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PubMed2001

[Good cell culture practice (GCCP)--an initiative for standardization and quality control of in vitro studies. The establishment of an ECVAM Task Force on GCCP].

Cultured human and animal cells are increasingly used as the basis for simplified, direct test systems that have the potential to be more controllable and more reproducible than in vivo test systems. However, if a biological test system is simplified to fundamental levels then it is paramount that the essential components of such a reduced systems are closely defined and reproducible. Thus, minimal requirements for quality standards in cell and tissue culture have to be defined. It is the aim of this GCCP initiative to establish principles for standardisation, rationalisation, and international harmonisation of cell and tissue culture laboratory practices. Therefore, in analogy to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), a Good Cell Culture Practice (GCCP) was initiated at the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Bologna, 29. August-2. September 1999. This "Bologna Statement on Good Cell Culture Practice" was presented, discussed, and refined in a Workshop, and a final version was approved at the closing ceremony of the Congress by the scientific audience. Based on the Bologna Statement, an ECVAM Task Force on GCCP was initiated, that is chaired by Thomas Hartung and Sandra Ceocke, in which experts in the field should elaborate minimal requirements for quality standards in cell culture. It is the intention of the GCCP Guidelines to encourage consensus among all concerned with the use of in vitro systems, in order to establish and maintain best laboratory practices, to promote effective quality control systems, to facilitate education and training, to support journal editors, and to help any authorities who need to interpret and apply conclusions based on in vitro data.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2004

Decision support and knowledge management in oncology using hierarchical classification.

This paper presents the KASIMIR research project for the management of decision protocols in oncology. A decision protocol is a kind of decision tree implemented in an object-based representation formalism. A reasoner based on such a formalism and on hierarchical classification is coupled with a knowledge editor. This association provides an assistance for editing and maintenance of protocols, enabling the detection of errors and the comparison between versions of the protocol. In this way, a management of protocols takes fully advantage of the underlying knowledge representation and reasoning tools. This straightforward use of the protocol may be insufficient in some situations. Then, the protocol may have to be adapted for these situations. A study of protocol adaptation is presented. In particular a reasoner based on a combination of hierarchical classification and fuzzy logic is introduced.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Nomenclature for parasitic diseases: cohabitation with inconsistency for how long and why?

The author surveys the early history of nomenclature for parasitic diseases or infections which led to the existing usage of synonymous names with diverse spellings for denominating the same disease entities. In order to diminish heterogeneity in nomenclatural usage, principles of the standardized nomenclature of parasitic diseases (SNOPAD) have been put forward by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. Pros and cons regarding the SNOPAD concept are discussed in seeking consensus terminology. The need for a standard nomenclature may be judged differently. SNOPAD is just a guideline based on carefully reasoned and clearly defined principles for those authors and editors dissatisfied with the existing heterogeneous and inconsistent nomenclatural usage and wish to rely on a uniform and standard disease nomenclature. The major suggestion of SNOPAD is the use solely of suffix -osis when disease name is coined from the name of a parasite taxon. Meanwhile, the proposed principles were found sensible and accepted more in the field of veterinary, less in medical parasitology. In a recent survey it has been revealed that the majority (73.8%) of 126 national language parasitological textbooks or compendia from 21 countries of Europe published since 1990 adopted consistent '-osis' disease terminology and the rest (26.2%) used a mixture of disease names ending in '-osis' and '-iasis' inconsistently. For achieving substantial shift towards the use of more consistent disease terminology, the interest and support of the parasitologists' community is required. Editorials and database producers hold the key to further progress provided they see the advantages of the use of a single name of worldwide currency for each disease entity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group: the development of systematic reviews of treatment outcome.

- The aim of the Cochrane Collaboration is to promote review processes which address all aspects of health care and which can be viewed by clinicians to guide their day-to-day clinical practice. Recently, a Cochrane review group on drugs and alcohol has been developed. The Cochrane Review Group Editorial base is in Rome, Italy. There is an international editorial board with editors in the UK, Italy, France, Australia and the USA. So far, the group has published five reviews addressing treatment for opioid, cocaine and alcohol dependence. Additional reviews and protocols are in progress. A growing number of titles are registered with the group. Interested readers and potential reviewers and/or referees can contact the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Coordinator in Rome at the e-mail address: dacochrane@asplazio.it

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

A hybrid supported employment program for persons with schizophrenia in Japan.

INTRODUCTION BY THE COLUMN EDITORS: Because the mental health system in Japan has emphasized hospital-based treatment (1), patients with schizophrenia often remain institutionalized for long periods, even after their symptoms have stabilized. In addition, the introduction of modern community-based methods of treatment and rehabilitation was delayed by an antipsychiatry movement in the 1970s and the ascendance of a reductionistic biological approach to services (2). Lack of adequate outpatient services and community residential care in Japan has been a serious obstacle to destigmatization of mental disorders and has contributed to the heavy burden and stress experienced by families of mentally ill persons (3). More than 80 percent of patients discharged from mental hospitals return to live with their families, who are ill prepared to provide the supportive services required for community tenure. Involvement in work activities can facilitate community reentry for people with serious and persistent mental illness because employment displaces symptoms, provides structure and meaning in daily life, offers socialization with peers, and permits workers to earn income for shelter and food. In this issue's Rehab Rounds column, the authors describe an innovative vocational rehabilitation program for patients with schizophrenia that was designed to overcome obstacles to discharge and community adjustment. The program at Yabuki Prefecture Psychiatric Hospital, in the northern prefecture of Fukushima, Japan, has been successful in training patients for competitive work while capitalizing on the importance of work in Japanese culture and its traditionally supportive employer-employee relationships. The program is termed "hybrid" because it combines elements of transitional employment with supported employment (4).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Measurement of gradation curve by the digital test pattern method in a computed radiography system].

Computed radiography (CR) has many variations in gradation, and it is difficult to grasp all of them. We produced the Digital Test Pattern, a step chart made based on digital values that was created by personal computer using Binary Editor. Image data input in the CR system is replaced with the Digital Test Pattern data. A gradation curve is measuring for using the processed output image data in the CR system, such that we can determine the relation between input and output. We termed this the Digital Test Pattern method. Output characteristics after gradation processing are obtained by output signal value and input signal value. Input is known beforehand, and change in the gradation processing parameter is understood from the output pixel value. It is also possible to measure a gradation curve directly from photographic density. Measuring the relation of input and output enabled computer simulation of a gradation curve. These studies indicated the effectiveness of our proposed method in terms of accuracy and ease of use.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2000

['Another breakthrough': general news reports raise false hopes].

Recently a breakthrough in research was reported in the Dutch press. The results were considered of major importance for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thereafter societies of patients and neurologists were overloaded with questions. They had to explain again and again that false expectations had been aroused. The road from basic research to a proven beneficial therapy is long. Promising results are at many phases of the development of a treatment at risk of disappearing. Reports from the laboratory on new treatments are always too early. In order to prevent false expectations, submissions to the press ought to be based on firm evidence as is usual with publications in professional journals, editors of the press should scrutinize the claims made by researchers, and, in addition, the general public should be educated on the diagnostic process and the assessment of treatment efficacy.

Deception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Robotics and computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery.

These are just a few representative applications of the synergistic use of computer and robotic technology assisting the orthopaedic surgeon. While the individual systems are certain to change over time, the basic principles of correlating radiographic and anatomic data through a registration process, and displaying additional instrument or implant information through smart tools and surgical navigation are certain to become an increasingly important aspect of joint arthroplasty, deformity correction, and spinal and trauma surgery. Only the orthopaedic surgeon who clearly understands the goals, applications, and limitations of these systems can decide which are appropriate for his patients, his hospital, and his practice. Determining the cost and time benefits, both before and after an obligatory "learning curve" requires a complex interaction of capital investments, time savings, and outcome research on both safety and efficacy issues. The orthopaedist who understands and applies these technologies will help his patients to achieve the best possible care. Excellent resources in the literature on this topic include the September, 1998, issue of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, a symposium on "Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery: Medical Robots and Image Guided Surgery"; Guest editor, Anthony M. DiGioia, III, MD. Also, the January, 2000, issue of Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics, "Medical Robotics and Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery. Guest editors: Anthony M. DiGioia, III, M.D. and Branislav Jaramaz, Ph.D. Additional Internet based information is available from the Journal of Computer Aided Surgery (formerly: Journal of Image Guided Surgery), at http://journals.wiley.com/.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed2002

Particle size-dependent total mass deposition in lungs determines inhalation toxicity of cadmium chloride aerosols in rats. Application of a multiple path dosimetry model.

The relative importance of the three particulate matter (PM) size fractions in ambient air, i.e. coarse (2.5-10 microm), fine (0.1-2.5 microm) and ultrafine (<0.1 microm) fractions, on the induction of adverse health effects is still unknown. Moreover, there is no straightforward relationship between ambient concentration levels, exposure (external dose) and the dose delivered to the target site (internal dose). Recently, a human and a rat airway PM deposition model (MPPDep V1.1) have been developed by CIIT Centers for Health Research and the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), based on the work of O.G. Raabe et al. (1977, In: W.H. Walton, editor, Inhaled Particles IV/2; Pergamon, Oxford) and S. Anjilvel and B. Asgharian (1995, Fundam Appl Toxicol 28:41-50). This paper describes studies using cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) as a model for toxic aerosol particles to (1) investigate the role of particle size in the development of pulmonary effects, and (2) evaluate the MPPDep model, by comparing predicted deposition with measured deposition of CdCl(2)in the respiratory tract. Rats (ten per group) were exposed for a single 4-h period to CdCl(2)particles at various sizes, i.e. 33, 170, 637 and 1495 nm, all at a target concentration of 1 mg/m(3). Immediately after exposure, four of ten rats per group were killed and trachea, lung lobes, heart, liver and kidneys were collected and preserved to determine the amount of CdCl(2) present in each of these organs. CdCl(2)-induced toxicity, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, was determined in the remaining six rats per group the day after exposure. Animals exposed to 33 nm particles showed the highest level of respiratory toxicity, followed by animals exposed to 637 nm particles, then to 170 nm particles and finally by those exposed to 1495 nm particles. Pulmonary cadmium levels showed a similar relationship. The results from the present study suggest that the induction of pulmonary toxicity following inhalation exposure to soluble CdCl(2)particles in the range 30-1500 nm depends on the amount of deposited material, which in its turn depends on the initial (aerodynamic) particle size. In addition, the MPPDep model accurately predicted the measured CdCl(2) deposition. Conclusively, for soluble particles the deposited pulmonary mass (dose) of particles is important for toxicity and is dependent of particle size. These findings may have serious impact on the evaluation of the role of various particle sizes in PM10-associated health effects.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2026

Expanding the scope of precision editing in seaweeds through the application of a novel CRISPR-associated nuclease 12a-aligned CRISPR system in Ulva prolifera.

Seaweeds, such as the fast-growing green alga Ulva prolifera, can be harnessed as valuable marine crops. The lack of scalable genome-editing tools hampers functional genomics to explore and elucidate algal molecular pathways with industrial importance. Here, we expanded precision genome modification in seaweeds by successfully demonstrating gene editing with a transgene-free AT-rich-targeting CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system in U. prolifera. By evaluating various delivery buffers, comparing different Cas systems, and optimizing incubation temperatures, we determined suitable conditions for more widespread applicability of a novel Cas12a-aligned ST8 editor. We obtained >50 ST8-mediated knockout mutants of a toxin-based endogenous marker gene, UpAPT, at 28 &#xb0;C post-delivery incubations. Our work diversified the applicable genome-editing tools in seaweeds, advancing algal functional genomics and providing more strategies to precisely target unexplored seaweed resources.

Ulva↗
PubMed1983

Simultaneous Feulgen densitometry and autoradiographic grain counting with the Quantimet 720D image-analysis system. III. Improvements in Feulgen densitometry.

A method has been developed for densitometric estimation of the Feulgen-stained DNA content of 3H-labeled nuclei in autoradiographs in conjunction with automated grain counting using a Quantimet Imaging System. Refinements in the methodology are reported which include 1) the incorporation of an Image-Editor Module into the Quantimet module configuration; 2) the optimization of incident illumination based upon evaluation of various light sources; 3) changes in the optical configuration which reduce glare and minimize the level of monitor shading correction; 4) the optimization of scanner sensitivity; and 5) the evaluation of cell-flattening and staining with respect to densitometry resolution and sensitivity. These refinements resulted in a CV of less than 6.4% in the G-1 and G-2 DNA peaks of rat kidney cells in autoradiographs compared to the previous CV of 10.5%, and a G-2 to G-1 ratio of 2.025. For a fixed field position the CV was 5.1% and the replication error less than 1.0%.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature, research results must be synthesized. Meta-analyses are increasingly used to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. A workshop was held in Atlanta, Ga, in April 1997, to examine the reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven participants were selected by a steering committee, based on expertise in clinical practice, trials, statistics, epidemiology, social sciences, and biomedical editing. Deliberations of the workshop were open to other interested scientists. Funding for this activity was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. EVIDENCE: We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies using MEDLINE, Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), PsycLIT, and the Current Index to Statistics. We also examined reference lists of the 32 studies retrieved and contacted experts in the field. Participants were assigned to small-group discussions on the subjects of bias, searching and abstracting, heterogeneity, study categorization, and statistical methods. CONSENSUS PROCESS: From the material presented at the workshop, the authors developed a checklist summarizing recommendations for reporting meta-analyses of observational studies. The checklist and supporting evidence were circulated to all conference attendees and additional experts. All suggestions for revisions were addressed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Use of the checklist should improve the usefulness of meta-analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and decision makers. An evaluation plan is suggested and research areas are explored.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed1997

The significance of statistical significance.

Currently, much nursing practice is based on limited evidence, for example, small-scale research, case studies and clinical experience. In a mature science this would be undesirable, but nursing is in the early stages of development as a science, and many of its practices depend on relatively informal knowledge. To encourage the spread of potentially valuable ideas, nurses must be willing to share their clinical experience and journal editors should consider publishing this information. High-quality research is essential to the long-term development of 'evidence-based practice', but it is crucial at the present stage of nursing science that we do not become too concerned with perfect research methodology at the expense of good ideas. This particularly applies to tests of statistical significance. If we accept only information that has demonstrated statistical significance, we risk the dismissal of qualitative research and other information which may be extremely valuable but which have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this paper is to convince practitioners and journal editors that statistical significance is not the only way to judge clinical importance and to suggest that decisions on what should be submitted and accepted for publication should be based on potential clinical relevance as well as statistical analysis.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1998

The significance of statistical significance.

Currently, much nursing practice is based on limited evidence, for example, small-scale research, case studies and clinical experience. In a mature science this would be undesirable, but nursing is in the early stages of development as a science, and many of its practices depend on relatively informal knowledge. To encourage the spread of potentially valuable ideas, nurses must be willing to share their clinical experience and journal editors should consider publishing this information. High-quality research is essential to the long-term development of 'evidence-based practice', but it is crucial at the present stage of nursing science that we do not become too concerned with perfect research methodology at the expense of good ideas. This particularly applies to tests of statistical significance. If we accept only information that has demonstrated statistical significance, we risk the dismissal of qualitative research and other information which may be extremely valuable but which have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this paper is to convince practitioners and journal editors that statistical significance is not the only way to judge clinical importance and to suggest that decisions on what should be submitted and accepted for publication should be based on potential clinical relevance as well as statistical analysis.

Bias↗
PubMed1993

Case vignette: inside information.

A research team at International Genetic Products (IGP) has been working quietly on a new product with significant market potential. Initial laboratory trials yielded significantly favorable results. A careful replication has now confirmed these findings, and both studies were described in a manuscript that has been accepted for publication in the prestigious journal Genome Today. The article will appear in print next month, and the staff at IGP are certain that it will attract considerable favorable attention to their company. The publication requirements of Genome Today included a pledge from all authors not to leak information on the study prior to the publication date press releases normally issued by the journal. Meanwhile, Dr. Phil T. Lucre, who was used as a reviewer of the manuscript by the editor of Genome Today, has learned that the article is to be published by routine editorial feedback. Based on this "inside information," Dr. Lucre plans to make a substantial investment in IGP stock before the embargo on information in the forthcoming article is lifted. He reasons that, although he may indeed have access to special information, he should not be limited in his investment options simply because he happened to be assigned to review this manuscript. What ethical issues are raised by Dr. Lucre's plans? Can/should journal editors take any steps to preclude problems of this sort from arising?

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2000

Development. Survival is impossible without an editor.

RNA editing is a fascinating phenomenon that is found in both animal and plant cells. By converting an adenosine base to an inosine (which behaves like guanosine) in RNA that has already been transcribed, certain RNA sequences (and hence the amino acids they encode) are altered. In a Perspective, Keegan, Gallo and O'Connell explore new results showing that activity of the editing enzyme ADAR1 is crucial for normal development of red blood cells in mouse embryos.

Adenosine↗