Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “prototype”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Trait and behavioral prototypes of personality disorder.

The author reports a survey of the clinical features used by psychiatrists to diagnose personality disorders. The purpose was to develop definitions of these disorders and to identify behavioral features that could be used as diagnostic criteria. Psychiatrists rated trait and behavioral items describing each disorder for the degree to which they were prototypical of the disorder. Judgments of the prototypical quality of traits and behaviors were found to be equally reliable. Given that behavioral criteria require less inferential judgment, subsequent revisions of criteria to assess personality disorders can employ behavioral criteria in the expectation of improved reliability without loss of validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Volume imaging in fluoroscopy. A clinical prototype system based on a generalized digital tomosynthesis technique.

PURPOSE: This work involves the development of a new digital tomosynthesis technique into a clinical prototype imaging system for the three-dimensional visualization of patient anatomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The multiple projection algorithm (MPA) has been developed into a clinical prototype imaging system comprising a digital chain that is interfaced with an isocentric fluoroscopic unit to form an integrated DTS facility. Planes of varying orientations can be synthesized retrospectively on the basis of an acquired set of appropriate projection images extending over the whole volume of interest. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The system provides an image reconstruction and processing facility that can effectively augment fluoroscopic examinations. Reconstruction times of a few seconds per plane have been achieved. The region of interest can be approached by tracking through cross-sections with user-selected orientations. Anatomical planes of particular interest can be identified and their reconstructed images can be stored. The characteristics of the image presentation modality have the potential to extend the field of current digital tomosynthesis applications to new areas in radiology and other clinical domains.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation within small-diameter (<6 mm) vascular prostheses: a prototype apparatus and procedure.

This article presents a novel, clinically relevant electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation (seeding/sodding) device (U.S. & Foreign Patent Protections Pending) for small-diameter (<6 mm) vascular prostheses. The prototype apparatus was designed and built to tissue engineer 4.0 mm, I.D. GORE-TEX (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.) standard wall graft segments varying in length from 4 to 12 cm. The prototype electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation apparatus is composed of an external and internal conductor, aluminum base, end supports, pillow blocks, filling apparatus, electric motor drive system, and a voltage source. The cylindrical capacitor arrangement of the device along with an electrical potential applied across the internal and external conductors creates the unique feature of this endothelial cell transplantation technique, an electric field within the cylindrical capacitor (within the graft lumen) which in turn induces a temporary positive surface charge on the graft (dielectric material) luminal surface. Multiple studies have shown that a positively charged substrate is more conducive to endothelial cell adhesion and morphological maturation (flattening) (1,2, 7,8,10,13-15). This induced positive surface charge dissipates immediately upon removal from the electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation device. Thus, after endothelial cell adhesion the graft luminal surface reverts back to its natural (nonthrombogenic) negative surface charge.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis↗
PubMed1992

RXPERT: a prototype expert system for formulary decision making.

OBJECTIVE: RXPERT, a prototype, computer-based, expert system that models the decision-making processes for an ambulatory (non-hospital) formulary, is described as an example of how expert systems may be used to support pharmacy decision making. Basic information about expert-system technology is provided through this example. BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted decision making is becoming an important and accepted aspect of complex, health-related decisions. Because expert-system support may become an integral component of future, complex, pharmacy decision making, it is important for pharmacists to become familiar with this technology and its possibilities for supporting pharmacy decisions. METHOD: Expert systems offer the potential advantages of making the human decision-making process explicit, more consistent, easily duplicated in many locations simultaneously, and easy to update and document. Although an expert system is seldom intended to replace human decision makers, it can provide valuable support for complex, multivariable decisions. Typical knowledge-acquisition and knowledge-engineering techniques, as well as the characteristics and structure of expert systems, are described, relative to the development of the RXPERT prototype. CONCLUSIONS: Although RXPERT is not yet in use, the process for using an expert system to support an individual committee member's personal assessment of a drug product is described. Decision-support expert systems are potentially useful to pharmacists in complex decision-making tasks.

Canada↗
PubMed1981

Talonavicular joint surface anatomy and prototype resurfacing prostheses.

The curvature and extent of a joint surface largely determine the type and range of motion possible. The talonavicular surface anatomy of 10 human foot specimens has been determined quantitatively, and the data have been compared with the design parameters for a prototype prosthetic joint. It was found that, in general, the natural talus as compared with the navicular was slightly larger in surface area and in mean arc length, but slightly smaller in mean radius of curvature. The arc length of the joint was found to be generally slightly longer along an axis positioned from slightly medial of dorsal to slightly lateral of ventral. In contrast, no general orientation of the radius of curvature was observed. Also, it was found that the congruency between the talus and navicular surfaces, as indicated by corresponding radii of curvature, varied widely. In comparison to the human specimens, a previously designed prototype talonavicular prosthesis proved somewhat smaller in radius, arc length, and surface area. Experimental studies related to other prosthesis design parameters, besides type and range of motion, are in progress.

Female↗
PubMed1992

MCMI-II diagnosis of borderline personality disorder: base rates versus prototypic items.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) profiles of 26 psychiatric inpatients diagnosed as having borderline personality disorders were compared with profiles of 42 patients with no personality disorders. The borderline group scored significantly higher on the following scales: Disclosure (X), Debasement (Z), Passive-Aggressive (8A), Self-Defeating (8B), Borderline (C), and Major Depression (CC). Differences approaching significance were also found on substance abuse measures: the Alcohol Dependence (B) scale and Drug Dependence (T) scale. These findings are consistent with criteria established in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and the results of other studies utilizing the MCMI-II. In addition, diagnostic efficiency of Scale C was assessed at various cutoff points defined by either base rate (BR) scores or the number of prototypic items endorsed. The greatest efficiency was found when a cutoff of seven or more prototypic items was utilized, with nearly 80% of the patients correctly classified. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for further research.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the development of an ELISA kit for microbiological monitoring. 1. Evaluation of the reliability of the prototype kit by field tests.

The prototype of an ELISA kit using protein A as the second reaction reagent for mice and anti-rat IgG for rats was prepared for seromonitoring of the Sendai virus and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)/sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)/Parker's rat coronavirus (PCV) infections. The respective antigen strains and protein concentrations were Sendai virus MN strain, 2 micrograms/ml and MHV Nu-67 strain, 5 micrograms/ml. The reliability of this prototype kit was investigated in two field tests performed on a total of 10,094 mouse and rat sera from 147 institutions. The results indicated that the two types of kits for the two species of animals were highly specific, but it is necessary to increase the detection sensitivity of the MHV antigen for the MHV antibody of mice and SDAV/PCV antibodies of rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Computed tomography data based rapid prototyping model of the temporal bone before cochlear implant surgery.

Rapid prototyping (RP) technique allows automatic fabrication of 3D model parts. This method was applied to make a temporal bone model before cochlear implant surgery. A helical CT scan is used to acquire high resolution data from the middle and the inner ear of the patient. From the scanning data bone structures and soft tissues can be separated because their different grayscale pixel values. By using a guided image processing tool the desired parts of the anatomy can be extracted and 3D data created. The segmented data are processed to the form suitable for creating a high accuracy RP model. The RP model is made in the stereolithography (SLA) process by means of a computer guided HeCd laser beam inducing polymerisation of acrylic solution as it passes layer by layer over the surface of the polymer solution. In this prototype model the anatomy of the temporal bone can be clearly visualised, including, e.g., mastoid cells, tympanic cavity, bony canal of facial nerve, and round and oval windows. The inner ear spaces including vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlear turn are also shaped. The transparent acrylic material allows bonelike mechanical handling. The RP model can be dissected and used in individual surgical planning and simulation prior to cochlear implantation.

Cochlear Implants↗
PubMed1990

The effect of prototype-based versus attribute-based presentation forms on the acquisition of a medical concept.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effect of two presentation-forms on the acquisition of the concept of shock. It is hypothesized that presenting a prototype facilitates learning and retention of the concept shock compared with verbally enumerating the attributes of the same concept. A group of 106 students from nursing education participated in the experiment. A matched group design guided the assigning of students to different instructional conditions. The instructional program consisted of expository texts, different types of questions and feedback. In the experimental condition eight videotaped typical cases of shock were incorporated in the program. Data-analysis resulted in confirmation of the hypotheses (p less than 0.01), i.e. new instances of shock were identified more frequently by students of the experimental group, while these students were also more able to list commonalities and differences between different cases of shock. This finding supports the prototype-paradigm in concept learning and implies the recommendation to organize lessons in clinical reasoning or diagnostic behavior around typical cases of concepts.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a metabolic prototype to assist in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

This paper describes the principles and prototyping of a computer system to assist in the treatment of patients with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. The system adopts a mixed approach involving rule-based qualitative algebra and a dynamic mathematical model to define the relationships between insulin dosage, diet and glycaemic response. The rule-based system (KBS), implemented in PROLOG, can be used to generate qualitative therapeutic advice. These suggestions are quantified and rank-ordered by the use of a mathematical model of glucose-insulin interaction in type 1 diabetes mellitus, with parameters adjusted for individual patients. In this paper an overview of the integrated prototype, linking the KBS and model, is provided and a case study used to demonstrate the principles of the system in operation. The results of verification and validation work performed on the KBS are described.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a prototype on-line electrical conductivity system for detection of subclinical mastitis.

A prototype on-line system for measurement of electrical conductivity of quarter milk was evaluated for accuracy in detection of subclinical mastitis compared with that of bacteriological culture and SCC of sampled quarters. Because of the low quarter prevalence of mastitis, quarters were sampled conditionally from the signals of the on-line system. All signaled quarters and a random selection of the nonsignaled quarters were sampled. To calculate sensitivity and specificity, the total number of non-signaled quarters was extrapolated. The system identified correctly 18 out of 23 subclinical quarters and 521 out of 555 healthy quarters. Quarter prevalence was about 1%. Predictive value of a positive test (35%) and the predictive value of a negative test (99%) were calculated, as well as sensitivity (25%) and specificity (99%), after extrapolation of the total number of nonsignaled quarters. Because of repeated measurements, sensitivity may be underestimated. When signaled quarters were defined by repeated signals within 14 d, predictive value positive increased to 48%. The prototype on-line system did not detect subclinical mastitis very accurately because of suboptimal test characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Characterization of the viral RNA species of prototype dengue viruses.

Dengue virus isolates have been grown in the Igarashi clone C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells in amounts suitable for biochemical studies. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses have been used to characterize the virion 40 S RNA species of the four prototype dengue (DEN) serotype viruses: DEN 1, Hawaiian strain; DEN 2, New Guinea C strain (both insect and mouse brain passaged derivatives); DEN 3, H-87 strain; and DEN 4, H-241 strain. Comparisons of the largest oligonucleotides derived by ribonuclease T1 digestion of these 40 S DEN virion RNA species indicate that ther are few, if any, large oligonucleotides that are homologous between any two fo the four dengue prototype strains. Preliminary analyses of the 40 S RNA 5' terminal sequence of DEN 3 virion RNA indicate that it has the composition of m7GpppAmpXp.

Aedes↗
PubMed1985

[Learning and prototype formation of artificial categories defined by multidimensional normal distributions].

In order to approximate the variety of natural categories, two kinds of stimuli whose attributes vary according to different multivariate normal distributions are generated on CRT screen. Twenty undergraduate and graduate students served as subjects. Subject's task was to discriminate the stimuli. Results revealed that subject's performance can be explained very well by the parameters of the distributions (Exp.1). Although in previous studies prototypes have been assumed to be the mean value or central tendency of category instances, there is another possibility, especially when two or more concepts are simultaneously learned, that they have attributes which are emphasized. This hypothesis was confirmed in Exp.2, using 30 undergraduates as subjects. It was argued that we must distinguish at least two kinds of prototypes: the one formed by the most frequent instances and the other the most discriminate in contrast with the other concepts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Facilitating higher order thinking skills in nurse education: a prototype database for teaching wound assessment and management skills.

The introduction of university based nurse education in Australia has nursing students spending more time in the classroom and less time in clinical settings. This decrease in clinical exposure may result in reduced opportunities for students to develop pertinent patient assessment and management skills. This is particularly true of skills required for effective wound assessment and management. Computerised databases offer an innovative method of teaching or refining these skills in a cost and time-effective manner without risk to patients or students. Such technology can also provide important grounding in data identification, hypothesis testing, problem solving and clinical decision making skills. This paper explores the underlying pedagogical principles of database use and describes the development of the prototype closed database, DECUBITUS. The prototype database included the following data fields; physical assessment, clinical diagnosis, risk assessment, wound assessment and treatment modality. The introduction of more sophisticated databases will permit the storage of visual images of actual wounds thus providing an additional dimension to the teaching of wound assessment and management.

Australia↗
PubMed1989

Rapid prototyping for healthcare applications.

One way automation can increase efficiency is through rapid prototyping, particularly of user interfaces. AI and logic programming, argues this author, offer good user interface tools and a suitable prototyping environment.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1998

The AEDMI project, an example of prototype development for a clinical decision helping system.

The AEDMI project, carried out in the Bellvitge University Hospital, near Barcelona, is proposed as an example of clinical decision system prototype development. Several difficulties have been encountered to develop this project. One of them was to find the adequate understanding for the project and proper funding for personnel resources. The support by FIS grants and from the hospital structures was essential to the survival of the project; however the resources always have been below the real needs for development. The difficulties with clinical coding systems, the excessive expectancies upon prototypes, and the lack of culture in information methods were other relevant hinders. The complexity of clinical realm, the uncertainty of medical decisions, and the current trends to substitute the clinical information by data obtained from electronic devices, or analytical monitoring of patients, are additional problems for clinical information managing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Implementation of a fuzzy prototype-based machine learning method to predict myocardial infarction from coronary angiography.

Formal knowledge on the predictive value of morphological angiographic factors is lacking to estimate the risk of myocardial infarction. This article presents a computer system for predicting the incidence of myocardial infarction from angiographic morphological descriptions of coronary lesions. The system includes two phases. The learning phase consists in extracting from a large database of described stenoses two classes represented by one or several fuzzy prototypes. One class corresponds to stenoses leading to infarction and the other to stenoses not leading to that event. The evaluation phase consists in classifying a stenosis according to its morphological characteristics in one of these two classes. The learning method is based on a fuzzy supervised Machine Learning algorithm that combines some aspects of the K-nearest neighbours clustering approach with a defined measure of similarity, and a prototype induction function from the most similar stenoses, taking into account their degree of typicality. The current results of the evaluation phase to correctly predicted X% stenoses for their risk of myocardial infarction. This article emphasizes the feasibility of the approach, however, the learning phase relies on some heuristics that should be validated to get a formal evaluation of the system.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1992

DentLE. The Dental Learning Environment: a prototype demonstration.

DentLE, the Dental Learning Environment is a hypermedia software system being prototyped as part of a research and development project at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine. The design seeks to reach beyond single discipline software or cases, and integrate a range of patient problems within a comprehensive dental knowledge base. The approach is to use computer and hypermedia technology to weave together the disciplines of dentistry so that learning occurs in relation to patients, as they appear in the real world. The DentLE system prototype allows the learner to explore information in all the disciplines related to patient problems, as well as other information including "blind alleys" and results of curiosity.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗