variability or organization of the male reproductive system is noted. Functional relationships between primary and accessory sex organs are considered and any synchrony between these organs and their functional cyclicity identified. Various frequencies of male reproductive cycles are examined for each species within families. Factors influencing male reproductive evens in nonhibernating Chiroptera are briefly considered. It has long been speculation that reproductive cycles under natural conditions are strikingly related to the environment, with such features as temperature, moisture, length of day and available food all implicated. These cues, however, appear to be filtered through varied genetic potential and physiological patterns, since not all species respond similarly, even though residing together in a homogeneous environment. Variation between certain species in frequency and length of the oestrous cycle seem to be accommodated to by parallel adjustments in the male, including extended sperm production or storage and continued secretory activity of accessory sex glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The anterior pituitary and reproduction in bats.

This contribution is a review of investigations on the role(s) of the anterior pituitary in chiropteran reproduction. Information on this subject has come mainly from histological studies of cytological changes during the annual cycle and mostly from hibernating temperate-zone species. Although direct evidence is unavailable, it appears that variations in the temporal synchronization of specific endocrine functions of the pars distalis are involved, at least in part, in several of the numerous reproductive specializations found in bats. Mention is also made of recent studies on the anterior pituitary of Macrotus californicus and its possible involvement in delayed development.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sperm storage in the reproductive tract of the female Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus.

In the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, spermatozoa in contact with the microvilli of non-ciliated cells in folds in the uterotubal junction appeared normal, while spermatozoa remaining in the uterus degenerated and were engulfed by a massive invasion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. No leucocytes were seen in the uterotubal junction area. It is suggested that the spermatozoa in this area are being stored, probably until ovulation occurs.

Animals↗

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