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PubMed1998

Role of patellar tendon on the population of muscle fiber types and the contractile properties of single glycerinated muscle fibers in quadriceps muscles of rats.

The role of the patellar tendon (PT) in the contractile properties of quadriceps muscle was investigated. After PT resection (partial or complete), PT reconstruction, or a sham operation, rats were forced to run on a rodent treadmill. The histochemical and mechanical characteristics of the vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were examined 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. There were no significant changes in either fiber type population or the contractile properties of glycerinated single muscle fibers from VM and VL 2 and 4 weeks after partial PT resection. Complete PT resection caused a decrease in the population of type I fibers in VM, while the running training after PT reconstruction increased the population of type I fibers in VM. For both the PT resection and PT reconstruction groups, the Hill coefficient, an indicator of the Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilaments, was calculated from the pCa-tension relationship of glycerinated single muscle fibers. In the PT reconstruction group, the Hill values for fibers isolated from VM were significantly decreased by running training, but the Hill values for VL were not. The effect of running training on the Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilaments in muscle fibers with PT reconstruction was different from that in muscle fibers without PT treatment. Both resection and partial resection of the PT in this animal model had heterogeneous effects on the contractile properties of quadriceps muscles; we presume that, clinically, we must give careful consideration to PT treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cells of origin of propriospinal fibers and of fibers ascending to supraspinal levels. A HRP study in cat and rhesus monkey.

In the spinal cord of cat and rhesus monkey the cells of origin of long and short propriospinal fibers and those of the spinal fibers ascending to supraspinal levels were identified by means of retrograde HRP labeling after large unilateral HRP-injections, i.e. in the spinal white and grey matter at different levels, in the pons and in the dorsal column nuclei. The findings indicate the existence of the following arrangement. Long ascending supraspinal fibers arise mainly from neurons in the dorsal grey (laminae I-IV and the medial parts of laminae V and VI) as well as from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), in Clarke's column and in the spinal border cell area. Some neurons in the dorsal grey projects to the dorsal column nuclei, which in turn distribute fibers back to the spinal cord. Long propriospinal fibers mainly derived from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), while short propriospinal fibers are characteristically derived from neurons in the intermediate zone (lateral halves of laminae V and VI and lamina VII). The neurons located laterally in laminae V-VII distribute fibers mainly ipsilaterally, while those located medially in lamina VII distribute them to some degree bilaterally. The findings in cats with transections of either the dorsal or the ventral halves of the spinal white matter (both above and below the injected segment), show that the fibers from the dorsal grey and the lateral parts of laminae V-VII travel mainly through the dorsal half of the white matter, while those from the medial part of lamina VII and from lamina VIII travel mainly through the ventral half.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2006

Visualization of tissue velocity data from cardiac wall motion measurements with myocardial fiber tracking: principles and implications for cardiac fiber structures.

OBJECTIVE: The spatial arrangement of myocardial fiber structure affects the mechanical and electrical properties of the heart. Therefore, information on the structure and dynamics of the orientation of the muscle fibers in the human heart might provide significant insight into principles of the mechanics of normal ventricular contraction and electrical propagation and may subsequently aid pre- and postsurgical evaluation of patients. Fiber orientation is inherently linked to cardiac wall motion, which can be measured with phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also termed tissue phase mapping (TPM). METHODS: This study provides initial results of the visualization of velocity data with fiber tracking algorithms and discusses implications for the fiber orientations. In order to generate datasets with sufficient volume coverage and resolution TPM measurements with three-dimensional (3D) velocity encoding were executed during breath-hold periods and free breathing. Subsequent postprocessing evaluation with a tracking algorithm for acceleration fields derived from the velocity data was performed. RESULTS: Myocardial acceleration tracking illustrated the dynamics of fiber structure during four different phases of left ventricular performance, that include isovolumetric contraction (IVC), mid-systole, isovolumetric relaxation (IVR), and mid-diastole. Exact reconstruction of the myocardial fiber structure from velocity data requires mathematical modeling of spatiotemporal evolution of the velocity fields. CONCLUSIONS: 'Acceleration fibers' were reconstructed at these four phases during the cardiac cycle, and these findings may become (a) surrogate parameters in the normal ventricle, (b) baseline markers for subsequent clinical studies of abnormal hearts with altered architecture, and (c) may help to explain and illustrate functional features of cardiac performance in structural models like the helical ventricular myocardial band.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

[Measuring retinal nerve fiber density with laser polarimetry in patients with AIDS in comparison with health probands with reference to computer perimetry findings. A pilot study using the nerve fiber analyzer].

BACKGROUND: Several authors postulated a retinal nerve-fiber loss in HIV-infection because of functional alterations (reduced colour sensitivity, alterations in perimetry). This hypothesis has been reevaluated for the first time by means of direct in-vivo measurement of the retinal nerve-fiber-layer thickness by laser polarimetry using the Nerve-Fiber-Analyzer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retinal nerve-fiber-layer thickness in 14 eyes of 7 patients has been compared to equally-sided eyes of equally-aged healthy controls. Visual fields showed a bilateral diffuse sensitivity reduction in 5 patients. Visual fields of 2 patients and all healthy controls were normal. RESULTS: A significant difference in measurement values of nerve-fiber-layer thickness did not show between AIDS-patients and healthy controls. There was no correlation between visual field alterations and measurement values of nerve-fiber-layer thickness. CONCLUSION: In AIDS patients, a retinal nerve-fiber loss corresponding to their visual-field alterations has not been found. However, these visual-field alterations may also be explained by central-nervous disorders, lens opacifications or neuro-retinal dysfunctions without nerve-fiber loss.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lung mineral fibers of former miners and millers from Thetford-Mines and asbestos regions: a comparative study of fiber concentration and dimension.

Fiber dimension and concentration may vary substantially between two necropsy populations of former chrysotile miners and millers of Thetford-Mines and Asbestos regions. This possibility could explain, at least in part, the higher incidence of respiratory diseases among workers from Thetford-Mines than among workers from the Asbestos region. The authors used a transmission electron microscope, equipped with an x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer, to analyze lung mineral fibers of 86 subjects from the two mining regions and to classify fiber sizes into three categories. The most consistent difference was the higher concentration of tremolite in lung tissues of workers from Thetford-Mines, compared with workers from the Asbestos region. Amosite and crocidolite were also detected in lung tissues of several workers from the Asbestos region. No consistent and biologically important difference was found for fiber dimension; therefore, fiber dimension does not seem to be a factor that accounts for the difference in incidence of respiratory diseases between the two groups. The greater incidence of respiratory diseases among workers of Thetford-Mines can be explained by the fact that they had greater exposure to fibers than did workers at the Asbestos region. Among the mineral fibers studied, retention of tremolite fibers was most apparent.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects: fiber intakes, fecal excretions, and apparent digestibilities.

Intakes and excretions of fiber were determined for 12 men consuming controlled diets containing fruits and vegetables (high fiber diet) or fruit and vegetable juices (low fiber diet) for periods of 26 days. The fiber in the low fiber diet appeared to be mostly hemicellulose, with an apparent digestibility of 95%. Apparent digestibilities of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the high fiber diet were 88, 42, and 18%, respectively. Small amounts of uronic acids were detected in the feces, but there is no certainty that they were derived from pectin. Linear regressions indicate that fiber intakes, rather than fiber disappearance, influenced the fecal volume.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Decreased postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation but increased fullness after a high-fiber meal compared with a low-fiber meal.

The effect of a high-fiber (4.7 g/MJ) and an isoenergetic low-fiber (1.7 g/MJ) meal on 6-h postprandial thermogenesis, substrate metabolism, hormones, and satiety was investigated in 10 healthy, normal-weight male subjects. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was significantly reduced after the high-fiber meal (416.4 +/- 28.6 kJ/6 h) compared with the low-fiber meal (498.5 +/- 23.1 kJ/6 h; ANOVA: P < 0.0001), as was postprandial fat oxidation (P < 0.0001). The difference in DIT was correlated with the different palatability of the test meal (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). No differences were observed in plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or gastrointestinal hormones, but C-peptide increased less (P < 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids decreased more (P < 0.05) after the high-fiber meal. Finally, fullness was increased and desire to eat decreased after the high-fiber meal (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, a high-fiber meal decreased DIT and fat oxidation but increased fullness compared with a low-fiber meal.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dietary reference intakes: implications for fiber labeling and consumption: a summary of the International Life Sciences Institute North America Fiber Workshop, June 1-2, 2004, Washington, DC.

Multiple definitions of dietary fiber have been developed and are in use around the world. The definitions vary as to which substances are considered to be fibers, the analytical methods utilized to identify and measure these fibers, and whether physiological criteria are part of the definition. A workshop entitled "Dietary Reference Intakes: Implications for Fiber Labeling and Consumption" was held by the International Life Sciences Institute North America Technical Committee on Carbohydrates to review the fiber definitions recently published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. Presentations and facilitated discussions reviewed the rationale for the IOM definitions of dietary fiber, functional fiber, and total fiber in light of evolving nutritional science. Also discussed were potential analytical, regulatory, and consumer issues involved if the US Food and Drug Administration and/or Health Canada were to implement the IOM's recommendations. Issues, concerns, and questions to be addressed are summarized here.

Dietary Fiber↗
PubMed2000

Are dietary fiber-induced alterations in colonic epithelial cell proliferation predictive of fiber's effect on colon cancer?

Alterations in cell proliferation of the colon have been observed as a result of changes in amount and type of dietary fiber and in relation to risk of developing colon cancer. Although some human observational and intervention studies contribute to the database, most information results from experiments on rodents. Because of numerous contradictory reports linking dietary fiber, cell proliferation, and colon cancer, we undertook a critical review of existing methods in an attempt to explain the inconsistencies. Although there may be some individual types of dietary fiber that protect against chemically induced colon cancer, dietary fiber as a single entity does not appear to afford any consistent protection. Because of significant differences in experimental protocols among laboratories, it is not yet possible to state with certainty that increases in cell proliferation, induced by fiber consumption, are predictive of increased tumorigenesis. Much of what has been observed and interpreted as elevation of risk may simply be normal homeostatic changes in cell proliferation. Even though fermentation to short-chain fatty acids is a mechanistically attractive hypothesis to explain why fiber modulates cytokinetics, data do not consistently support short-chain fatty acids as biological intermediates in risk of colon cancer. The state of the art in this field has not yet progressed to the point where a clear effect of dietary fiber on cytokinetics and colon carcinogenesis can be assessed with any degree of certainty. Additional markers of apoptosis, differentiation, and cell-cell communication may be required for a more accurate analysis of the relation among fiber, cytokinetics, and colon cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Muscle fiber composition and capillary density in Turner syndrome: evidence of increased muscle fiber size related to insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To assess muscle fiber composition and capillary density in Turner syndrome, a condition linked with insulin resistance and increased frequency of type 2 diabetes, and link these findings with insulin sensitivity and physical fitness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 10 patients with Turner syndrome who were off hormone replacement therapy (aged 32.7 +/- 8.9 years) and a control group of 14 normal women (aged 35.6 +/- 9.3 years) were studied. None of the participants had diabetes or any family history of type 2 diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and a composite whole-body insulin sensitivity index (ISI(comp)). Physical fitness was assessed, and a muscle biopsy was obtained. RESULTS: Women with Turner syndrome were insulin resistant, as seen by a lower ISI(comp) (P = 0.003) and increased glucose (P < 0.0005) and insulin (P = 0.01) levels at 120 min. Impaired glucose tolerance was present in most Turner syndrome patients (6 of 10), but not in the control subjects. Women with Turner syndrome had an increased size of type IIa fibers (P = 0.01), whereas the size of their type I and IIa fibers were comparable with the control group. The groups did not differ in percentage of type I, Iia, or IIx fibers, and there was no difference in the capillary density. Significant correlations were found among ISI(comp), the HOMA index (R(HOMA)), and the mean area of type IIa fibers (ISI(comp): r = -0.632, P = 0.002; R(HOMA): r = 0.570, P = 0.006). Furthermore, capillaries/type IIa fibers correlated significantly with ISI(comp) (r = -0.618, P = 0.01). There were no significant correlations between VO(2max) and muscle fiber composition. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy women with Turner syndrome are characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, low physical capacity, and enlarged type IIa muscle fibers, indicating diminished oxygen and substrate supply for metabolic processes. These findings could be indicative of a prediabetic state.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Replacement of alfalfa neutral detergent fiber with a combination of nonforage fiber sources.

Sixteen Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of replacing alfalfa neutral detergent fiber (NDF), with NDF from a combination of whole linted cottonseed, dried distillers grains, and wheat middlings. The four diets were a basal control diet that was low in forage and fiber [(5.9 g of corn silage NDF and 6.1 g of alfalfa NDF/100 g of dry matter (DM)], a normal forage diet (low forage plus 10 g of additional alfalfa NDF/100 g of DM), and two low forage diets with either 5 or 10 g of NDF from the nonforage fiber sources added per 100 g of DM. Milk yield, milk protein yield, and milk protein percentage were higher, and milk fat percentage and fat yield were lower, for cows fed the low forage diets than for those fed the alfalfa control diet that was higher in fiber. Among the low forage diets, dry matter intake, milk fat percentage, and fat yield all increased linearly as NDF content increased. The ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen and rumination times were greater for the normal forage control diet than for the high nonforage fiber diet. Added NDF from these nonforage fiber sources increased milk fat percentage and yield, but this increase was less than the NDF from alfalfa and less than predicted. In agreement with results of similar previous trials, milk protein yield and percentage were increased when alfalfa NDF was replaced with fiber from nonforage fiber sources.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Comparative effects of methylmercury on parallel-fiber and climbing-fiber responses of rat cerebellar slices.

The environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) causes profound disruption of cerebellar function. Previous studies have shown that acute exposure to MeHg impairs synaptic transmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, the effects of MeHg on cerebellar synaptic function have never been examined. In the present study, effects of acute exposure to MeHg on synaptic transmission between parallel fibers or climbing fibers and Purkinje cells were compared in 300- to 350-microm cerebellar slices by using extracellular and intracellular microelectrode-recording techniques. Field potentials of parallel-fiber volleys (PFVs) and the associated postsynaptic responses (PSRs) were recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating the parallel fibers in transverse cerebellar slices. The climbing-fiber responses were also recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating white matter in sagittal cerebellar slices. At 20, 100, and 500 microM, MeHg reduced the amplitude of both PFVs and the associated PSRs to complete block, however, it blocked PSRs more rapidly than PFVs. MeHg also decreased the amplitudes of climbing-fiber responses to complete block. For all responses, an initial increase in amplitude preceded MeHg-induced suppression. Intracellular recordings of excitatory postsynaptic potentials of Purkinje cells were compared before and after MeHg. At 100 microM and 20 microM, MeHg blocked the Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes and Ca++-dependent, slow dendritic spike bursts. MeHg also hyperpolarized and then depolarized Purkinje cell membranes, suppressed current conduction from parallel fibers or climbing fibers to dendrites of Purkinje cells, and blocked synaptically activated local responses. MeHg switched the pattern of repetitive firing of Purkinje cells generated spontaneously or by depolarizing current injection at Purkinje cell soma from predominantly Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes to predominantly Ca++-dependent, low amplitude, slow dendritic spike bursts. Thus, acute exposure to MeHg causes a complex pattern of effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission, with apparent actions on both neuronal excitability and chemical synaptic transmission.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrastructure of type 2A extrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle (m. quadriceps femoris) from the adult rat after long-term swimming].

We compared the ultrastructure of type 2A extrafusal muscle fibers, the nuclear chain, and other intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle (muscle stretch mechanoreceptor) in adult rats after a prolonged swimming (5-10 h/day, 10 days). The Golgi apparatus was expressed moderately in type 2A extrafusal fibers and hypertrophied in the motor B zone of nuclear chain intrafusal fibers. Intense development of the Golgi apparatus in the nuclear chain intrafusal fiber appears to be related to glycogenolysis in the autophagous vacuoles, involvement in the lysosome activity, and plasma membrane renewal. "Recapitulation" of the mechanism of glycogen autophagy, which is observed in newborn rats during mobilization of glycogen from the liver and muscle, was demonstrated in adult rats under the influence of physical load in the nuclear chain and nuclear bag 2 intrafusal fibers and in type 2A extrafusal fibers. This is accounted for by a weak differentiation of the intrafusal muscle fibers: structurally, they are similar to myotubes and have specific features of blood supply and innervation. Individual features of experimental adult rats may also play a certain role.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dietary fiber and lipid peroxidation: effect of dietary fiber on levels of lipids and lipid peroxides in high fat diet.

Effect of feeding coconut and blackgram fiber isolated as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on the levels of lipids and lipid peroxides was studied in rats given a high fat diet. Concentration of cholesterol, free falty acid and phospholipids showed significant decrease in the serum, liver aorta and intestine of coconut and blackgram fiber groups. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes was significantly decreased in liver and intestine of both fiber groups, while hydroperoxides showed significant increase in liver and heart of both the fiber groups. SOD and catalase activity was found to be increased in liver, intestine, heart proximal colon and distal colon of both the fiber groups. Serum ceruloplasmin levels showed a slight increase in animals fed coconut and blackgram fiber groups. Glutathione levels in liver, intestine proximal colon, distal colon and heart also showed a significant decrease in the animals of both the fiber groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of intestinal microflora on digestible energy and fiber digestion in chickens fed a high-fiber diet.

The effect of intestinal microflora on digestible energy (DE) value and fiber digestion was studied in single-comb White Leghorn chickens fed a low-fiber diet (experiment 1) or a high-fiber diet with low or adequate metabolizable energy (ME) value (experiment 2). Fecal energy excretion was calculated from the difference between total energy excretion in urinary and fecal droppings and urinary energy excretion, which was estimated from the energy values for individual urinary nitrogenous compounds extracted with Li2CO3. When the birds were fed the low-fiber diet, no differences in growth, DE, or ME were observed between germ-free and conventional environments. Of birds fed the high-fiber diet, growth of those in the conventional environment was similar to that of the birds in the germ-free environment at the adequate ME value, whereas birds in the conventional environment grew faster than the birds in the germ-free environment at the low ME value. Changes in observed dietary ME values of the high-fiber diets, being higher in birds in the conventional environment than in birds in the germ-free environment (experiment 2), were almost entirely accounted for by those in dietary DE values, most of which was contributed by crude fiber digestion. It was concluded, therefore, that by means of fiber digestion, the intestinal microflora may benefit the host bird by supplying extra energy, which would result in growth promotion, particularly when the bird is deficient in energy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Muscle fiber splitting, capillary internalization, and target-like fiber formation in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.

A case of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is reported in which peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the right leg to assess the severity of the relatively late-onset but rapid-evolving neuropathy. The present paper deals with some remarkable features found in the muscular biopsy, taken from peroneus brevis and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Several fibers contained amyloid masses characterized by Congo red positivity and birefringence on polarized light microscopy: histoenzymologic staining revealed that these fibers were always type 2B and appeared grossly hypertrophied. The presence of amyloid inside the muscle fibers was possibly dependent on the internalization of capillaries leading to direct deposition of amyloid fibrils into the sarcoplasm. Fiber vascularization occurred independently of fiber splitting, which appeared to be frequent in both muscles and was characterized by unusual segmental changes in the histochemical properties of the daughter fibers with respect to those of the parent fiber. Target/targetoid and degenerating areas were also observed in a large number of type 2 fibers, usually in close relationship with segmental splitting phenomena. These findings were interpreted as possible secondary myopathic changes accompanying chronic denervation-reinnervation episodes in the course of FAP.

Amyloid Neuropathies↗
PubMed2005

Small fiber diameter fibro-porous meshes: tissue response sensitivity to fiber spacing.

The purpose of this research was to determine if fiber spacing for small fiber diameter fibro-porous meshes affected tissue response in vivo. Disk-shaped polyurethane meshes, with mean fiber diameters of 7.6 microm and fiber spacing between 6 and 68 microm, were implanted in rat subcutaneous dorsum for 5-week intervals and then prepared for light microscopy and morphological analysis. Results showed that implants with 12- to 68-microm spacing had no histologically apparent fibrous capsule around the perimeter, a result different from that for 6-microm spacing samples that had a capsule around a mean of 34.2% of the perimeter. For the 12- to 68-microm spacing range, a mean of 21.0% of individual fibers within the meshes were encapsulated. Qualitatively, it appeared that larger fibers were encapsulated more frequently than smaller ones. When nodeless or baggy meshes were implanted, cells tended to cluster three or more fibers into groups and then encapsulate each group. Over the 6- to 68-microm spacing range, cell nuclei volume fraction within the meshes increased from the 6- to the 29-microm spacing (p = 0.000) and then decreased from the 29- to the 68-microm spacing (p = 0.015). There was a trend of an increase in local vessel volume fraction with spacing over the 6- to 68-microm range, though the relationship was weak. The results indicate that the reason for the lack of encapsulation of small-fiber fibro-porous meshes is not exclusively a pore boundary explanation, as is proposed for small-pore porous meshes.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Production and characterization of chitosan fibers and 3-D fiber mesh scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

This study reports on the production of chitosan fibers and 3-D fiber meshes for the use as tissue engineering scaffolds. Both structures were produced by means of a wet spinning technique. Maximum strain at break and tensile strength of the developed fibers were found to be 8.5% and 204.9 MPa, respectively. After 14 d of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP) spectroscopy analyses showed that a bioactive Ca-P layer was formed on the surface of the fibers, meaning that they exhibit a bioactive behavior. The samples showed around 120% max. swelling in physiological conditions. The pore sizes of 3-D chitosan fiber mesh scaffolds were observed to be in the range of 100-500 microm by SEM. The equilibrium-swelling ratio of the developed scaffolds was found to be around 170% (w/w) in NaCl solution at 37 degrees C. Besides that, the limit swelling strain was less than 30%, as obtained by mechanical spectroscopy measurements in the same conditions. The viscoelastic properties of the scaffolds were also evaluated by both creep and dynamic mechanical tests. By means of using short-term MEM extraction test, both types of structures (fibers and scaffolds) were found to be non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts. Furthermore, osteoblasts directly cultured over chitosan fiber mesh scaffolds presented good morphology and no inhibition of cell proliferation could be observed.Osteoblast-like cells proliferating over chitosan based fibers after 7 d of culture.

Animals↗