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PubMed1998

Crystallized and fluid intelligence in elderly patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type.

To examine early intellectual deficits in elderly patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), 25 mildly impaired patients with DAT and 25 normal controls were compared using the Japanese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The two groups did not differ significantly in age, years of education, or sex ratio. Based on Horn's modified fluid and crystallized model, the WAIS-R subtests were classified into two categories (i.e., fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence). The DAT group showed a significantly lower crystallized intelligence score, whereas the fluid intelligence scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. When the subtests were examined individually, the subtests for crystallized intelligence (i.e., information, comprehension, and similarities) were found to show the most significant deficits. These results suggest that elderly subjects with mild DAT have more impaired crystallized intelligence than those without dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

Dysarthria of adult cerebral palsy: I. Intelligibility and articulatory impairment.

The speech intelligibility and articulatory impairment of 32 spastic and 18 athetoid males, aged 17-55, were examined. Selection was based on a definite diagnosis of cerebral palsy, and adequate intelligence, hearing, and ability to perform the required tasks. Two estimates of speech intelligibility were obtained from naive listeners: single words correctly recognized and prose intelligibility rating. Diadochokinetic (DDK) syllable rates and percent correct articulation of selected phonemes were employed as indices of articulatory impairment. The 50 subjects were, on average, judged to be 50% intelligible on both intelligibility estimates. Group mean DDK rate was 2.9 syllables per second and 78% of phonemes were transcribed as correctly articulated. :The mean scores of the spastic subjects were superior to the athetoids on all speech measures, significantly so for single-word intelligibility and DDK rate even when group inequalities for physical disability and I.Q. were adjusted. In this sample, spastics were less physically disabled and had lower I.Q.'s than athetoids. Specific phonemic features characteristic of the dysarthria in cerebral-palsied subjects were: (1) anterior lingual place inaccuracy; (2) reduced precision of fricative and affricate manners; and (3) inability to achieve the extreme positions in the vowel articulatory space. A comparison of these results with those reported for children with cerebral palsy suggests that the consonantal place and manner problems are fairly stable features of cerebral palsy dysarthria.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and adult intelligence in male offspring.

An association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and cognitive and behavioural development has been observed in several studies, but potential effects of maternal smoking on offspring adult intelligence have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate a potential association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring intelligence in young adulthood. Adult intelligence was assessed at the mean age of 18.7 years by a military draft board intelligence test (Borge Priens Prove) for 3044 singleton males from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort with information regarding maternal smoking during the third trimester coded into five categories (about 50% of the mothers were smokers). The following potential confounders were included as covariates in multivariable analyses: parental social status and education, single mother status, mother's height and age, number of pregnancies, and gestational age. In separate analyses, birthweight and length were also included as covariates. Maternal cigarette smoking during the third trimester, adjusted for the seven covariates, showed a negative association with offspring adult intelligence (P=0.0001). The mean difference between the no-smoking and the heaviest smoking category amounted to 0.41 standard deviation, corresponding to an IQ difference of 6.2 points [95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.68]. The association remained significant when further adjusted for birthweight and length (P=0.007). Both unadjusted and adjusted means suggested a dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adult intelligence. When subjects with missing data were excluded, essentially the same results were obtained in the reduced sample (n=1829). These results suggest that smoking during pregnancy may have long-term negative consequences on offspring adult intelligence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Shared genetic architecture between ADHD and intelligence varies across ADHD subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition frequently accompanied by cognitive difficulties. Although previous genetic studies have demonstrated substantial overlap between ADHD and intelligence, most have treated ADHD as a single phenotype. However, whether this shared genetic architecture differs across ADHD subtypes remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a genome-wide cross-trait analysis integrating large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets of overall ADHD, its subtypes-childhood ADHD, persistent ADHD, and late-diagnosed ADHD-and intelligence (total N > 300,000). Genome-wide genetic correlations, polygenic overlap, local genetic correlations, and variant-level associations between ADHD phenotypes and intelligence were evaluated to characterize their shared genetic architecture. Shared variants were identified through cross-trait enrichment analyses and subsequently mapped to genes for functional annotation and gene-set enrichment. Bidirectional associations were evaluated using two-sample Mendelian randomization with sensitivity analyses. Additional GWAS datasets were used to validate the robustness of shared loci by assessing the consistency of effect directions. RESULTS: All ADHD phenotypes showed significant negative genetic correlations with intelligence (rg ranging from -0.3442 to -0.4205). Despite these modest genome-wide correlations, cross-trait analyses revealed substantial genetic overlap, including polygenic overlap, local genetic correlations, and variant-level associations. We identified 184 loci jointly associated with ADHD traits and intelligence, including 64 novel loci, whereas no shared loci were detected for persistent ADHD under the current analysis. Functional annotation revealed biologically distinct enrichment patterns across subtypes: childhood ADHD loci were linked to early neurodevelopmental processes, while late-diagnosed ADHD loci were enriched in synapse-related and neuronal signaling pathways. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested bidirectional associations, with stronger evidence supporting a directional association from intelligence to ADHD risk. Furthermore, these shared loci showed largely consistent effect directions across additional GWAS datasets, providing support for the robustness of the findings. CONCLUSIONS: The shared genetic architecture between ADHD and intelligence varies across ADHD subtypes, highlighting distinct biological pathways underlying cognitive heterogeneity in ADHD. These findings suggest that the relationship between ADHD liability and general cognitive ability is not uniform across ADHD subtypes and may inform future research on risk stratification and early identification in child and adolescent psychiatry.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Functional correlations of spatial quantitative EEG and intelligences in a nonalphabetical language group.

This study investigated any functional correlations between intelligences and spatially recorded quantitative electroencephalograms (QEEGs) in a nonalphabetical language group. Participants, between 6 and 8 years old, were sampled in a teaching hospital located at the central Taiwan region. The Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) intelligence test and quantitative electroencephalograph recording procedures were both administrated to collect data. Intelligences were divided into two categories, verbal and performance intelligences, for statistical investigations. Statistical analyses of the noncontaminated QEEG dataset investigated the differentiability of each frequency on a single cortical region and coherence between cortical regions. Low QEEG frequencies were found to have a significant correlation with intelligences on some cortical regions. Coherence between symmetric cortical regions was found to be an important factor in predicting intelligences. Results showed the feasibility of functional brain mapping in the particular language population.

Brain Mapping↗

PubMed2002

Relationship between fluid intelligence and ability to benefit from cognitive-behavioural therapy in older adults: a preliminary investigation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the hypothesis that fluid intelligence in older adults is associated with the ability to benefit from cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), but unrelated to the ability to benefit from non-directive supportive counselling (SC). METHOD: A sample of 32 older adults who had completed a randomized controlled trial course of either CBT (N = 16) or SC (N = 16) for anxiety disorders took part in the study. The Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test was used to assess fluid intelligence. The Beck Anxiety Inventory change scores between pre-treatment and post-treatment were used as an index of ability to benefit from therapy. A measure of depressive symptomatology was also administered to control statistically for the effects of depression on intellectual functioning. RESULTS: The results for the SC group showed a significant and positive association between fluid intelligence scores and anxiety change scores, such that older adults with higher levels of fluid intelligence demonstrated the most benefit from this intervention. In contrast, there was no significant association between level of fluid intelligence and ability to benefit from therapy in the CBT group. CONCLUSION: CBT for anxiety disorders is suitable for older adults, irrespective of their fluid intelligence, while the nature of SC may render it more sensitive to level of fluid intelligence.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Sensory discrimination and intelligence: testing Spearman's other hypothesis.

At the centenary of Spearman's seminal 1904 article, his general intelligence hypothesis remains one of the most influential in psychology. Less well known is the article's other hypothesis that there is "a correspondence between what may provisionally be called 'General Discrimination' and 'General Intelligence' which works out with great approximation to one or absoluteness" (Spearman, 1904, p. 284). Studies that do not find high correlations between psychometric intelligence and single sensory discrimination tests do not falsify this hypothesis. This study is the first directly to address Spearman's general intelligence-general sensory discrimination hypothesis. It attempts to replicate his findings with a similar sample of schoolchildren. In a well-fitting structural equation model of the data, general intelligence and general discrimination correlated .92. In a reanalysis of data published byActon and Schroeder (2001), general intelligence and general sensory ability correlated .68 in men and women. One hundred years after its conception, Spearman's other hypothesis achieves some confirmation. The association between general intelligence and general sensory ability remains to be replicated and explained.

Child↗

PubMed1996

The anatomy of intelligence.

In this article, traditional concepts of intelligence are challenged. It is proposed that IQ tests, which largely measure the functioning of the postrolandic cerebrum, are not a good measure of intelligence, which reflects the functioning of the prerolandic cerebrum, especially the prefrontal cortex. Intelligence is defined as an active, transformational process in which sensory data are synthesized into the simplest possible representation for the purpose of maximizing behavioral efficiency. Quantum physics and Eastern psychology are discussed as they are related to intelligence. Intelligence is also investigated from a cultural and neuropsychological perspective. Culture and IQ tests are regarded as inseparable, making culture-free intelligence tests impossible. It is also proposed that intelligent behavior cannot be separated from the influence of paleocerebral functions such as emotions and compulsions.

Brain↗

PubMed1988

Artificial intelligence research in anesthesia and intensive care.

This article describes several research directions exploring the application of artificial intelligence techniques in anesthesia and intensive care. Artificial intelligence can be loosely defined as the discipline of designing computer systems that exhibit "intelligent" behavior. This article first introduces artificial intelligence and computer science research and discusses why medicine has proved to be a challenging domain for applying artificial intelligence techniques. A discussion of the central research themes that arise in medical artificial intelligence, many of which are common to different projects and to different medical settings, is followed by a description of specific research projects that apply artificial intelligence techniques in anesthesiology, ventilatory management, and cardiovascular management. Finally, further comments are made on the current state of the field.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2004

Intelligence and individual differences in becoming neurally efficient.

Physiological approaches to human psychometric intelligence have shown a higher neural efficiency (i.e. less cortical activation) during cognitive performance in brighter subjects. The main aim of this study was to explore the relationship between intelligence and cortical activation patterns in the framework of the learning test concept. In 27 participants we assessed the topography and extent of cortical activation by means of event-related desynchronization (ERD) during reasoning tests in a pre-test--training--post-test design and related it to psychometric intelligence (measured by the German Leistungs-Prüf-System, LPS). Significant associations between intelligence and cortical activation patterns were exclusively found at anterior (frontal) recording sites, which corroborates the central role of the frontal lobe for higher-order cognitive functions. The hypothesized negative intelligence-activation correlation was observed only after the training, i.e. in the post-test, but not in the pre-test. More important, the decrease in cortical investment from pre-test to post-test correlated negatively with intelligence, indicating that the higher the subjects' general mental ability the larger the decrease in the amount of cortical activation. These findings suggest intelligence-related individual differences in becoming neurally efficient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Maternal stress, social support and preschool children's intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Despite some research suggesting maternal stress may be associated with cognitive impairment in preschool children, there has been little direct investigation of the association between maternal stress, social support and children's intelligence. AIM: To determine whether maternal stress and social support during pregnancy and during the child's early years of life are associated with the intelligence test performance of preschool children. STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred and fifty European mothers and children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study at birth were interviewed when the child was 3 1/2 years of age. SUBJECTS: All children were full term gestation and approximately half the sample were small for gestational age at birth (SGA = birthweight < or = 10th percentile). OUTCOME MEASURE: The cognitive ability of children aged 3 1/2 years was assessed using the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale 4th Edition. RESULTS: In the total sample, maternal stress and lack of social support during pregnancy were significantly associated with lower intelligence test scores of children. In the group of SGA children, maternal stress post pregnancy was significantly associated with lower intelligence test scores in children. There is evidence that for some children the presence of good social support for mothers may reduce the negative effects of maternal stress on children's cognitive development. CONCLUSION: Maternal stress and lack of social support appear to be associated with lower intelligence test scores of preschool children. Social support may attenuate some of the negative effects of maternal stress on intelligence in children born small for gestational age.

Child Development↗

PubMed2006

Intelligibility of conversational speech produced by children with cochlear implants.

UNLABELLED: The intelligibility of conversational speech produced by six children fitted with cochlear implants before age 3 years was measured longitudinally. Samples were obtained every 3 months during periods of 12-21 months. Intelligibility was measured using both an utterance-by-utterance approach and an approach to the sample as a whole. Statistically significant differences were observed between the two approaches, but the differences were all within the realm of measurement error. Findings indicated that intelligible speech emerges quite rapidly in these children. Conversational intelligibility appears to be superior to that reported in the literature for similar children who use hearing aids but not necessarily as good as in children with normal hearing. Both intelligibility measures were significantly correlated with chronological age, hearing age, and amount of implant use, but were most strongly correlated with chronological age. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will be able to (1) describe some of the issues involved in measuring speech intelligibility in children with cochlear implants and (2) describe the pattern of outcomes for the intelligibility of speech produced by children receiving cochlear implants before age 3 years.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Differences in event-related and induced EEG patterns in the theta and alpha frequency bands related to human emotional intelligence.

High (emotional intelligence scores (EIQ)=120) and average emotional intelligent individuals (EIQ=89) were solving tasks from an emotional intelligence test while their electroencephalogram was recorded. Significant differences relating to emotional intelligence were observed in induced and event related band power in the theta (4.4-6.4 Hz), lower-2 alpha (8.4-10.4 Hz), and upper alpha band (10.4-12.4 Hz). High emotional intelligent individuals displayed less desynchronization in the upper alpha band, as well as more left hemispheric theta desynchronization. Further a significant positive correlation between the mean frequency and emotional intelligence was observed. The results are similar to those reported for verbal and performance components of general intelligence.

Alpha Rhythm↗

PubMed1988

Aging, attention, and intelligence.

The aims of this study were (a) to find out if attentional ability factors that are separate from the well-established ability factors (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and short-term acquisition and retrieval function) can be identified, and (b) to establish, through the use of part correlations, whether attentional abilities play a role in the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence that occur with increasing age. A battery of 36 tests (19 psychometric tests and 17 measures of attentional processes) were given to 100 people. 20 of whom were in each age decade between 20 and 70. Results indicated that three attentional factors--Search, Concentration, and Attentional Flexibility--exist at the primary-ability level and that all three define fluid intelligence at the second-order level. Results also indicate that the decline in fluid intelligence with increasing age disappears if attentional factors are parted-out. Similarly, the increase in crystallized intelligence with increasing age becomes even greater if one controls for attentional processes. I conclude that changes in attentional processes play an important part in changes in human intelligence with age.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Culture and intelligence.

Intelligence cannot be fully or even meaningfully understood outside its cultural context. Work that seeks to study intelligence acontextually risks the imposition of an investigator's view of the world on the rest of the world. Moreover, work on intelligence within a single culture mayfail to do justice to the range of skills and knowledge that may constitute intelligence broadly defined and risks drawing false and hasty generalizations. This article considers the relevance of culture to intelligence, as well as its investigation, assessment, and development. Studies that show the importance of understanding intelligence in its cultural context are described; the author concludes that intelligence must be understood in such context.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Intelligence and leadership: a quantitative review and test of theoretical propositions.

Meta-analysis was used to aggregate results from studies examining the relationship between intelligence and leadership. One hundred fifty-one independent samples in 96 sources met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that the corrected correlation between intelligence and leadership is.21 (uncorrected for range restriction) and.27 (corrected for range restriction). Perceptual measures of intelligence showed stronger correlations with leadership than did paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence. Intelligence correlated equally well with objective and perceptual measures of leadership. Additionally, the leader's stress level and the leader's directiveness moderated the intelligence-leadership relationship. Overall, results suggest that the relationship between intelligence and leadership is considerably lower than previously thought. The results also provide meta-analytic support for both implicit leadership theory and cognitive resource theory.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Intelligence and maturity: meta-analytic evidence for the incremental and discriminant validity of Loevinger's measure of ego development.

This review examined whether Loevinger's measure of personality (ego) development is equivalent to the measurement of intelligence. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 52 correlations between ego level scores and intelligence test scores (retrieved from 42 studies involving 5,648 participants). The weighted average correlation between ego level and intelligence ranged from.20 to.34, depending on the intellectual ability assessed (e.g., verbal intelligence). Adjusting for measurement unreliability increased these values only minimally. The authors also reviewed 16 studies that examined the association between ego level and various criterion variables (e.g., aggressive behavior) after statistically controlling for the effects of intelligence. Ninety-four percent of the tests revealed significant relations between ego level and criterion variables after controlling for intelligence, indicating that ego development and intelligence are not interchangeable constructs. These findings do not support recent speculations concerning the limited value of stage models of maturity, social development, and moral reasoning.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Intelligence, personality, and interests: evidence for overlapping traits.

The authors review the development of the modern paradigm for intelligence assessment and application and consider the differentiation between intelligence-as-maximal performance and intelligence-as-typical performance. They review theories of intelligence, personality, and interest as a means to establish potential overlap. Consideration of intelligence-as-typical performance provides a basis for evaluation of intelligence-personality and intelligence-interest relations. Evaluation of relations among personality constructs, vocational interests, and intellectual abilities provides evidence for communality across the domains of personality of J. L. Holland's (1959) model of vocational interests. The authors provide an extensive meta-analysis of personality-intellectual ability correlations, and a review of interest-intellectual ability associations. They identify 4 trait complexes: social, clerical/conventional, science/math, and intellectual/cultural.

Adolescent↗