Indian science. Booming computer sector seen as a mixed blessing.
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Computers in healthcare: overview and bibliography.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide an overview of computer technology and an associated bibliography, emphasizing institutional-based healthcare applications and pharmacoinformatics. DATA SOURCES: References were selected from the authors' files and from a computerized search over the last five years on computers in healthcare/medical informatics and in pharmacy. STUDY SELECTION: Articles selected for review and discussion were considered to be important contributions to the respective areas listed in the bibliography and representative of advancements in computer applications in healthcare and pharmacy. DATA SYNTHESIS: The computer has become an important support tool for healthcare professionals. Medical informatics and the discipline related to pharmacy, called pharmacoinformatics, have evolved from the cognitive underpinnings of medicine, pharmacy, and computer science. Recent developments in computer technology have resulted in computers that are fast, increasingly portable, and user friendly. Hospital information systems employ computers in various ways to deal with the vast amount of information used by various departments. Standards for electronic data exchange are being developed to increase the integration potential of these systems. Hospital pharmacists have used computers for drug distribution, financial analysis and inventory control, drug interaction detection, pharmacokinetic dosing, drug information, and drug therapy monitoring. Expert systems are being developed in several areas of drug therapy. Pharmacy educators have developed interactive courseware to help students learn problem-solving skills in the areas of calculations, therapeutics, and drug information. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists need to become more involved with applications of technology to pharmacy. Properly implemented, computers can provide more time for pharmacists to use their cognitive skills in the delivery of pharmaceutical care.
Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
Measuring and modeling facial affect.
In recent years, researchers in computer science and human-computer interaction have become increasingly interested in characterizing perception of facial affect. Ironically, this applied interest comes at a time when the classic findings on perception of human facial affect are being challenged in the psychological research literature, largely on methodological grounds. This paper first describes two experiments that empirically address Russell's methodological criticisms of the classic work on measuring "basic emotions," as well as his alternative approach toward modeling "facial affect space." Finally, a user study on affect in a prototype model of a robot face is reported; these results are compared with the human findings from Experiment 1. This work provides new data on measuring facial affect, while also demonstrating how basic and more applied research can mutually inform one another.
Adolescent↗
Usability of expressive description logics--a case study in UMLS.
Research in (medical) terminological knowledge representation is showing an increased interest in the family of Description Logics (DLs), as they allow for automatic reasoning. This interest is driven by an increase in demands on the quality of and reasoning ability with medical terminological knowledge. Recent advances in Computer Science have demonstrated the computational decidability and empirical tractability of quite expressive DLs. The question arises whether this expressivity is usable and useful. This paper motivates and describes an exploratory study to address this question by examining the surplus value of individual DL constructors based on an investigation of UMLS terms. Our study indicates that the disjunction and negation operators comprise very valuable extensions to current DLs. The impact of formalization depends on the involved semantic type; "Injury and Poisoning" is one of the semantic types in which a large portion of concepts will benefit from the extension.
Logic↗
A paradigm for the next millennium: health information science.
Although historically a major concern of both the artist and the scientist was the observation of nature, the two disciplines split when science became more wedded to mathematics and quantification. Today, with visualization, art and science can again together provide a view of the natural world. A prototype curriculum for a new multidisciplinary science--Health Information Science--incorporates aspects of computer science, cognitive psychology, bioengineering, biomedical visualization, medicine, dentistry, anthropology, mathematics, library science, and the visual arts.
Art↗
[Hygienic evaluation of artificial lighting in the classroom for studying information science and computer technics in secondary schools].
Body functioning state of schoolchildren was investigated under different lighting conditions of the computer keyboard and video display terminals (VDT). The findings of lighting engineering and physiologic studies showed that optimal conditions for the children working on computers should be ensured by two interdependent indicators, i. e., the level of lighting at the workplace and on VDT. The most favourable indicators of children's visual functions were established at the level of lighting of 400 lx at the workplace and 100 lx on VDT under general luminescent lighting.
Adolescent↗
19th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-- Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on nursing. Honolulu, Hawaii, January 1986.
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Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
[Physician, patient, science and computer medicine].
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Computers↗
The art and science of computer imaging.
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Computer Simulation↗
Synergistic science.
Should computational materials science be recognized as a field with a role in the community comparable to computational physics or chemistry? With the emergence of multiscale modelling, the answer is a resounding 'yes'.
Computer Simulation↗
Artificial intelligence-driven advancements in agricultural biotechnology.
The need for faster and more informative data processing for better decision-making is driving the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the agricultural sector. Thanks to recent advancements in computer science and the increase in computational powers of modern computers, AI is not only augmenting traditional solutions, but also helping in developing novel solutions to existing challenging matters. AI-driven models have an exceptional ability to identify patterns and combine a diverse collection of data together and make inference. The increasing pressure on farmlands posed by the growing global population and climate change is lessening growth, yield, and productivity ultimately posing risk to food security worldwide. Incorporation of AI in agriculture has the potential to drive farming efficiency to new heights. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the evolution of AI in agricultural biotechnology from a theoretical concept to a global phenomenon. A comprehensive literature search was performed using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Lens and the Cochrane Library. In this review, we empirically demonstrate the fields advancement toward more capable AI systems and discuss the current applications of AI across crop improvement and precision agriculture such as crop improvement and genetic engineering, genomic selection and plant breeding, pest and disease detection, precision agriculture and smart farming, soil health and nutrient management, climate resilient crop development, livestock biotechnology, challenges and ethical considerations in AI based agricultural biotechnology. Furthermore, this review addresses the exponential growth of commercial intellectual property in the field and contrast it with academic publication outputs. Finally, we critically assess the ethical challenges impeding equitable adoption of AI including data sovereignty and digital divide, while projecting future frontiers involving quantum computing. This review will help build sustainable agricultural systems capable of adapting to climate change, contribute to the development of climate-resilient and high-yielding crops, and address global food security challenges.
Agriculture↗
Physics/computer science. Passing messages between disciplines.
Problems in computer science, such as error correction in information transfer and "satisfiability" in optimization, show phase transitions familiar from solid-state physics. In his Perspective, Mézard explains how recent advances in these three fields originate in similar "message passing" procedures. The exchange of elaborate messages between different variables and constraints, used in the study of phase transitions in physical systems, helps to make error correction and satisfiability codes more efficient.
Journal Article↗
[Conservative therapy of forearm fracture in the growth stage with special reference to the correlation of roentgenologic course, objective and subjective total results].
143 out of 310 patients in the age of one to 18 years suffering from forearm-shaft-fractures could be followed up at the 2nd Department of Traumatology, University of Vienna, out of a period between 1978 and 1983. A correlation between radiologic follow-ups and objective/subjective findings was achieved by means of the WAMASTAT/SAS program at the Institute of Medical Computer Sciences. With the aid of computer diagrams of the angulation of fracture-dislocation awaited restrictions of movement can be anticipated. Corrective reductions performed in time can prevent disalignment and improve long-term follow-up results.
Adolescent↗
A user-centered framework for redesigning health care interfaces.
Numerous health care systems are designed without consideration of user-centered design guidelines. Consequently, systems are created ad hoc, users are dissatisfied and often systems are abandoned. This is not only a waste of human resources, but economic resources as well. In order to salvage such systems, we have combined different methods from the area of computer science, cognitive science, psychology, and human-computer interaction to formulate a framework for guiding the redesign process. The paper provides a review of the different methods involved in this process and presents a life cycle of our redesign approach. Following the description of the methods, we present a case study, which shows a successfully applied example of the use of this framework. A comparison between the original and redesigned interfaces showed improvements in system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality.
Artificial Intelligence↗
A computational model for the primate neocortex based on its functional architecture.
Experimental evidence has shown that the primate neocortex consists in the main of a set of cortical regions which form a perception hierarchy, an action hierarchy and connections between them. By using a computer science analysis, we develop a computational architecture for the brain in which each cortical region is represented by a computational module with processing and storage abilities. Modules are interconnected according to the connectivity of the corresponding cortical regions. We develop computational principles for designing such a hierarchical and parallel computing system. We demonstrate this approach by proposing a causal functioning model of the brain. We report on results obtained with an implementation of this model. We conclude with a brief discussion of some consequences and predictions of our work.
Animals↗
From molecular to modular cell biology.
Cellular functions, such as signal transmission, are carried out by 'modules' made up of many species of interacting molecules. Understanding how modules work has depended on combining phenomenological analysis with molecular studies. General principles that govern the structure and behaviour of modules may be discovered with help from synthetic sciences such as engineering and computer science, from stronger interactions between experiment and theory in cell biology, and from an appreciation of evolutionary constraints.
Action Potentials↗
Fast exact string pattern-matching algorithms adapted to the characteristics of the medical language.
OBJECTIVE: The authors consider the problem of exact string pattern matching using algorithms that do not require any preprocessing. To choose the most appropriate algorithm, distinctive features of the medical language must be taken into account. The characteristics of medical language are emphasized in this regard, the best algorithm of those reviewed is proposed, and detailed evaluations of time complexity for processing medical texts are provided. DESIGN: The authors first illustrate and discuss the techniques of various string pattern-matching algorithms. Next, the source code and the behavior of representative exact string pattern-matching algorithms are presented in a comprehensive manner to promote their implementation. Detailed explanations of the use of various techniques to improve performance are given. MEASUREMENTS: Real-time measures of time complexity with English medical texts are presented. They lead to results distinct from those found in the computer science literature, which are typically computed with normally distributed texts. RESULTS: The Boyer-Moore-Horspool algorithm achieves the best overall results when used with medical texts. This algorithm usually performs at least twice as fast as the other algorithms tested. CONCLUSION: The time performance of exact string pattern matching can be greatly improved if an efficient algorithm is used. Considering the growing amount of text handled in the electronic patient record, it is worth implementing this efficient algorithm.
Algorithms↗
[Towards evidence-based public health?].
Evidence-based public health can be viewed as a way of facing community health problems by which the decisions are taken accordingly to the available evidence. A complete multidisciplinary approach should be introduced, with the goal of identifying and articulating the different dimensions which are present when trying to respond to the challenges or problems for the people's health. In addition to clinical medicine, disciplines such as epidemiology, biostatistics, health services research, economics, behavioural sciences, demography, nutrition, gerontology or computing sciences, among others, may contribute to health promotion and disease prevention. This open approach should not be exempt of a captious attitude toward the obtainable information, while it is essential to have a comprehensive spirit to combine this information with the previous experience and the peculiarities of each situation. Searching for evidence begins with a clear operational statement of the problem. This helps to select and obtain the key pieces of information. The information obtained must be judged critically, and related to the specifics of the problem. Lastly, it should be accepted that search for evidence does not mean finding certitude. Idolizing evidence can end up being as inappropriate as the implementation of a health program ignoring the previous information about its potential effectiveness, if such information were available. Many decisions in public health have to be taken conscious that scientific evidence does not rule out uncertainty, as other elements such as the cultural context, the individual preferences and other social factors may have a decisive influence in the success or failure of public health interventions.
Bacterial Vaccines↗