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PubMed1987

Rathke cleft cysts: CT, MR imaging, and pathologic features.

The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in seven patients with pathologically proved Rathke cleft cysts. All the cysts were located in the anterior sella turcica or the anterior suprasellar cistern. Five cysts had both intra- and suprasellar components, one was entirely intrasellar, and the other was predominantly suprasellar in location. The size of the cysts ranged from 8 to 20 mm. CT scans demonstrated low-density homogeneous lesions in four cases. On MR images of three of these four cases, the cysts had the same intensity as cerebrospinal fluid on T1- and T2-weighted images, while in the fourth case, the cyst was hyperintense on the T1-weighted images. In the remaining three cases, CT showed slight hyperdensity relative to brain parenchyma, suggestive of contrast enhancement. MR showed signal heterogeneity of these lesions with focal components of diminished signal intensity of T2-weighted images. These same foci appeared iso- to slightly hyperintense on T1-weighted images.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological correlates of meningiomas.

We examined the relationships between specific magnetic resonance imaging features and certain gross and microscopic characteristics of meningiomas, including vascularity, gross texture (consistency), and venous sinus involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging scans, surgery reports, and the histopathological findings of tumors were examined retrospectively in 54 patients. Sinus involvement was accurately predicted on T1-weighted images in 9 of 10 cases (P = 0.001) and tumors with cystic changes in 3 of 3 cases. T1-weighted images were not useful for predicting vascularity unless actual flow voids could be visualized (five of six cases). There was no correlation between T1 signal intensity, tumor consistency, or histological findings. In tumors without detectable vascularity on T1-weighted images, hyperintensity relative to gray matter on T2-weighted images was correlated with increased vascularity (P = 0.004). Tumors with soft consistency (P = 0.007), cellular atypia, invasion, angioblastic, or melanocytic components were also hyperintense, compared with gray matter on T2-weighted images (P = 0.0266). Aggressive meningiomas were found to be more vascular (P = 0.045). No correlation was found between the degree of surrounding edema or contrast enhancement with histopathological findings, vascularity, or consistency.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

Clinical, imaging and pathological correlates of a hereditary deficit in verb and action processing.

Selective verb and noun deficits have been observed in a number of neurological conditions and their occurrence has been interpreted as evidence for different neural networks underlying the processing of specific word categories. We describe the first case of a familial occurrence of a selective deficit of verb processing. Father (Individual I) and son (Individual II) developed a movement disorder resembling progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and associated with dementia. A second child of Individual II remained symptom-free on consecutive examinations. The dissociation between the processing of nouns and verbs in Individuals I and II was confirmed with different methods, including a longitudinal assessment of naming, comprehension, picture and word association, as well as a lexical decision task. The difference remained stable on follow-up testing despite overall deterioration. It was associated with left-sided frontal hypometabolism on FDG-PET imaging (Individual II) and with ubiquitin-positive inclusions on post-mortem examination (Individual I). The association of a selective verb deficit with a familial movement disorder raises the question whether related genetic factors might influence both movements and their abstract conceptual representations in the form of action verbs. By demonstrating a link between pathology, genetics, imaging and abstract cognitive impairments this study advances our understanding of degenerative brain disease with implications for both neuroscience and clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Parotid tumors: MR imaging with pathological correlation.

Most parotid tumors grow slowly, whether benign or malignant; thus, it is difficult to predict the malignant or benign nature of a tumor clinically. Magnetic resonance imaging may have a place in the diagnostic work-up of parotid tumors. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the MR imaging findings of parotid tumors and to correlate them to pathologic findings. The MR imaging may be helpful in differentiation of benign and malignant tumors of the parotid gland, and can provide important clues in the diagnosis of their histologies.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1997

Imaging and pathological features of primary malignant rhabdoid tumours of the brain and spine.

In this article two cases of primary malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumour are described. In the affected children the brain and the spinal cord were the primary sites of origin of the tumour. The imaging findings are presented and the pathology discussed. Although the imaging features are non-specific, rhabdoid tumour should be included in the differential diagnosis of childhood intracranial and spinal neoplasms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR imaging of pathologic abdominal fluid collections.

A retrospective comparison was made of the capability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT to display and characterize pathologic abdominal fluid collections. Fluid collections in 41 patients were analyzed: ascites (seven patients), hematoma (five), pancreatic pseudocyst (four), biloma (two), abscess (four), simple renal cyst (nine), hemorrhagic renal cyst (two), hydronephrosis (four), hemonephrosis (two), and cystic metastases (two). Most fluid collections were equally demonstrated by the two modalities. Walls around fluid collections were better demonstrated CT. Six fluid collections appeared heterogeneous on MR but were homogeneous or nearly so on CT.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1994

[Comparison between MR imaging and pathological findings of the liver and VX2 carcinoma in rabbits after ethanol injection].

Ethanol injection was performed in the liver and VX2 carcinoma in rabbits and we evaluated changes with time by MR imaging, including dynamic study, and pathological findings. In the liver, the necrotic region was demonstrated as an area of low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and one of high intensity on T2-weighted images. Dynamic study after one and two weeks showed no enhancement in the necrotic region. But after a month, the pathologic analysis revealed growth of abundant fibrous stroma replacing the necrotic region, and progressive, concentric enhancement was seen in the necrotic region on dynamic study. On T1-weighted images obtained after the administration of contrast medium, delayed enhancement suggesting that the necrosis contained tissue with abundant interstitial space was seen. In VX2 carcinoma, the necrosis in the tumor was demonstrated as an iso or high signal intensity area on T1-weighted images and an area of low intensity on T2-weighted images, and did not show enhancement as in the dynamic study of the liver. From the pathological analysis, the presence or absence of space containing water among the necrotic cells was suggested to be responsible for these different findings on T1- and T2-weighted images between the liver and VX2 carcinoma after ethanol injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Necrotic areas in VX2 carcinoma of rabbits. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic appearance.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating the evolution of tumor necrosis, the authors evaluated 28 VX2 carcinomas inoculated in the thigh muscles of rabbits. METHODS: MRI of VX2 carcinomas at 2.0 T was done with spin-echo technique 1 week (14 tumors) and 3 weeks (14 tumors) after the inoculation of tumor cells. T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained with 500/30 and 2,500/80 sequences; the authors also performed enhanced T1-weighted images with contrast medium. MRI and histopathologic findings were compared. RESULTS: Enhanced T1-weighted images with gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) (dimeglumine gadopentetate) could depict necrosis in almost all tumors (27/28) and were the most sensitive technique followed by T2- and T1-weighted images. T2-weighted images best permitted the evaluation of the characteristics of necrotic areas in VX2 carcinomas, followed by T1-weighted images with contrast enhancement, and unenhanced T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images, low-intensity areas of necrotic areas correspond to areas of early necrosis, isointense areas corresponded to areas of intermediate necrosis, and high-intensity areas corresponded to the late phase of necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is useful in depicting necrosis and characterizing different phases of necrosis in VX2 carcinomas.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Chondro-osseous differentiation in fat tissue tumors: magnetic resonance imaging with pathological correlation.

Chondro-osseous differentiation of three benign or malignant fat tissue tumors--two chondrolipomas and a liposarcoma with cartilaginous metaplasia--was studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and compared with their pathological findings. The results suggest that demarcation of cartilage tissue can be clearly defined on MR imaging when the size of the cartilaginous area is large. Myxoid matrix, degenerative fat tissue and lipodystrophic change may decrease the delineation of the cartilage tissue.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

Digital staining for multispectral images of pathological tissue specimens based on combined classification of spectral transmittance.

In this study, the digital transformation (digital staining) of the 16-band multispectral image of a hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained pathological specimen to its Masson's trichrome (MT) stained counterpart is addressed. The digital staining procedure involves the classification of the various H&E-stained tissue components and then the transformation of their transmittance spectra to their equivalent MT-stained transmittance configurations. Combination of transmittance classifiers were designed to classify the various tissue components found in the multispectral images of an HE-stained specimen, e.g. nucleus, cytoplasm, red blood cell (RBC), fibrosis, etc.; while pseudo-inverse method was used to obtain the transformation matrices that would translate the transmittance spectra of the classified HE-stained multispectral pixels to their MT-stained configurations. To generate the digitally stained image, weighting factors, which were based on the classifiers beliefs, were introduced to the generated transformation matrices. Initial results of our experiments on liver specimens show the viability of multispectral imaging (MSI) to implement a digital staining framework in the pathological context.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2003

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations.

We examined MRI of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), with calculation of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC). The pathology findings of one patient were compared with those of MRI. The lesions had different ADC and DWI appearances, depending on the stage of the disease. Newer lesions and the advancing edge of large lesions had normal-to-low ADC and gave high signal on DWI. Older lesions and the centre of large lesions had increased ADC and gave low signal. High signal on DWI and low ADC mark the regions of active infection and cell swelling, distinguishing them from areas of reparative gliosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Imaging skin pathology with polarized light.

Linearly polarized light that illuminates skin is backscattered by superficial layers and rapidly depolarized by birefringent collagen fibers. It is possible to distinguish such superficially backscattered light from the total diffusely reflected light that is dominated by light penetrating deeply into the dermis. The method involves acquisition of two images through an analyzing linear polarizer in front of the camera, one image (I(par)) acquired with the analyzer oriented parallel to the polarization of illumination and one image (I(per)) acquired with the analyzer oriented perpendicular to the illumination. An image based on the polarization ratio, Pol=(I(par)-I(per))/(I(par)+I(per)), is created. This paper compares normal light images, represented by I(per), and Pol images of various skin pathologies in a pilot clinical study using incoherent visible-spectrum light. Images include pigmented skin sites (freckle, tattoo, pigmented nevi) and unpigmented skin sites [nonpigmented intradermal nevus, neurofibroma, actinic keratosis, malignant basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, vascular abnormality (venous lake), burn scar]. Images of a shadow cast from a razor blade onto a forearm skin site illustrate the behavior of Pol values near the shadow edge. Near the shadow edge, Pol approximately doubles in value because no I(per) photons are superficially scattered into the shadow-edge pixels by the shadow region while I(par) photons are directly backscattered from the superficial layer of these pixels. This result suggests that the point spread function in skin for cross-talk between Pol pixels has a half-width-half-max of about 390 microm.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imaging and pathologic features of myelolipoma.

Myelolipoma is a benign tumor consisting of mature fat interspersed with hematopoietic elements resembling bone marrow. Imaging findings in a large series of pathologically proved cases of myelolipoma were correlated with the pathologic and histologic features of the lesions. Myelolipoma manifests in four distinct clinicopathologic patterns: isolated adrenal myelolipoma, adrenal myelolipoma with hemorrhage, extraadrenal myelolipoma, and myelolipoma associated with other adrenal disease. Myelolipoma is difficult or impossible to detect at plain radiography unless the lesion is large and predominantly fatty. At ultrasound, myelolipoma often has heterogeneous echogenicity due to its typically nonuniform architecture. Computed tomography (CT) frequently demonstrates large amounts of fat with areas of interspersed higher-attenuation tissue. At magnetic resonance imaging, predominantly fatty areas usually have increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and moderate hyperintensity complicated by the presence of marrowlike elements in the corresponding regions on T2-weighted images. The imaging appearance of myelolipoma is altered by the presence of hemorrhage. In such cases, CT is the most accurate method for evaluation. Knowledge of the imaging characteristics of myelolipoma usually allows presumptive diagnosis, although percutaneous needle biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis in cases of extraadrenal myelolipoma. Surgical excision is unnecessary unless the diagnosis is unclear or the lesion is symptomatic. Asymptomatic, nonhemorrhagic myelolipomas do not require therapy.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Staging of intraosseous extent of osteosarcoma: correlation of preoperative CT and MR imaging with pathologic macroslides.

The accuracy of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the measurement of intraosseous tumor extent in 17 cases of osteosarcoma of an extremity was compared with macroslides of surgical specimens. Longitudinal intraosseous extension of tumor from the adjacent articular surface was measured on imaging studies and macroslides to the nearest millimeter. The average difference between macroslide and CT measurements (15 cases) was 16.5 mm +/- 10.7, and the average difference between macroslide and MR imaging measurements (17 cases) was 4.9 mm +/- 4.3. However, much of the latter difference appears to be caused by use of a different plane of section in MR imaging compared with that in macroslides, since in a subgroup of five specimens with an identical plane of section, the average difference was 1.8 mm +/- 1.6. The authors conclude that MR imaging is extremely accurate in the assessment of intraosseous extent of osteosarcoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Adrenal myelolipoma: comparison of diagnostic imaging and pathological findings.

Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare, benign, nonfunctioning lesion consisting of fat and bone marrow elements in varying proportions. This tumor is commonly asymptomatic and usually discovered during various diagnostic imaging examinations performed for unrelated diseases. If a primary malignant or metastatic adrenal tumor cannot be excluded, ultrasound- or computed tomography-guided needle biopsy of the tumor is necessary. We report a case of adrenal myelolipoma associated with advanced gastric carcinoma and compare the diagnostic imaging findings with the pathological findings of the adrenal myelolipoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scrotal pathology in pediatrics with sonographic imaging.

Scrotal pathology in pediatrics ranges from the more benign hydrocele and varicocele to acute testicular torsion requiring emergent surgery. Malignant testicular tumors can be insidious in onset or may present acutely when trauma brings a swollen scrotum to the patient's or physician's attention. Three common conditions can present as an acute scrotum, all of which can suggest testicular torsion clinically. Epididymitis often has a less acute onset than testicular torsion, although it does not always present with a straightforward diagnosis. Although it is generally an inflammatory process affecting males from 9 to 14 years of age, it can be seen in younger males with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease. Torsion of the appendix of the testis and epididymis can present acutely and mimic acute testicular torsion and generally occurs from 6 to 12 years of age. Testicular torsion itself usually occurs from 12 to 18 years of age and usually results from the anatomical "bell-and-clapper" deformity. Infarction of the testis can occur within as early as 4 to 6 hours after torsion, depending on the duration of symptoms and degree of twist of the spermatic cord. Advances in ultrasound technology in recent years have made ultrasound the examination of choice for imaging scrotal pathology, whether acute or chronic in nature. Doppler technology has tremendously increased the radiologist's ability to assess flow within the prepubertal testicle, which allows assessment of viability in the undescended testis as well as in neonatal torsion. The ability of ultrasound to diagnose the pathogenesis of the acute scrotum is unsurpassed by any other imaging modality. Ultrasound is a readily available, noninvasive examination without radiation that provides excellent anatomic detail and serves as an important and tremendously helpful imaging modality in all types of pediatric scrotal pathology.

Adolescent↗