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PubMedDate not supplied

New approaches to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer based on the protective action of saliva with special reference to roughage, vegetable fibre and fermented milk products.

Epidemiologic studies have shown differences in the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease among various communities to be related to variation in diet and eating patterns. Results of studies of the effect of diet and pattern of eating on saliva, on gastric juice, and on the amount of bile are reviewed. It is suggested that bile, and not hydrochloric acid, plays the causative role in pathogenesis of peptic ulceration. The role of saliva in the prevention of peptic ulcer is emphasized. The salivary mucus swallowed with food is protective because it decreases the flow rate of bile which, when held in the gall bladder longer, loses its alkalinity and therefore its ability to damage the mucous cells. Roughage, cellulose and vegetable fibres and fermented milk products act in a similar manner. When food is well masticated, containing plenty of vegetable fibres and fermented milk products such as ghee and yoghurt, resulting in an increase in the amount of salivary mucus, peptic ulceration may be prevented and cured and relapses may be prevented. This does not require a big change in the pattern of diet but only a change in the manner of eating so that hasty eating is avoided and good is chewed well. The pattern of diet, especially the relative dietary preponderance of short-chain fatty acids, such as those present in milk, yoghurt and other fermented milk products, have a protective action; the short-chain fatty acids retard gall bladder contraction and thus diminish the amount of bile entering the duodenal lumen.

Bile↗
PubMed1979

A national nutrition policy: can we devise one?

The reasons for the success of the British food and nutritional policy of the second world war are discussed. Subsequent trends in Britain and elsewhere towards the affluent pattern of diet are described and the current views about diet and heart disease and diet and cancer are summarised. Conclusions are drawn about the need for public education on the modification of diet towards amore prudent pattern. The terms food policy and nutritional policy are distinguished.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Diphasic allometric growth of body components in white Leghorn pullets fed ad libitum and restricted diets.

Growth patterns of crude fat (cfat; ether extract), CP, ash, and water in White Leghorn pullets that ate ad libitum and restricted (feed or lysine) diets were analyzed by mono- and diphasic allometric functions, with plucked empty body mass (EBM) or fat-free EBM (FFEBM) as the independent variates. In general, the diphasic model provided a better fit to the data than the monophasic model, indicating that the allometric slope (beta) changes at a certain level of development. Data demonstrate that, under an ad libitum feeding regimen, cfat growth is proportionally (beta = 1) related to growth of the fat-free body, up to about 500 g FFEBM (pullets aged 8.5 wk). From 500 g FFEBM onwards, the beta changed to about 2, illustrating the late maturation of cfat compared to FFEBM. For feed-restricted groups, slopes and transitions for cfat growth varied from those of the control group, according to changes in dietary supply. Diphasic relationships between each fat-free body component and EBM in each treatment had different slopes for first and second phases (about 1 and 0.70). Differences, however, were mainly due to the diphasic growth pattern of cfat per se, and diminished largely if FFEBM instead of EBM was chosen as the independent variable (about 1 and 0.95). Incorrect statements on body component growth in restricted birds, due to the "masking" role of varying fat deposition rates, can be avoided if relative growth was expressed as a function of the fat-free body instead of BW or EBM. Diphasic growth relationships among the fat-free body components were not affected by feeding regimen, but by age. The beta 1 were about unity for the relationship between each fat-free component and FFEBM, suggesting a constant composition of the fat-free body in the first phase. In the second phase, CP accrued relatively faster than ash and water (beta 2 of 1.10 vs 0.94 and 0.91). Results indicate that the changes in growth pattern of fatty and fat-free tissue, both relative to the fat-free body, had not been revealed if a monophasic allometric model instead of a diphasic had been used.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Increased carbohydrate consumption induced by neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate to rats.

Using two different experimental feeding paradigms, patterns of diet selection were examined in rats given monosodium glutamate (MSG) as neonates. In both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, rats received subcutaneous injections of either 4 mg/g MSG or distilled water on alternate days from Day 3 to Day 19 postnatally. As previously reported, MSG-treated rats were shorter and had a greater mean Lee Index of obesity than vehicle-injected control animals. When provided with a choice of separate sources of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate, MSG-treated rats comsumed significantly more carbohydrate and less protein than vehicle-injected controls. Similarly, MSG-treated animals given access to a carbohydrate (32% sucrose) solution in addition to a standard laboratory diet (ground Purina Laboratory Chow) took in a significantly greater proportion of their daily caloric intake from the carbohydrate solution than did controls. The pattern of diet selection in MSG-treated animals is contrasted with patterns of diet selection in animals with other forms of experimental obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Meal pattern analysis of diet-induced obesity in susceptible and resistant rats.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the meal patterns of free feeding Sprague-Dawley rats that become obese or resist obesity when chronically fed a high-fat diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 120) were weaned onto a high-fat diet, and body weight was monitored for 19 weeks. Rats from the upper [diet-induced obese (DIO)] and lower [diet-resistant (DR)] deciles for body-weight gain were selected for study. A cohort of chow-fed (CF) rats weight-matched to the DR group was also studied. Food intake was continuously monitored for 7 consecutive days using a BioDAQ food intake monitoring system. RESULTS: DIO rats were obese, hyperphagic, hyperleptinemic, hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic, and hypertriglyceridemic relative to the DR and CF rats. The hyperphagia of DIOs was caused by an increase in meal size, not number. CF rats ate more calories than DR rats; however, this was because of an increase in meal number, not size. When expressed as a function of lean mass, CF and DR rats consumed the same amount of calories. The intermeal intervals of DIO and DR rats were similar; both were longer than CF rats. The nocturnal satiety ratio of DIO rats was significantly lower than DR and CF rats. The proportion of calories eaten during the nocturnal period did not differ among groups. DISCUSSION: The hyperphagia of a Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic diet-induced obesity is caused by an increase in meal size, not number. These results are an important step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying differences in feeding behavior of DIO and DR rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of group dynamics and diet on the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic.

This study describes how group dynamics and diet have influenced the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. The results are compared with those from an earlier study [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], when the same group was larger and undergoing the process of habituation to humans. Data were obtained from maps of the gorillas' travel routes, direct observations, and analysis of fecal samples. Through the years, the group has experienced a decrease in size, from eight to three individuals, with periods of membership fluctuation. The male's search for new mates resulted in a larger home range than was recorded when the group consisted of more individuals. Moreover, despite an average group size of three throughout this study, the monthly range and mean daily path length (DPL) were also larger when the group was acquiring/losing members in new areas, than when no new members joined or left the group. Fruit was consumed year-round, although more heavily so during wet months. The influence of fruit consumption on the ranging patterns was concealed initially by the effect of habituation [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], and later (at least partially) by the male's search for new mates. In the last 14 months of the study, when the group numbered only three individuals and was ranging in a restricted area, the average DPL, but not the monthly range, increased when the gorillas were consuming more fruit.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of diet composition and feeding pattern on the prececal digestibility of starches from diverse botanical origins measured with the mobile nylon bag technique in horses.

This trial was conducted to determine the extent of prececal starch digestibility depending on the botanical origin of starch and on diet characteristics (i.e., composition and feeding pattern). The prececal disappearance of six substrates (oats, barley, corn, horse bean, potato, and wheat) was measured in four cannulated horses fed (as-fed basis) 11.8 g/kg BW of a high-fiber (HF) or high-starch (HS) pelleted feed and 10.0 g/kg BW of meadow hay using the mobile bag technique (MBT). The daily feeding pattern was either three meals (two meals of pellets and one meal of hay) or five meals (three meals of pellets and two meals of hay). The experimental procedure was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement tested in a Latin square design. After 2 wk of adaptation to the diet, collections were made on 5 d. Thirty nylon bags, composed of five bags of each substrate, were intubated to each horse during the ingestion of the morning meal. Bags were collected in the cecum, using a magnet, at 9 h postintubation. In spite of strong interindividual differences, approximately 80% of the intubated bags were collected. On average, the mean retention time of the bags was 6.2 h (+/-0.17). Regardless of the feeding pattern, the transit of the bags was faster when the fiber content of the diet was higher (P = 0.003). Likewise, regardless of the meal composition, transit was also faster when the ration was split into five daily meals (P = 0.001). The DM disappearance, corrected with particulate losses (DMD(c)), differed depending on the substrate tested (33.5, 57.1, 63.8, 67.7, 78.6, and 86.2% for potato, horse bean, oats, barley, corn, and wheat, respectively; P = 0.001). The DMD(c) of corn, barley, and potato was higher when HS was fed (P = 0.020); regardless of the substrate, DMD(c) was higher with five daily meals (P = 0.001). The starch disappearance (StarchD(c)) was different depending on the substrate (P = 0.001; 36.1, 71.2, 86.6, 89.2, 99.0, and 99.7% for potato, horse bean, barley, corn, wheat, and oats, respectively). Whatever the substrate, StarchD(c) was higher when HS was fed (P = 0.007), but it was not affected by the feeding pattern of the diet. Although passage rate was modified and feed intake was different, the botanical origin of starch was the main factor that affected prececal starch disappearance in horses.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

The influence of linseed oil diet on fatty acid pattern in phospholipids and thromboxane formation in platelets in man.

Ten healthy volunteers daily received 30 ml linseed oil for 4 weeks in addition to the "normal" diet. The influence of linseed oil diet on the fatty acid pattern of plasma phospholipids and thromboxane formation in platelets was investigated. The fatty acid pattern was analysed by gas liquid chromatography. The alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were increased (p less than 0.01), whereas linoleic and arachidonic acids were decreased (p less than 0.05) after 4 weeks of the linseed oil diet. The thromboxane formation of platelets were unchanged. Additionally the influence of HDL and LDL on PGI2 biosynthesis in pig aortic microsomes (PAM) was investigated. HDL taken from serum before and after 3 weeks of linseed oil diet and LDL taken after 3 weeks of diet stimulated the PGI2 formation in PAM, whereas LDL taken from serum before the diet period inhibited the PGI2 formation in PAM.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1981

Short-term variations in diet composition change the pattern of spontaneous motor activity in rats.

The nocturnal activity patterns of rats changed significantly within 3 days after they were given unrestricted access to isocaloric diets in which the ratio of carbohydrate to protein was systematically varied. As the ratio increased, the rats were more continuously active. The subjects showed similar responses to variations in this ratio whether the diet contained 15 or 45 percent fat. No correlation was found between the number of calories an animal ate and its activity pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial was a randomized, multicenter, controlled feeding study to compare the effect on blood pressure of 3 dietary patterns: control, fruits and vegetables, and combination diets. The patterns differed in selected nutrients hypothesized to alter blood pressure. This article examines the food-group structure and nutrient composition of the study diets and reports participant nutrient consumption during intervention. Participants consumed the control dietary pattern during a 3-week run-in period. They were then randomized either to continue on the control diet or to change to the fruits and vegetables or the combination diet for 8 weeks. Sodium intake and body weight were constant during the entire feeding period. Analysis of variance models compared the nutrient content of the 3 diets. Targeting a few nutrients thought to influence blood pressure resulted in diets that were profoundly different in their food-group and nutrient composition. The control and fruits and vegetables diets contained more oils, table fats, salad dressings, and red meats and were higher in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol than was the combination diet. The fruits and vegetables and combination diets contained relatively more servings of fruits, juices, vegetables, and nuts/seeds, and were higher in magnesium, potassium, and fiber than was the control diet. Both the fruits and vegetables and combination diets were low in sweets and sugar-containing drinks. The combination diet contained a greater variety of fruits, and its high calcium content was obtained by increasing low-fat dairy products. In addition, the distinct food grouping pattern across the 3 diets resulted in substantial differences in the levels of vitamins A, C, E, folate, B-6, and zinc.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Daylength and body mass affect diet self-selection by Siberian hamsters.

Siberian hamsters exhibit a decrease in peak body mass/fat and caloric intake when they are exposed to short winter-like days (SDs) compared with hamsters exposed to long summer-like days (LDs). We hypothesize that the photoperiod may directly or indirectly mediate alterations in gustatory processing that may account for shifts in the preferences for specific food types and/or macronutrients. Two experiments lasting 14 days each were conducted to: 1) identify photoperiod-related differences in diet selection, and; 2) determine whether these differences were a primary effect of SD exposure or a secondary effect due to SD-induced decreases in body fat/mass. In Experiment 1, two groups of hamsters were exposed to either LDs or SDs and given access to three complex food types [sunflower seeds (SF); rabbit chow (RC); millet seeds (M)]. In addition to their photoperiod-induced decreased body and fat pad mass, and caloric intake, SD-housed hamsters exhibited significant differences in their patterns of diet selection and relative amounts of fat, carbohydrate (COH), and protein eaten compared with LD-housed hamsters. By the end of the experiment, SD-housed hamsters selected a diet higher in COH and protein and lower in fat than that selected by LD-housed hamsters. Because SD-housed hamsters decrease their body mass/fat, this may reflect an adaptive strategy to maintain a leaner body mass. A second experiment was conducted to test whether the diet selection pattern of SD-housed hamsters was due to the SD-induced decrease in body mass/fat. LD-housed hamsters were allowed to feed ad lib (AL group), or were food restricted (FR group) to simulate a SD-induced decrease in body mass. Both groups were then released into the diet self-selection paradigm. FR hamsters reversed their food restriction-induced decrease in body mass and showed concurrent alterations in diet self-selection patterns that were distinct from the SD-induced patterns seen in Experiment 1. Specifically, they showed a persistent hyperphagia and selected a larger proportion of their total calories as M (high COH) and less as SF (high fat) than did AL hamsters during their return to LD body mass levels. However, once LD body mass levels were achieved, they increased their SF intake, and thus fat consumption. Despite these dynamic daily changes, the average selection patterns of both the diet types and macronutrients were not different by the end of the experiment. Therefore, it appears that the SD-induced changes in the selection of food sources (and ultimately, the macronutrient composition of the diet) cannot be solely attributable to the SD-induced decreases in body mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Lysine deficiency alters diet selection without depressing food intake in rats.

Under states of protein deficiency, the dietary limiting amino acid, rather than protein content, can act as the dietary stimulus to control diet selection. If fact, threonine-deficient rats will alter their diet selection patterns solely on the basis of very small changes (0.009 g/100 g) in the dietary threonine concentration. In these studies, we assessed whether lysine-deficient rats will also alter their diet selection patterns on the basis of small changes in dietary Lys concentration. In all experiments, growing rats were adapted to diets in which the protein fraction (purified amino acids or wheat gluten) was limiting in Lys. They were then given a choice between the adaptation diet (AD) diet and a slightly more deficient diet. Rats that were adapted to a Lys-deficient diet (0.25 g Lys/100 g) selected their AD over diets containing as little as 0.01% less Lys (P < 0.01) within 5 d. To determine how deficient rats must be before they alter their selection patterns, rats were adapted to diets containing various levels of Lys, i.e., 2 levels below the requirement for growth and 2 levels above the requirement for growth, but below the requirement for maximal nitrogen retention. Only rats adapted to diets containing Lys below their requirement for growth selected their AD over a diet containing 0.05% less Lys (P < 0.005). Finally, to determine whether rats will alter their selection to whole protein-based diets, rats were adapted to 25% wheat gluten diets supplemented with 0.03-0.21% Lys. Rats selected the AD over a diet containing as little as 0.09% less supplemental Lys by d 4 of the trial (P < 0.05). We conclude that rats are sensitive to changes as small as 0.01% in dietary Lys concentration, but that sensitivity requires prior adaptation to Lys-deficient diets.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Effects of oleic-rich and omega-3-rich diets on serum lipid pattern and lipid oxidation in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients.

AIMS: To evaluate which dietary fat elicits the best response in terms of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and oxidative processes. METHODS: After a 4-week run-in period, 14 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were fed two balanced diets for 6-week periods. During the first intervention period, patients received a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-enriched diet (olive oil diet). During the second period this diet was supplemented by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (n-3 diet). RESULTS: After the olive oil diet, a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol (-8.54%, P<0.01), and in apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (-10.0%, P<0.01) was observed. With the addition of n-3 fatty acids no further significant changes in serum lipid concentrations were found. However, the n-3 diet was followed by an increase in lipoperoxides in isolated native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (67.23%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A beneficial effect on the serum lipid pattern was observed with the olive oil-enriched diet. The lack of further beneficial modifications on blood lipids and lipoproteins and the increase in the oxidative susceptibility of LDL observed after the addition of n-3 PUFA to the olive oil diet does not favor the use of this diet in hypercholesterolemic patients if it is not associated with a high intake of antioxidants.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Sex differences in dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism in the rat: different plasma levels following ingestion of DHEA-supplemented diet and different metabolite patterns in plasma, bile and urine.

Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate levels were determined by an enzyme immunoassay in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet containing 0.6% or 0.3% DHEA. A significant difference in DHEA plasma levels was observed in male and female animals. In male rats, total DHEA plasma concentrations were found in the range of 0.4-1.5 microgram/ml (0.6% DHEA chow) and 0.3-0.5 microgram/ml (0.3% DHEA chow). In female animals several times higher DHEA plasma levels were determined: 17.5-33 micrograms/ml (0.6% DHEA chow) and 8.3-14.8 micrograms/ml (0.3% DHEA chow). DHEA was present in rat plasma of both sexes preferably as the sulfate conjugate. Significant sex differences were also found in the DHEA metabolite patterns obtained by TLC separation of extracts from plasma, bile and urine following administration of 3H-DHEA. In female rats, DHEA is present predominantly as the sulfate conjugate in considerable amounts in all materials investigated, whereas in male rats polar metabolites dominate in the patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Exposure to an obesity-inducing diet early affects the pattern of expression of peroxisome proliferator, retinoic acid, and triiodothyronine nuclear receptors in the rat.

Since evidence has appeared that alpha and gamma isoforms of the peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) are involved in the regulation of triglyceride homeostasis and in the control of the differentiation of adipocytes that is required for the development of obesity, a large number of studies have investigated the physiologic role of nuclear receptors in the control of energy balance. The aim of this study was to determine the early effects of an obesity-inducing diet on the expression of PPAR alpha and gamma and other nuclear receptors such as all-trans retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and triiodothyronine receptor (TR), which all form functional heterodimers with a common partner, the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR). The experiment used a cafeteria diet where 60% of the energy was supplied as lipids. This diet was offered to young rats for 8 and 28 days and the expression of nuclear receptors was determined at the end of each experimental time period (1) in the liver by assaying the binding properties of RAR and TR and by quantifying mRNA levels of RAR beta, TR alpha(1)beta(1), RXR alpha, and PPAR alpha, and (2) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) by quantifying mRNA levels of RAR alpha, RXR alpha, TR alpha(1)beta(1), and PPAR gamma(2). After 8 days of cafeteria diet a significant decrease of RAR and TR maximal binding capacity (MBC) was observed in the liver (-20.1% and -35.0%, respectively, P <.05) and the level of the mRNA of RAR beta was significantly decreased (-17.4%, P <.05). After 28 days of cafeteria diet, the level of the mRNA of PPAR alpha and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) was significantly increased (+54.5% and +37.8%, P <.01 and P <.05, respectively), whereas the MBC of RAR and TR was significantly decreased (-16.0% and -23.4%, P <.01), as were the mRNA levels of RAR beta and TR alpha(1) beta(1) (-28.5% and -32.0%, P <.05). The level of RXR alpha mRNA was unchanged. In WAT, the mRNA level of PPAR gamma(2) was significantly increased after 28 days of cafeteria diet (+49.5%, P <.05) and the mRNA levels of RAR alpha and TR alpha(1) beta(1) significantly decreased (-22.3% and -31.0%, P <.05). These results as a whole showed that a high-fat diet can induce early modifications in the pattern of expression of nuclear receptors in the liver and the WAT. These modifications could be compatible with an early adaptive phenomenon. Further investigations are necessary to better understanding the link between the modifications of the pattern of expression of these receptors and plasticity of adipose tissue leading to the onset of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

A polysomnographic study of sleep disturbance in community elderly with self-reported environmental chemical odor intolerance.

Subjective sleep complaints and food intolerances, especially to milk products, are frequent symptoms of individuals who also report intolerance for low-level odors of various environmental chemicals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the objective nature of nocturnal sleep patterns during different diets, using polysomnography in community older adults with self-reported illness from chemical odors. Those high in chemical odor intolerance (n = 15) exhibited significantly lower sleep efficiency (p = .005) and lower rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep percent (p = .04), with a trend toward longer latency to REM sleep (p = .07), than did those low in chemical intolerance (n = 15), especially on dairy-containing as compared with nondairy (soy) diets. The arousal pattern of the chemical odor intolerant group differed from the polysomnographic features of major depression, classical organophosphate toxicity, and subjective insomnia without objective findings. The findings suggest that community elderly with moderate chemical odor intolerance and minimal sleep complaints exhibit objectively poorer sleep than do their normal peers. Individual differences in underlying brain function may help generate these observations. The data support the need for similar studies in clinical populations with chemical odor intolerance, such as multiple chemical sensitivity patients and perhaps certain veterans with "Persian Gulf Syndrome."

Aged↗