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PubMed1995

HREELS to identify electronic structures of organic thin films.

The electronic structure of alpha-oligothiophene (alphanT) thin films has been investigated for increasing chain lengths of n= 4-8 thiophene units with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) in the specular reflection geometry at a primary energy of 15 eV. The great advantage of this technique in contrast to UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy results from the fact, that the impact scattering mechanism of HREELS makes it possible to also detect optically forbidden electronic transitions. On the other hand, the electrons used as probes in HREELS have a wavelength which is two orders of magnitudes smaller if compared to those of photons used in UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy. Therefore individual molecules are excited by HREELS independent from each other and hence the excitation of collective excitons is not possible. As a result, information about the orientation of the molecules cannot be achieved with HREELS, which, however, is possible in polarization-dependent UV/VIS spectroscopy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

CdO as the archetypical transparent conducting oxide. Systematics of dopant ionic radius and electronic structure effects on charge transport and band structure.

A series of yttrium-doped CdO (CYO) thin films have been grown on both amorphous glass and single-crystal MgO(100) substrates at 410 degrees C by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and their phase structure, microstructure, electrical, and optical properties have been investigated. XRD data reveal that all as-deposited CYO thin films are phase-pure and polycrystalline, with features assignable to a cubic CdO-type crystal structure. Epitaxial films grown on single-crystal MgO(100) exhibit biaxial, highly textured microstructures. These as-deposited CYO thin films exhibit excellent optical transparency, with an average transmittance of >80% in the visible range. Y doping widens the optical band gap from 2.86 to 3.27 eV via a Burstein-Moss shift. Room temperature thin film conductivities of 8,540 and 17,800 S/cm on glass and MgO(100), respectively, are obtained at an optimum Y doping level of 1.2-1.3%. Finally, electronic band structure calculations are carried out to systematically compare the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the In-, Sc-, and Y-doped CdO systems. Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that dopant ionic radius and electronic structure have a significant influence on the CdO-based TCO crystal and band structure: (1) lattice parameters contract as a function of dopant ionic radii in the order Y (1.09 A) < In (0.94 A) < Sc (0.89 A); (2) the carrier mobilities and doping efficiencies decrease in the order In > Y > Sc; (3) the dopant d state has substantial influence on the position and width of the s-based conduction band, which ultimately determines the intrinsic charge transport characteristics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Comparison between the geometric and electronic structures and reactivities of [FeNO]7 and [FeO2]8 complexes: a density functional theory study.

In a previous study, we analyzed the electronic structure of S = 3/2 [FeNO](7) model complexes [Brown et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 715-732]. The combined spectroscopic data and SCF-X alpha-SW electronic structure calculations are best described in terms of Fe(III) (S = 5/2) antiferromagnetically coupled to NO(-) (S = 1). Many nitrosyl derivatives of non-heme iron enzymes have spectroscopic properties similar to those of these model complexes. These NO derivatives can serve as stable analogues of highly labile oxygen intermediates. It is thus essential to establish a reliable density functional theory (DFT) methodology for the geometry and energetics of [FeNO](7) complexes, based on detailed experimental data. This methodology can then be extended to the study of [FeO(2)](8) complexes, followed by investigations into the reaction mechanisms of non-heme iron enzymes. Here, we have used the model complex Fe(Me(3)TACN)(NO)(N(3))(2) as an experimental marker and determined that a pure density functional BP86 with 10% hybrid character and a mixed triple-zeta/double-zeta basis set lead to agreement between experimental and computational data. This methodology is then applied to optimize the hypothetical Fe(Me(3)TACN)(O(2))(N(3))(2) complex, where the NO moiety is replaced by O(2). The main geometric differences are an elongated Fe[bond]O(2) and a steeper Fe[bond]O[bond]O angle in the [FeO(2)](8) complex. The electronic structure of [FeO(2)](8) corresponds to Fe(III) (S = 5/2) antiferromagnetically coupled to O(2)(-) (S = 1/2), and, consistent with the extended bond length, the [FeO(2)](8) unit has only one Fe(III)-O(2)(-) bonding interaction, while the [FeNO](7) unit has both sigma and pi type Fe(III)-NO(-) bonds. This is in agreement with experiment as NO forms a more stable Fe(III)-NO(-) adduct relative to O(2)(-). Although NO is, in fact, harder to reduce, the resultant NO(-) species forms a more stable bond to Fe(III) relative to O(2)(-) due to the different bonding interactions.

Ferric Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Experimental and computational study of the electronic structural changes in LiTi2O4 spinel compounds upon electrochemical Li insertion reactions.

Electronic structural changes in LiTi(2)O(4) spinel compounds upon electrochemical lithium insertions were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements and first principles calculations based on spin-polarized density functional theory. Ti K-edge, O K-edge XAS spectra and theoretical calculations indicate that oxide ions as well as titanium ions are involved in electronic structural changes caused by electrochemical lithium ion insertions. The considerable effect of the oxide ions in the early 3d transition metal (titanium) oxide system is discussed in this article.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2001

EPR/ENDOR characterization of the physical and electronic structure of the OEC Mn cluster.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has often played a crucial role in characterizing the various cofactors and processes of photosynthesis, and photosystem II and its oxygen evolving chemistry is no exception. Until recently, the application of EPR spectroscopy to the characterization of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) has been limited to the S2-state of the Kok cycle. However, in the past few years, continuous wave-EPR signals have been obtained for both the S0- and S1-state as well as for the S2 (radical)(Z)-state of a number of inhibited systems. Furthermore, the pulsed EPR technique of electron spin echo electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy has been used to directly probe the 55Mn nuclei of the manganese cluster. In this review, we discuss how the EPR data obtained from each of these states of the OEC Kok cycle are being used to provide insight into the physical and electronic structure of the manganese cluster and its interaction with the key tyrosine, Y(Z).

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1985

The relation between Ames test data and electronic structure for a series of benzidine derivatives investigated by using cluster analysis.

The dose-response curves of benzidine derivatives calculated from Ames test data were analyzed by combining the least-squares method with cluster analysis. The calculations of the electronic structures of various benzidine derivatives have at the same time been performed by using the CNDO/2 method. The cluster analysis was carried out on various parameters concerning the electronic structure, such as total electron density, frontier electron density, the energy level of HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital), and so on. It was found that the total electron density on the nitrogen atom gives a similar pattern of classification to that for mutagenic compounds in cluster analysis. In other words, it may be inferred that the nitrogen atoms of the benzidine derivatives play an important role in the metabolic activation of the compounds. Consequently, cluster analysis with a parameter of electronic structure should be a useful initial screening procedure for various analogous mutagenic compounds as well as carcinogenic compounds.

Benzidines↗
PubMed2001

Role of boron p-electrons and holes in superconducting MgB2, and other diborides: a fully relaxed, full-potential electronic structure study.

We present the results of fully relaxed, full-potential electronic structure calculations for the new superconductor MgB (2), and BeB (2), NaB (2), and AlB (2), using density-functional-based methods. Our results, described in terms of (i) density of states (DOS), (ii) band structure, and (iii) the DOS and the charge density around the Fermi energy E(F), clearly show the importance of B p-band for superconductivity. In particular, we show that around E(F), the charge density in MgB (2), BeB (2), and NaB (2) is planar and is associated with the B plane. For BeB (2) and NaB (2), we find significant differences in their electronic structure due to differences in the number of valence electrons and the lattice constants a and c.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Spectroscopic and electronic structure studies of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase: nature of tyrosinate-Fe(III) bonds and their contribution to reactivity.

The geometric and electronic structure of the high-spin ferric active site of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-PCD) has been examined by absorption (Abs), circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature-variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies. Density functional (DFT) and INDO/S-CI molecular orbital calculations provide complementary insight into the electronic structure of 3,4-PCD and allow an experimentally calibrated bonding scheme to be developed. Abs, CD, and MCD indicate that there are at least seven transitions below 35 000 cm(-1) which arise from tyrosinate ligand-to-metal-charge transfer (LMCT) transitions. VTVH MCD spectroscopy gives the polarizations of these LMCT bands in the principal axis system of the D-tensor, which is oriented relative to the molecular structure from the INDO/S-CI calculations. Three transitions are associated with the equatorial tyrosinate and four with the axial tyrosinate. This large number of transitions per tyrosinate is due to the pi and importantly the sigma overlap of the two tyrosinate valence orbitals with the metal d orbitals and is governed by the Fe-O-C angle and the Fe-O-C-C dihedral angles. The previously reported crystal structure indicates that the Fe-O-C angles are 133 degrees and 148 degrees for the equatorial and axial tyrosinate, respectively. Each tyrosinate has transitions at different energies with different intensities, which correlate with differences in geometry that reflect pseudo-sigma bonding to the Fe(III) and relate to reactivity. These factors reflect the metal-ligand bond strength and indicate that the axial tyrosinate-Fe(III) bond is weaker than the equatorial tyrosinate-Fe(III) bond. Furthermore, it is found that the differences in geometry, and hence electronic structure, are imposed by the protein. The consequences to catalysis are significant because the axial tyrosinate has been shown to dissociate upon substrate binding and the equatorial tyrosinate in the enzyme-substrate complex is thought to influence asymmetric binding of the chelated substrate moiety via a strong trans influence which activates the substrate for reaction with O2.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2004

Probing the electronic structures of ternary perovskite and pyrochlore oxides containing Sn(4+) or Sb(5+).

Experimental and computational studies were performed to understand the electronic structure of ternary perovskites (ASnO(3), A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Cd), pyrochlores (RE(2)Sn(2)O(7), RE = Y, La, Lu; Cd(2)Sb(2)O(7)), and defect pyrochlore oxides (Ag(2)Sb(2)O(6)) containing the main group ions Sn(4+) and Sb(5+). In all compounds, the lowest energy states in the conduction band arise primarily from the antibonding Sn/Sb 5s-O 2p interaction. In the alkaline-earth stannate perovskites (BaSnO(3), SrSnO(3), and CaSnO(3)) the conduction bandwidth decreases strongly in response to the octahedral tilting distortion triggered by the decreasing size of the alkaline-earth cation. This in turn leads to a corresponding increase in the band gap from 3.1 eV in BaSnO(3) to 4.4 eV in CaSnO(3). The band gap of CdSnO(3) is relatively small (3.0 eV) considering the large octahedral tilting distortion. The origin of this apparent anomaly is the mixing between the empty Cd 5s orbitals and the antibonding Sn 5s-O 2p states. This mixing leads to a widening of the conduction band and a corresponding decrease in the band gap. The participation of the normally inert A-site cation in the electronic structure near the Fermi level can be considered an inductive effect, as it utilizes substitution on the A-site to directly modify the electronic structure of the SnO(3)(2)(-) framework. While the pyrochlore structure is more complicated, the energy level and width of the lowest energy conduction band can be analyzed in a manner similar to that utilized on the perovskite structure. The Sn-O-Sn and Sb-O-Sb bonds are highly distorted from linear geometry in pyrochlore, leading to a relatively narrow conduction band and a wide band gap. In Cd(2)Sb(2)O(7) and Ag(2)Sb(2)O(6) the Cd(2+) and Ag(+) ions exhibit a strong inductive effect that widens the conduction band and lowers the band gap significantly, very similar to the effect observed in the perovskite form of CdSnO(3).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Probing interface electronic structure with overlayer quantum-well resonances: Al/Si(111).

The dispersion of quantum-well resonances in ultrathin epitaxial Al films on Si(111) reveals energy- and wave vector-dependent reflection properties at the Al/Si interface. The substrate electronic structure strongly influences the phase shift of the electron waves upon reflection at the interface. Thus the details of the substrate electronic structure need to be taken into account for a complete analysis of metallic quantum-well resonances. Furthermore, the assumption of loss of parallel wave vector information upon reflection or transmission through a lattice-mismatched interface is challenged. The changes induced in the electronic structure of the overlayer can be used to probe the ground-state substrate band edges.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Electronic structure and biological activity of nucleobases.

HeI and HeII photoelectron spectra of 6-chloro-1,3-dimethyluracil have been measured. The assignment of the spectrum was made by comparison with photoelectron spectra of related compounds and by high-level OVGF calculations. The electronic structure changes in substituted nucleobases are discussed on the basis of photoelectron spectroscopic data. The electronic structure data are compared with structure-activity relationships regarding enzyme inhibition and complex formation. The electronic structure data give some insight into the nature of binding between nucleobases' derivatives and different enzymes whose activity they inhibit.

Electrons↗
PubMed2004

Electronic structures of zinc and palladium tetraazaporphyrin derivatives controlled by fused benzo rings.

Zinc and palladium tetracyclic aromatic complexes lying structurally between tetraazaporphyrin (TAP) and phthalocyanine (Pc), that is, monobenzo-, adjacently dibenzo-, oppositely dibenzo-, and tribenzo-fused TAPs, have been prepared, and their electronic structures investigated by electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), fluorescence, phosphorescence, and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy, as well as cyclic voltammetry. The last-named indicated that the first oxidation potentials shift to more negative values with increasing number of the fused benzo rings, but also suggested that the first reduction potential apparently has no correlation with the size and symmetry of the pi-conjugated systems. However, this latter behavior is reasonably interpreted by the finding that the effect of the fused benzo rings on destabilization of the LUMO depends on the orbital to which they are fused (i.e., whether it is an egx or egy orbital), since the LUMOs of TAP complexes are degenerate with D4h symmetry. The energy splitting of the LUMOs, that is, DeltaLUMO, was evaluated experimentally for the first time by analyzing the relationship between the first reduction potential and the size and shape of the pi-conjugated system. Electronic absorption and MCD measurements indicate that the lowest excited singlet states are split in the case of the low-symmetry TAP derivatives, although these excited states are degenerate for Pc and TAP with D4h symmetry. These energy splittings DeltaE(SS) correlate well with the DeltaLUMO values. To investigate the electronic structures in the lowest excited triplet state, zero-field splitting (zfs) was analyzed by time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectroscopy. The energy splitting in the lowest excited triplet state, DeltaE(TT) was quantitatively evaluated from the temperature dependence of the zfs or spin-orbit coupling of the Pd complexes. Consequently, it is demonstrated that DeltaLUMO, DeltaE(SS), and DeltaE(TT) values exhibiting a mutually good relationship can be determined experimentally.

Benzene Derivatives↗
PubMed2006

Electronic structure of bis(imino)pyridine iron dichloride, monochloride, and neutral ligand complexes: a combined structural, spectroscopic, and computational study.

The electronic structure of a family of bis(imino)pyridine iron dihalide, monohalide, and neutral ligand compounds has been investigated by spectroscopic and computational methods. The metrical parameters combined with Mössbauer spectroscopic and magnetic data for ((i)PrPDI)FeCl(2) ((i)PrPDI = 2,6-(2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3)N=CMe)(2)C(5)H(3)N) established a high-spin ferrous center ligated by a neutral bis(imino)pyridine ligand. Comparing these data to those for the single electron reduction product, ((i)PrPDI)FeCl, again demonstrated a high-spin ferrous ion, but in this case the S(Fe) = 2 metal center is antiferromagnetically coupled to a ligand-centered radical (S(L) = (1)/(2)), accounting for the experimentally observed S = (3)/(2) ground state. Continued reduction to ((i)PrPDI)FeL(n) (L = N(2), n = 1,2; CO, n = 2; 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, n = 1) resulted in a doubly reduced bis(imino)pyridine diradical, preserving the ferrous ion. Both the computational and the experimental data for the N,N-(dimethylamino)pyridine compound demonstrate nearly isoenergetic singlet (S(L) = 0) and triplet (S(L) = 1) forms of the bis(imino)pyridine dianion. In both spin states, the iron is intermediate spin (S(Fe) = 1) ferrous. Experimentally, the compound has a spin singlet ground state (S = 0) due to antiferromagnetic coupling of iron and the ligand triplet state. Mixing of the singlet diradical excited state with the triplet ground state of the ligand via spin-orbit coupling results in temperature-independent paramagnetism and accounts for the large dispersion in (1)H NMR chemical shifts observed for the in-plane protons on the chelate. Overall, these studies establish that reduction of ((i)PrPDI)FeCl(2) with alkali metal or borohydride reagents results in sequential electron transfers to the conjugated pi-system of the ligand rather than to the metal center.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Energetics and electronic structures of encapsulated C60 in a carbon nanotube.

We report total-energy electronic structure calculations that provide energetics of encapsulation of C60 in the carbon nanotube and electronic structures of the resulting carbon peapods. We find that the encapsulating process is exothermic for the (10,10) nanotube, whereas the processes are endothermic for the (8,8) and (9,9) nanotubes, indicative that the minimum radius of the nanotube for the encapsulation is 6.4 A. We also find that the C(60)@(10,10) is a metal with multicarriers each of which distributes either along the nanotube or on the C60 chain. This unusual feature is due to the nearly free electron state that is inherent to hierarchical solids with sufficient space inside.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Interstitial Zn atoms do the trick in thermoelectric zinc antimonide, Zn4Sb3: a combined maximum entropy method X-ray electron density and ab initio electronic structure study.

The experimental electron density of the high-performance thermoelectric material Zn4Sb3 has been determined by maximum entropy (MEM) analysis of short-wavelength synchrotron powder diffraction data. These data are found to be more accurate than conventional single-crystal data due to the reduction of common systematic errors, such as absorption, extinction and anomalous scattering. Analysis of the MEM electron density directly reveals interstitial Zn atoms and a partially occupied main Zn site. Two types of Sb atoms are observed: a free spherical ion (Sb3-) and Sb2(4-) dimers. Analysis of the MEM electron density also reveals possible Sb disorder along the c axis. The disorder, defects and vacancies are all features that contribute to the drastic reduction of the thermal conductivity of the material. Topological analysis of the thermally smeared MEM density has been carried out. Starting with the X-ray structure ab initio computational methods have been used to deconvolute structural information from the space-time data averaging inherent to the XRD experiment. The analysis reveals how interstitial Zn atoms and vacancies affect the electronic structure and transport properties of beta-Zn4Sb3. The structure consists of an ideal A12Sb10 framework in which point defects are distributed. We propose that the material is a 0.184:0.420:0.396 mixture of A12Sb10, A11BCSb10 and A10BCDSb10 cells, in which A, B, C and D are the four Zn sites in the X-ray structure. Given the similar density of states (DOS) of the A12Sb10, A11BCSb10 and A10BCDSb10 cells, one may electronically model the defective stoichiometry of the real system either by n-doping the 12-Zn atom cell or by p-doping the two 13-Zn atom cells. This leads to similar calculated Seebeck coefficients for the A12Sb10, A11BCSb10 and A10BCDSb10 cells (115.0, 123.0 and 110.3 microV K(-1) at T=670 K). The model system is therefore a p-doped semiconductor as found experimentally. The effect is dramatic if these cells are doped differently with respect to the experimental electron count. Thus, 0.33 extra electrons supplied to either kind of cell would increase the Seebeck coefficient to about 260 microV K(-1). Additional electrons would also lower sigma, so the resulting effect on the thermoelectric figure of merit of Zn4Sb3 challenges further experimental work.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Conformation dependence of electronic structures of poly(ethylene oxide).

The electronic structure of pure poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) for four different polymeric chain conformations has been studied by Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) through the analysis of their valence band photoelectron spectroscopy (VB-PES), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). It is shown that the valence band of PEO presents specific conformation dependence, which can be used as a fingerprint of the polymeric structures. The calculated spectra have been compared with experimental results for PEO powder.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2004

Electronic structure of crystalline copper phthalocyanine.

The electronic structure of copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments have been performed on alpha and beta crystalline phases, using photoemission spectroscopy to probe core levels and valence band spectra. Different photon energies have been used, in order to probe different sample depths. Only minor differences have been observed in the experimental data on the two different phases, except for a small charge effect on the beta phase crystal. First-principles calculations have been performed using the density functional for molecular and three-dimensional periodic solids (Dmol(3)) code on both the single CuPc molecule and the beta phase, allowing the identification of the different atomic and angular contributions to the experimental density of states. In particular, the highest occupied molecular level is mainly due to Cu and N states. The comparison between theoretical data obtained for the CuPc in the beta phase and in the single molecule shows that the interchain interaction between the molecules is negligible, whereas slightly stronger intrachain interactions occur.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Atomic force algorithms in density functional theory electronic-structure techniques based on local orbitals.

Electronic structure methods based on density-functional theory, pseudopotentials, and local-orbital basis sets offer a hierarchy of techniques for modeling complex condensed-matter systems with a wide range of precisions and computational speeds. We analyze the relationships between the algorithms for atomic forces in this hierarchy of techniques, going from empirical tight-binding through ab initio tight-binding to full ab initio. The analysis gives a unified overview of the force algorithms as applied within techniques based either on diagonalization or on linear-scaling approaches. The use of these force algorithms is illustrated by practical calculations with the CONQUEST code, in which different techniques in the hierarchy are applied in a concerted manner.

Journal Article↗