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PubMed1989

Residues of polychlorinated-dibenzodioxins, -dibenzofurans and -biphenyls in human milk samples collected in a continental town in Croatia, Yugoslavia.

The levels of several polychlorinated-dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and total polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in pooled human milk samples. The samples were collected in a continental town of Croatia, Yugoslavia, during the years 1981/82 and 1985. The concentrations of seven PCDDs and nine PCDFs were within the range less than 0.2-116 ng/kg milk fat; the total PCBs were 0.47 and 0.32 mg/kg milk fat. The levels determined were about the same as those reported for the general population in other countries.

Benzofurans↗
PubMed1989

Epidemic hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Yugoslavia, 1986.

An epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) occurred in Yugoslavia May-November 1986; all Republics and Provinces were involved. Serum samples were received from 260 of 276 persons with symptoms clinically compatible with a diagnosis of HFRS. Presumptive infection with a hantavirus was determined serologically for 161 of these. Many patients with serious clinical pictures, including severe renal insufficiency and shock, were hospitalized; 11 died. Indirect fluorescent antibody tests with antigens of 4 hantaviruses (Hantaan, Fojnica, Puumala, and the Vranica strain of Puumala virus) showed that greater than 1 serotype was circulating during this epidemic. Hantavirus antigens were detected in the lungs of 86 of 302 (28.5%) wild-caught small mammals.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1989

Multiple sclerosis in Istria, Yugoslavia.

An epidemiological research of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Istria, Yugoslavia, was made in the period of 1980-1981. After examining all the sources of health care information, 125 potential MS patients were found in the investigated area. According to the diagnostic criteria by Schumacher et al., 47 affected were recognized and accepted as clinically definite MS patients. The MS prevalence rate in Istria on March 31st, 1981 amounted to 25.0/10(5) inhabitants (CI: 19.9-38.9). Such rates classify Istria in the middle between the medium and high risk zones for the disease in Europe and in the world. The onset age of MS in Istria was about 30 years, the female/male sex ratio was 2.13. The average duration of MS in Istria up to the prevalence day was 16.5 years. The average annual incidence rate was 1.5/10(5) inhabitants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Comparative study on cancer incidence in neighboring regions of Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia in 1969-1980. Pannonian Tumor Epidemiology Study Group.

The present collaborative study was performed in four confined, neighboring regions of Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia with different demographic and occupational characteristics of their respective populations, various structures of medical facilities, and cancer registration systems. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates and trends of six major cancer sites (stomach, colorectum and lung in both sexes as well as breast, uterine cervix and uterine body in women) in three 4-year periods (1969-1972, 1973-1976, 1977-1980) were computed and mutually compared in the mentioned regions. Relatively high, different but more or less decreasing incidence rates of stomach, and varying but mainly increasing rates and trends of colorectal cancer were observed, while lung cancer incidence rates and tendencies showed great variations in both sexes. For women, besides continuous increase, the tendencies towards culmination and stabilization were found in regions with the highest incidence rates of breast and uterine body cancer in comparison with the more or less declining rates of uterine cervix cancer over the period studied. The observed different incidence rates and trends of these and obviously of other cancer sites require further investigations using more sophisticated epidemiological methods and approaches.

Austria↗
PubMed1986

Group practice in Yugoslavia.

Group dental practice depends to a considerable extent on the social system of the state in which it exists. In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia it is therefore based on the principles of the central system of socialist self-management. Private dental practice is the exception; dentistry is normally practised in particular health care organizations. Within these organizations, the members of the group independently take the decisions relevant to their activity, mutual rights and obligations, and material affairs. Special agreements arrived at and other decisions are taken in a highly democratic manner with this intention. The legislator has provided only certain frameworks or foundations for their decisions.

Dental Health Services↗
PubMed1987

Atmospheric 222Rn in tourist caves of Slovenia, Yugoslavia.

Radon-222 concentrations in the air of 12 tourist caves in Slovenia, Yugoslavia were measured. In almost all the caves concentrations are higher than in the outdoor air, with the highest concentration in the Tabor Cave at about 6000 Bq m-3. From the 222Rn concentrations obtained, the activity of 222Rn inhaled by a visitor breathing cave air was calculated, and the bronchial dose was estimated. The inhaled activity and the bronchial dose were highest in the Tabor Cave with values of 10 kBq and 540 microSv, respectively.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1986

Report of a study into skin sensitivity and into scar diameter after vaccination with BCG in 5,000 new-borns in Cakovec, Yugoslavia.

To compare the skin allergy producing potency of batches of BCG from three different production centers, 5,066 new-borns were vaccinated with one of there batches (one from the Netherlands, one from Yugoslavia and one from Denmark). Six, twelve and twenty-one months after vaccination tuberculin testing was done and the diameter of scars was measured in subgroups. Skin allergy through BCG-vaccination was registered to be highest after 6 months and appeared to wane rapidly afterwards. There was a definite difference in the skin allergy potency between the three vaccines. The difference in scar diameter was less pronounced. In 5,066 vaccinated new-borns 137 (2.7%) enlarged axillar glands were registered. There appeared to be a positive correlation between the mean Mx-induration 6 months after vaccination and the percentage of enlarged glands. No serious complications have been registered so far.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1987

A review on occupational health in Yugoslavia.

A review on occupational health service and activities in Yugoslavia is presented. Information on relevant legislation, organization of occupational health and worker's health care, financing, practices of occupational health units, education concerning graduate and postgraduate studies and continuous education in this field are given. Workers' morbidity pattern is also briefly discussed as well as research activities. Concluding remarks include observations on foreseeable needs and developmental orientation in occupational health in the country.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Topographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Serbia (Yugoslavia).

Topographical characteristics of 91 settlements affected by endemic nephropathy in Serbia--the region most frequently attacked by the disease--were analyzed and compared with the other known endemic areas in Yugoslavia. Numerical data were provided on the common characteristics of the affected villages--vicinity of a Danube tributary and low altitude. It was pointed out that only two endemic settlements lie above the altitude of 300 m. It is therefore suggested that investigation of the hydrogeological structure of these villages may provide valuable data, if an agent in water or soil is searched for.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Epidemiology of chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases in Yugoslavia (author's transl)].

In Yugoslavia the diseases of the respiratory system (without tuberculosis) ranges with 23% in front of all other organ-localised diseases. 53--95% of all chronic non-specific lung diseases are registrated in the chest clinics of the different republics. 67% of all lung diseases registrated belong to the obstructive syndrom, 6% are bronchial carcinomas and 27% represent the group of other chronic pulmonary diseases. 31,5% of all patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis are younger than 50 years old, 34,7% are in the age-group between 50-65 years. Assuming the best registered incidence and prevalence rates of bronchial carcinoma, chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema in Slowenia as a basis, the expected morbidity of these diseases in each autonomic republic are compared.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Alcoholism programs in the USSR and Yugoslavia: effects of the social context on treatment.

The social context in which alcoholism treatment takes place contributes greatly to its nature and outcome. This issue is examined in two socialist countries, based on site visits and literature review. A hospital-based treatment program and its related social Club system in Yugoslavia are part of a close-knit national treatment network oriented toward self-help and peer therapy. The principal approaches to alcoholism treatment in the USSR are closely integrated into the Communist social and political structure, and include sobering-up stations, factory-based clinics, hospital-based inpatient and outpatient facilities, and a quasi-penal system for recidivists. The impact of the following issues on alcoholism treatment is discussed: (1) the public information system, in both ideology and propaganda; (2) the state's regulation of deviant behavior, as a component of the medical treatment system; and finally, (3) the acceptable role for peer treatment in a given social context.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1984

Extremes in drug utilization patterns. Low prescribing of antihypertensives in the District of Novi Sad, Yugoslavia.

According to data expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), the utilization of antihypertensives is lower in the district of Novi Sad (Yugoslavia) than in other settings studied so far. The number of actually treated persons is even lower than that indicated by the DDD value, which in 1981 was 23.4 DDD/1 000 inhabitants/day. Currently, the participating members in the WHO coordinated MONICA-project are considering the possibility to incorporate the defined daily dose approach to evaluate drug usage in relation to morbidity data. This offers a realistic prospect for identifying the medical consequences of the regional differences in prescribing patterns.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Histiocytosis X--a comparative 2-country study of East Germany and Yugoslavia].

In a retrospective study 25 patients with histologically confirmed histiocytosis X were investigated in the GDR and in Yugoslavia. No differences between the clinical course was observed in the two countries. The disease was found somewhat more frequent in men, and relative to age groups the age group 18-39 prevailed. Only one fourth of the patients were detected by radiophotography. Lung function was impaired in 2/3 of the patients. In the lung radiogramm reticular and micronodular changes predominated at the beginning of the disease while cystic lesions appeared in late stages of the disease. The diagnosis was established on the basis of biopsy (most often transthoracic lung biopsy) and pathohistologic examination. The course of the disease was unfavourable because of the 18 observed patients 3 died and in 6 progression of the disease was noted on average within several years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Organochlorine contaminants in human milk from Slavonia Province, Yugoslavia, 1978.

Organochlorine residues were determined in human milk samples from an agricultural area of Slavonia, Yugoslavia. Concentrations of pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, alpha-, beta-, gamma-isomers of benzene hexachloride, heptachlor, aldrin, DDE, TDE, and DDT were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Confirmation was carried out by computerized GC-mass spectrometry. The most abundant contaminant was p,p'-DDE (range, 42.0-418.5 microgram/kg (ppb)).

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Family physicians and human rights: a case example from former Yugoslavia.

BACKGROUND: The role of family physicians in the protection of human rights is unclear. The purpose of this article is to explore this role through examination of the specific case of former Yugoslavia. METHODS: In January/February 1993, we investigated medical aspects of human rights abuses as part of a fact-finding mission for the Physicians for Human Rights organization. We used primarily qualitative methods, including direct observation, key informant interviews, focus groups, and key document review. RESULTS: We observed pervasive violations of medical neutrality, as indicated by the shelling of Kosevo Hospital, the major tertiary care hospital in Sarajevo. Forty-one percent of former prison camp detainees from north Bosnia housed at the Karlovac, Croatia, refugee camp had scars consistent with physical abuse. Civilians in north central Bosnia and Sarajevo were targeted through physical violence, artillery shelling, and strangulation of the public health infrastructure--food, water, electricity, heat, and medical supplies. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians can be uniquely useful in the investigation of human rights. The flexibility of family physicians and their attention to the biopsycosocial aspects of health can be especially useful. Family physicians should become actively involved in the protection of human rights.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Laparoscopic surgery in a mobile army surgical hospital deployed to the former Yugoslavia.

The 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital was deployed from a United States military base in Germany to the former Yugoslavia to provide medical support for more than 25,000 United Nations soldiers. This medical unit was the first mobile hospital ever to deploy with a capability for laparoscopic surgery. During a 2-month trial period, seven laparoscopic procedures were performed for various abdominal emergencies. There were no complications, and all patients returned to full duty within 1 week. No equipment problems or other logistical obstacles were identified. This preliminary report suggests that laparoscopic surgery is quite feasible in a forward-deployed field hospital, allowing combat soldiers to return to full duty in a much shorter time than after conventional surgery.

Abdomen↗