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PubMed2000

Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft-tissue animal and human bite wound infections.

We studied the comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773, a new ketolide, against 268 aerobic and 148 anaerobic recent isolates from clinical bites using an agar dilution method and inocula of 10(4) CFU/spot for aerobes and 10(5) CFU for anaerobes. The following are the MIC ranges and MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90)s) of ABT-773 for various isolates, respectively: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella septica, 0.125 to 2 and 1 microg/ml; other Pasteurella species, 0.125 to 1 and 0.5 microg/ml; Corynebacterium spp., 0.015 to 0.06 and 0.015 microg/ml; Staphylococcus aureus, 0.03 to 0.06 and 0.06 microg/ml; coagulase-negative staphylococci, 0.015 to >32 and 32 microg/ml; streptococci, 0.015 to 0.03 and 0.03 microg/ml; Eikenella corrodens, 0.25 to 1 and 1 microg/ml; and Bergeyella zoohelcum, 0.03 to 0.25 and 0.06 microg/ml. For anaerobes the MIC ranges and MIC(90)s of ABT-773 were as follows, respectively: Prevotella heparinolytica, 0. 06 to 0.125 and 0.125 microg/ml; Prevotella spp., 0.015 to 0.125 and 0.06 microg/ml; Porphyromonas spp., 0.015 to 0.03 and 0.015 microg/ml; Fusobacterium nucleatum, 0.5 to 8 and 8 microg/ml; other Fusobacterium spp., 0.015 to 8 and 0.5 microg/ml; Bacteroides tectum, 0.015 to 0.5 and 0.06 microg/ml; and Peptostreptococcus spp., 0.015 to 0.25 and 0.03 microg/ml. ABT-773 was more active than all macrolides tested against S. aureus, E. corrodens, and anaerobes, but all compounds were poorly active against F. nucleatum. The activity of ABT-773 was within 1 dilution of that of azithromycin against Pasteurella spp., and ABT-773 was four- to eightfold more active than clarithromycin against Pasteurella spp. ABT-773 may offer a therapeutic alternative for bite wound infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

In vitro activities of ABT-773, a new ketolide, against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.

The comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 207 aerobic and 162 anaerobic antral sinus puncture isolates showed that erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal strains were susceptible to ABT-773 (< or =0.125 microg/ml); the MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited for Haemophilus influenzae and other Haemophilus spp. was 4 microg/ml; and all Moraxella spp. and beta-lactamase-producing Prevotella species strains were inhibited by < or =0.125 microg/ml. Among the anaerobes tested, only fusobacteria (45%) required > or =4 microg of ABT-773/ml for inhibition. ABT-773 may offer a therapeutic alternative for sinus infections.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

In vitro activities of the des-fluoro(6) Quinolone BMS-284756 against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections.

BMS-284756, a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone, was very active against 240 aerobic and 180 anaerobic isolates from bite victims. It inhibited 403 of 420 (96%) isolates, including those of Moraxella spp., CDC group EF-4, and Eikenella corrodens at < or = 2 microg/ml and those of all Pasteurella spp. and Bergeyella zoohelcum at < or = 0.015 microg/ml. Fusobacterium russii and 6 of 11 Fusobacterium nucleatum isolates of animal bite origin were resistant, but isolates of human bite origin were susceptible, which suggests that they were of a different subspecies.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Baseline study to determine in vitro activities of daptomycin against gram-positive pathogens isolated in the United States in 2000-2001.

The activity of daptomycin was assessed by using 6,973 gram-positive bacteria isolated at 50 United States hospitals in 2000 and 2001. Among the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 1,163) collected, the rate of penicillin resistance was 16.1%; rates of oxacillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 1,018) and vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates (n = 368) were 30.0 and 59.5%, respectively. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes (isolates resistant to three or more different chemical classes of antimicrobial agents) accounted for 14.2% of S. pneumoniae isolates, 27.1% of S. aureus isolates, and 58.4% of E. faecium isolates. For all gram-positive species tested, MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited (MIC(90)s) and MIC ranges for directed-spectrum agents (daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid) were identical or highly similar for isolates susceptible or resistant to other agents or MDR. Daptomycin had a MIC(90) of 0.12 micro g/ml for both penicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae. Against oxacillin-resistant S. aureus daptomycin had a MIC(90) of 0.5 micro g/ml, and it had a MIC(90) of 4 micro g/ml against both vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant E. faecium. The MIC(90)s for daptomycin and other directed-spectrum agents were unaffected by the regional or anatomical origin of isolates or patient demographic parameters (patient age, gender, and inpatient or outpatient care). Our results confirm the gram-positive spectrum of activity of daptomycin and that its activity is independent of susceptibility or resistance to commonly prescribed and tested antimicrobial agents. This study may serve as a baseline to monitor future changes in the susceptibility of gram-positive species to daptomycin following its introduction into clinical use.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.

ABT-492 exhibited excellent in vitro activities against all 326 aerobic and anaerobic antral puncture sinus isolates tested with MICs (in micrograms per milliliter) at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited as follows: Haemophilus influenzae, 0.001; Moraxella catarrhalis, 0.008; and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.015. It was four- to sixfold more active than other fluoroquinolones, including against levofloxacin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Prevotella species.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2001

Nocardia africana sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from patients with pulmonary infections.

Eight actinomycete strains, isolated from 8 out of 400 sputum samples examined, taken from patients with pulmonary diseases at the Chest Unit of Khartoum Teaching Hospital in the Sudan, were provisionally assigned to the genus Nocardia according to morphological criteria. These isolates were studied further in order to establish their taxonomic status. They were found to have morphological and chemical properties typical of nocardiae and formed a monophyletic clade in the 16S ribosomal DNA tree together with Nocardia vaccinii. The strains showed a unique pattern of phenotypic properties that distinguished them from representatives of recognized Nocardia species, including Nocardia vaccinii. The strains were considered to merit species status and were designated Nocardia africana sp. nov. The findings of the present study are consistent with the view that pulmonary nocardiosis may occur in a substantial proportion of patients who exhibit chronic lung diseases in African countries. It is important, therefore, that clinicians in such countries consider this condition, especially when patients with respiratory infections fail to respond to antitubercular therapy.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Nocardia mexicana sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from human mycetomas.

Three isolates collected from human mycetomas and showing an unusual brownish purple pigmentation on Bennett agar plates were analyzed by a polyphasic taxonomic approach, including morphological, biochemical, physiological, and chemotaxonomic properties coupled with genomic and phylogenetic analysis. It clearly appeared that these microorganisms were distinct from their closest phenotypic and genetic match, the most related species according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis being Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. The data obtained indicated that the three clinical strains should be recognized as a new species for which the name Nocardia mexicana sp. nov. is proposed.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Nocardia arthritidis sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan.

Two different bacterial strains with different drug susceptibilities were isolated from the sputum and an inflammatory discharge from a swelling in the left thigh of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Both bacterial strains were provisionally assigned to the genus Nocardia on the basis of their morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics and were further studied in order to establish their taxonomic status. One strain (IFM 10034) was identified as Nocardia farcinica on the basis of its physiological characteristics. The other strain, which was designated Nocardia sp. strain IFM 10035(T), revealed a unique pattern of phenotypic properties that distinguished it from other representatives of established Nocardia species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies of Nocardia sp. strain IFM 10035(T) also showed that the bacterium was closely related to the species Nocardia beijingensis. Determination of DNA-DNA relatedness, however, indicated that Nocardia sp. strain IFM 10035(T) could be delineated from N. beijingensis. The genotypic and phenotypic data combined indicated that the bacterium merits description as a new Nocardia species. The name proposed for the new species is Nocardia arthritidis sp. nov., the type strain being IFM 10035(T) (NBRC 100137(T), JCM 12120(T), DSM44731(T)). The present study suggests that Nocardia infections can be caused by multiple species of the bacterium.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Porphyromonas somerae sp. nov., a pathogen isolated from humans and distinct from porphyromonas levii.

Porphyromonas levii is an anaerobic, pigmented gram-negative bacillus originally isolated from bovine rumen. We describe 58 human clinical strains of P. levii-like organisms, isolated from various human clinical specimens that are phenotypically similar to the type strain of P. levii, a rumen isolate (ATCC 29147). Our biochemical, comparative 16S rRNA sequence analyses, and DNAlpha-DNA relatedness studies indicate that the human P. levii-like organisms are similar to each other but genetically different from the P. levii type strain isolated from bovine rumen. We therefore propose the name Porphyromonas somerae to encompass the human P. levii-like organisms. P. somerae was predominantly isolated from patients with chronic skin and soft tissue or bone infections, especially in the lower extremities.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The plasmid profiles of fish pathogenic isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, and Vibrio ordalii from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada.

The plasmid profiles of oxytetracycline- and streptomycin-resistant isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, and Vibrio ordalii were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Bacterial isolates were from disease outbreaks in fish on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Resistant isolates were examined when grown in the presence and absence of antibiotic. Alkaline lysis methods were used for plasmid isolation. Vibrio spp. were predominantly plasmidless, except for a 47-kilobase (kb) plasmid. Atlantic coast isolates of A. salmonicida possessed four or six plasmids, with four smaller plasmids ranging in size from 4.3 to 8.1 kb being consistently observed. The plasmid profiles of antibiotic-sensitive ATCC strains were identical. The plasmid profiles of the Pacific coast isolates of A. salmonicida varied slightly from those of the Atlantic coast isolates with six plasmids observed, ranging in size from 4.2 to 8.9 kb. Resistance to the antibiotics was not altered following plasmid curing experiments and resistance was not transferable to Escherichia coli. Thus, resistance to oxytetracycline and streptomycin did not appear to be plasmid mediated.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1996

In vitro activity of cefdinir against respiratory pathogens isolated in Sicily with reference to beta-lactamase production.

The in vitro activity of cefdinir (CI-983, FK-482), an orally absorbed aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was evaluated against all 287 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in comparison with cefaclor, cefuroxime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole. The bactericidal activity of cefdinir, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin was determined against H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae. With the exception of one beta-lactamase negative ampicillin-resistant strain of H. influenzae (resistant to all antibiotics tested), no resistance to cefdinir was observed (MIC < or = 1 mg/l). Cefdinir was active against H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and M. catarrhalis regardless of whether or not they produced beta-lactamase. In general, the inhibitory concentrations of cefdinir against H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and M. catarrhalis were similar to those of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, one or two dilutions lower than those of cefuroxime and four dilutions lower than those of cefaclor and cotrimoxazole. Against S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes cefdinir had the same activity as cefuroxime and amoxicillin but was more effective than the other antibiotics tested. Kinetic studies showed that cefdinir was rapidly bactericidal at concentrations 2 and 4 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): a reduction of 99.9% in CFU values was generally observed after 6-8 h.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens isolated from dairy herds in the west littoral region of Uruguay.

A total of 522 strains belonging to streptococci, enterococci and staphylococci isolated from sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis from the west littoral region of Uruguay were analysed for their susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents. The susceptibility patterns were studied by agar disk diffusion methods (ADDM) and broth micro-dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The concentration that inhibits 90% (MIC90) of the analysed strains reported in micrograms per millilitre, for Staphylococcus aureus were > 8, 8, < or = 0.5, < or = 4, < or = 1, < or = 0.5, > 64, < or = 0.25, 0.5, < or = 1 and < or = 1 to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalotin, gentamicin, erythromycin, oxitetracycline, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, neomycin, and clindamycin, respectively. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) had different values for penicillin (4) and ampicillin (2), while the other antimicrobial agents had the same MIC90 values as reported for S. aureus. The MIC90 values for streptococci were 0.12, 0.25, < or = 4, 16, < or = 0.25, 0.5, 0.25 for penicillin, ampicillin, cephalotin, gentamicin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, whereas MIC90 for enterococci were 4, 4, 4, < or = 0.5, 2, > 8 for penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Of 336 strains of S. aureus, 160 (47.6%) were resistant to penicillin. For 41 CNS strains, 10 (27%) presented penicillin-resistance. All the streptococcal strains were susceptible to penicillin, while 3 (7%) of the 43 enteroccocal strains were resistant. Non significant statistical differences were found between the results obtained by ADDM and broth micro-dilution for classifying bacterial isolates as susceptible or resistant according to the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Patients with Bloodstream Infections in Latin America, 1997: Frequency of Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.

We report the antimicrobial susceptibility of 736 organisms isolated from bloodstream infections in 10 Latin American medical centers during the first six months of 1997. The data presented here is from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, a comprehensive surveillance study involving 72 medical centers worldwide. The isolates ivere tested for in in vitro susceptibility to 35 antimicrobial agents by the broth microdilution method. The five most frequently isolated species were (n/%): Staphylococcus aureus (1 65/22.4%), Escherichia coli(118/16.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS - 115/15.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51/6.9%), Klebsiella spp. (46/ 6.3%). Susceptibility to oxacillin was 70.9% for S. aureus and only 33.9% for CoNS. Vancomycin was active against all of staphylococci, while teicoplanin was active against 99.4% of S. aureus and only 90.4% of CoNS. The new fluoroquinolones sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, and trovafloxacin, and the streptogramin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, were very active against these species. Only one vancomycin-resistant enterococcus was detected; however, high-level aminoglycoside resistance rates were common (66.7%). E. coli and Klebsiella spp. showed low susceptibilities for cefotaxime (90.7% and 41.3%) and for cefoxitin (85.6% and 78.3% respectively), indicating a high frequency of isolates that produce ESBL and/or stably derepressed ampC enzymes. These strains, phenotypically consistent with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, were typed using ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The most active compounds (M IC90 in µg/mL /% susceptibility) against P. aeruginosa were meropenem (2 /94.1%), followed by amikacin (>32 / 86.3%), and piperacillin alone or with tazobactam (128/84.3%). Ceftazidime and cefepime showed similar activity (70.6% susceptibility) and levofloxacin was the most active fluoroquinolone (MI C50 &lte; 0.5; 76.5% susceptibility) against this gram-negative species. These results show the unique pattern of bloodstream isolates for Latin America and they demonstrate the present utility of several classes of compounds against emerging antimicrobial-resistant species in this region.

Journal Article↗