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PubMed1985

Changes in nutrient intake of hypertensives during a behavioral weight-control program.

To evaluate the nutritional adequacy of the diets selected by hypertensive patients participating in a behavioral weight-control program, 26 patients were asked to complete 3-day food records at the start and end of the 8-week program. These records were analyzed using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Handbook 456 data base. Patients decreased their overall caloric intake by 39% during the course of the program and decreased consumption of all nutrients, but only calcium intake decreased to unacceptable levels. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of individuals consuming less than two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for thiamin, niacin, calcium, and iron, and a significant increase in the number of patients who were deficient in three or more nutrients. Thus, although average intake in the behavioral weight-control program was adequate, there was a sizeable number of individuals who were consuming poor diets. Inadequate intake occurred primarily in patients eating less than 1000 calories a day. The simple behavior change of adding a cup of skim milk to the unstructured calorie-counting diet would help restore calcium, thiamin, and niacin to adequate levels.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1986

A low-cost community approach to weight control: initial results from an evaluated trial.

This article describes a trial of a low-cost, readily disseminatable weight-control program ("Waistline") which uses behavioral, social support, and community strength-building principles. Participants meet for 12 weeks in small, lay-led groups in community settings, and use prepackaged materials designed specifically for those of modest education. Results from 407 participants are presented, showing a mean postcourse weight loss of 5.6 kg (12.3 lb) and a low attrition rate (9-12%). In a subsample followed up at 12 months (N = 96), 80% of this loss had been maintained. A comparison group ("Slimline," N = 26) lost 1.27 kg (2.8 lb) and had an attrition rate of 31-46%. The Waistline results are comparable to those obtained by more intensive and expensive behavioral programs, and demographic data show that those of relatively low educational attainment are well represented. The potential of this approach for cheap, noncommercial dissemination of weight-control programs on a population basis is noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variable most closely related to symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in response to a weight control program. METHODS: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with knee OA whose body mass index (BMI) was more than 26.4 were treated with a low calorie diet, an appetite suppressant, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for 6 weeks. The patients were instructed to follow a walking program. We analyzed BMI, percent body fat, the average number of steps per day by pedometer, and the metabolic correlates of obesity (blood pressure, fasting blood serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum insulin) at the beginning and end of therapy. The correlation between the change in each variable and the remission score (delta score) using the Severity Index of Lequesne, et al was evaluated. RESULTS: Delta score of knee OA was more strongly associated with reduction in percent body fat (p= 0.0013, r=0.62) than other variables. Significant correlation was also observed between the number of steps per day and delta score (p=0.0031, r=-0.58). No other variable, including weight loss, was significantly correlated with delta score. There was a significant correlation between delta percent body fat and the number of steps per day (p=0.012, r=-0.62). CONCLUSION: In a weight control program, decreasing body fat and increasing physical activity are more important than body weight loss or decreasing other indices of obesity in producing symptomatic relief of knee OA, although there is not necessarily a cause and effect relationship between body fat and OA score.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Weight control in women: a challenge to the obstetrician-gynecologist.

Obesity is a major problem in American women, and there is great concern with regard to weight control among both the obese and the nonobese. Vast sums of money are spent in the area of weight reduction, often with little or no benefit. Although obesity affects longevity adversely, weight loss has not been clearly associated with a decrease in mortality risk. Reduction in weight, however, can decrease risk factors for certain diseases and improve the quality of life. Current methods of weight control include diet, exercise, surgery, and medication. Several studies have shown that, in contrast to previous supposition, medical management should be long term. Recent investigations into the basic mechanisms of appetite control, moreover, suggest that more physiologic management methods will be available in the near future.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1985

A weight-control program for bank employees.

Three separate weight-control classes were offered to employees of a Lincoln bank. The classes consisted of eight consecutive, 1-hour weekly sessions with two booster sessions at 6-week intervals. Behavior change, caloric and nutritional value of foods, and exercise were stressed in the classes. Long-term success of the program was evaluated for two classes, one at 27 months and the other at 22 months after the initial session. Weight losses of Class 1 averaged 11.3 lb at 8 weeks, 15.7 lb after 5 months, and 8.5 lb at 27 months. For Class 2, weight loss after 8 weeks averaged 8.8 lb, with a 10.3-lb loss at 5 months, and an 8.3-lb loss at 22 months. For Class 3, weight loss averaged 6.8 lb after 8 weeks and 12.0 lb at 5 months. This was the most recent class, and sufficient time has not elapsed to measure long-term results. Participants who achieved the greatest success reported substituting baking and broiling for frying as their method of food preparation, exercising routinely, eating smaller portions of food, and setting goals for weight loss. The program was considered cost-effective by both the dietitian and the bank administration.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1999

Outcomes of a traditional weight control program and a nondiet alternative: a one-year comparison.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional weight control program and nondiet alternative in improving behavioral (e.g., restrained, emotional, and external eating), psychological (e.g., body preoccupation, physical self-esteem), and biomedical (e.g., body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol) outcomes. There were 2 intervention groups--traditional weight control (TWC) and Diet Free Forever (DFF); a nonvolunteer comparison group; and a control group, all made up of employees of 3M (N = 357). The 2 intervention groups participated in 10-week eating programs. Outcome variables were assessed at baseline, at 10 weeks for the intervention groups only, and again at 1 year. At baseline, the 2 intervention groups had higher restrained, external, and emotional eating scores, greater body preoccupation, and lower physical self-esteem than the comparison and control groups. They also weighed more. At 1 year, both intervention groups had decreased their body preoccupation and increased their physical self-esteem. Participants in the DFF program reduced their restrained eating, whereas those in the TWC program increased their restrained eating. Neither eating program had an impact on the biomedical outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Laxative abuse: a hazardous habit for weight control.

Laxative abuse is an increasingly popular weight-loss method on college campuses, particularly for individuals with eating disorders. It is a dangerous habit, which many mistakenly believe will prevent caloric absorption and weight gain. Serious medical problems that may occur with laxative abuse include electrolyte and fluid imbalance, structural and functional colonic changes, and allergic reactions. Because patients are often secretive about abusing laxatives, laxative abuse should be considered if there is suspicion about the use of potentially destructive weight-control methods or about an eating disorder. A complete history and physical exam are essential parts of an assessment that should also include questions about diet, eating and exercise habits, and body image. Laboratory tests may provide additional supportive data. Treatment includes education, discontinuation of laxatives, medical follow-up as necessary, and psychotherapy. A college campus is an ideal forum for education, referral, and prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A role for high intensity exercise on energy balance and weight control.

The objective of this commentary is to remark on the impact, exercise intensity has on energy expenditure and its potential for body weight control. Exercise intensity can favorably impact on energy expenditure in a number of ways. First, exercise-associated energy expenditure is increased by decreasing exercise efficiency and increasing work rate. Second, resistance training that increases muscle mass, in turn increases resting energy expenditure. Third, aerobic exercise > 70% VO2max, increases resting energy expenditure separate from any change in muscle mass. High-intensity exercise training has the added benefit of improving fitness, thus making low-intensity exercise less difficult and more easily tolerated. Although continuous intense exercise is difficult to maintain for extended periods of time, intense interval exercise can be easily endured and may be an important adjunct to lifestyle modifications for body weight control.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed2003

The development of SisterTalk: a cable TV-delivered weight control program for black women.

Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the United States, with black women disproportionately affected. SisterTalk is a weight control program designed specifically for delivery to black women via cable TV. The theoretical and conceptual frameworks and formative research that guided the development and cultural tailoring of SisterTalk are described. Social Action Theory was applied in the development of SisterTalk along with a detailed behavioral analysis of the way that black women view weight and weight loss within the context of their cultural and social realities. The entire intervention development process was framed using this information, rather than by changing only superficial aspects of program delivery. Community networking and both qualitative and quantitative interview techniques from the fields of social marketing and cultural anthropology were used to involve black women from Boston in the design and implementation of a program that would be practical, appealing, and culturally sensitive. Also discussed are strategies for evaluating the program, and lessons learned that might have broader applicability are highlighted. The development of the SisterTalk program could provide a useful starting point for development of successful weight control programs for black women in other parts of the United States as well as for other ethnic and racial groups.

Black People↗
PubMed2006

Metabolically active functional food ingredients for weight control.

The scale of the obesity epidemic creates a pressing consumer need as well as an enormous business opportunity for successful development and marketing of food products with added benefits for weight control. A number of proposed functional food ingredients have been shown to act post-absorptively to influence substrate utilization or thermogenesis. Characteristics and supporting data on conjugated linoleic acid, diglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, green tea, ephedrine, caffeine, capsaicin and calcium, are reviewed here, giving examples of how these could act to alter energy expenditure or appetite control. Consideration is also given to other factors, in addition to efficacy, which must be satisfied to get such ingredients into foods. We conclude that, for each of the safe, putatively metabolically active agents, there remain gaps in clinical evidence or knowledge of mechanisms, which need to be addressed in order to specify the dietary conditions and food product compositions where these ingredients could be of most benefit for weight control.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

[Weight control].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent dieting: healthy weight control or borderline eating disorder?

Dieting in adolescent girls is ubiquitous but its health significance is uncertain. On the one hand it might be seen as promoting healthy weight control and on the other it might be considered as a risk factor for eating disorders. Dieting levels were systematically assessed in a representative group of 2525 Australian teenagers and classified using item response theory. In this group, 38% of girls and 12% of boys were categorised as intermediate dieters; 7% of girls and 1% of boys fell into a group of extreme dieters. Body mass carried a strong positive association with intermediate dieting. Most female dieters, nevertheless, fell within a normal weight range. Psychiatric morbidity was the clearest factor associated with extreme dieting and 62% of extreme dieters reported high levels of depression and anxiety. Extreme dieting might reasonably be viewed as lying on a spectrum with clinical eating disorders. Most dieting is unjustified on the grounds of appropriate weight control and appears to reflect a widespread striving of teenage girls towards body shapes at the lower end of age-adjusted norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Eating and weight controlling behaviours of young ballet dancers.

Ballet dancers (n = 60) in full-time ballet training and school students (n = 216) completed questionnaires relating to body weight and eating behaviour. Dancers were at lower body weight and had less body fat. Dancers considered they were more preoccupied with thoughts of eating and body weight, felt they had greater difficulty controlling their body weight, used and abused laxatives for weight control, and reported disordered eating more than school students. Two-thirds of dancers and students were currently using at least one method of weight control, dancers favouring not eating between meals, and students exercise. Both groups reported binge eating and using multiple methods to control this behaviour. The pressure for dancers to be at below average weight affects their eating and weight controlling behaviours and their life-style. Young women such as dancers, gymnasts and some athletes are required to be at low body weight. These women maintain high levels of exercise. Whether ballet dancers are self-selected as they are genetically slim, control their body weight with the higher levels of exercise or need to employ strategies to maintain their low body weight, has not been clarified. A significant proportion of ballet dancers have been reported to have symptoms of anorexia nervosa and to be described as 'weight preoccupied'. It has also been suggested that the incidence of disordered eating is greater in women who are under pressure to maintain low body weight. The aim of this study is to compare the eating and weight losing behaviour, attitudes and anthropomorphic characteristics of young women in full-time ballet training and those who are not.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

Dietary management of obesity: evaluation of the time-energy displacement diet in terms of its efficacy and nutritional adequacy for long-term weight control.

1. An unsupplemented 4200 kJ (1000 kcal) diet emphasizing large quantities of relatively unrefined complex carbohydrates was evaluated among sixty obese adults for its effectiveness and nutritional adequacy in a long-term weight-control programme. Patients were followed individually as outpatients by a physician and dietician-an average of thirteen visits over 26 weeks. Assessment of health indices included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid levels and assays for seven vitamins, beta-carotene and iron. 2. Weight loss averaged 8.2 kg or 24% of excess weight during the 6 months of active treatment. Over an average of 17 months of post-treatment follow-up, 44% of patients continued to lose weight and 92% remained below pretreatment levels. 3. Average skinfold thickness fell 7 mm (P less than 0.001) whereas muscle mass was maintained (arm muscle circumference + 10 mm, not significant; creatinine-height index + 3% of standard (Bistrian et al. 1975; not significant). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell 7 and 5 mmHg respectively (P less than 0.01). Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides fell 200 and 660 mg/1 respectively (P less than 0.01), while high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol remained statistically unchanged. Mean serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, folate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, Fe and transferrin saturation, and activity coefficients for thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine were within normal limits after periods of treatment ranging from 5 to 84 weeks. 4. An earlier age of onset of obesity tended to be associated with greater weight loss during treatment and lesser weight rebound during follow-up. 5. The results indicate that the experimental diet, without supplementation, was nutritionally adequate as well as effective for long-term weight control.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adjunctive therapy with the amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mealtime amylin replacement with pramlintide on long-term glycemic and weight control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. This 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging study in 538 insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes compared the efficacy and safety of 30-, 75-, or 150-microg doses of pramlintide, a synthetic analogue of the beta-cell hormone amylin, to placebo when injected subcutaneously three times daily (TID) with major meals. Pramlintide therapy led to a mean reduction in HbA1c of 0.9% and 1.0% from baseline to week 13 in the 75- and 150-microg dose groups, which was significant compared to placebo (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0002, respectively). In the 150-microg dose group, there was a mean reduction in HbA1c of 0.6% from baseline to week 52 (p = 0.0068 compared to placebo). The greater reduction in HbA1c with pramlintide was achieved without increases in insulin use or severe hypoglycemia, and was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in body weight in all dose groups compared to placebo. Three times the proportion of subjects in the 150-microg pramlintide group compared to the placebo group achieved a concomitant reduction in both HbA1c and body weight from baseline to week 52 (48% versus 16%). The most common adverse event reported with pramlintide treatment was nausea, which was mild to moderate and dissipated early in treatment. The results from this study support the safety and efficacy of pramlintide administered three times a day with major meals, in conjunction with insulin therapy, for improving long-term glycemic and weight control in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Body composition, weight status, body image and weight control practices among female adolescents from eastern Austria.

The prevalence rates of obesity, but also of altered eating behaviour up to clinically manifested eating disorders have increased dramatically during the last years. In the present study the weight status, body composition and eating behaviour as well as weight controlling strategies of 1752 female adolescents ageing between 12 and 18 years (x=14.6) from Eastern Austria were documented. Furthermore, data regarding socioeconomic status and educational level of the probands were collected. It could be shown, that a higher educational level or a higher socioeconomic status was associated with a significantly lower fat percentage and a significantly lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Underweight and severe underweight was predominantly found among girls ageing between 15 and 18 years of higher educational level. Weight controlling behaviour such as stepping on scale and altered or restricted eating behaviour was widespread among the probands, independent of weight status and socioeconomic parameters. Body weight and shape concerns were also found very frequently independent of educational level. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of former investigations, that disturbed eating behaviour and concerns regarding body weight and shape are found among all socioeconomic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Direct mail recruitment to home-based smoking and weight control programs: a comparison of strategies.

Obesity and smoking remain major public health problems. Because of their widespread prevalence, large scale community-wide programs are needed to have an impact on public health. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of response to four variations in recruitment and demographic characteristics of people enrolling in self-help programs for weight control and smoking cessation. A total of 76,900 households from three communities were offered correspondence-based programs in weight control and smoking cessation. Rates of enrollment ranged from 0.1 to 5% for smoking and from 0.3 to 12% for weight after adjusting for estimated prevalence of smoking and obesity. Recruitment rates were positively related to amount of money spent on recruitment per household. Sending sign-up packages only to those returning interest cards was less costly than sending sign-up packages to everyone. Those who received announcements of the program prior to receiving sign-up packages enrolled at a higher rate than those not receiving announcements. Mass media campaigns did not clearly increase enrollment. A flat fee/materials only option was about 10 times more popular than an incentive option which required a deposit and was refunded proportional to success. Enrollees were somewhat older, better educated and less overweight than those enrolling in traditional programs. Average recruitment costs per enrollee ranged from +14 to +27 in the three communities. Total enrollment was 1990 for weight and 298 for smoking across the three communities in what may be the largest direct mail recruitment effort and intervention program of its kind yet attempted.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗