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PubMed1996

Relationships among children's beliefs, perceptions of their parents' beliefs, and their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the relationship between children's beliefs (value, competence, and goal orientations) pertaining to fitness-oriented activities and their participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), (b) determine whether children's own beliefs are related to their perceptions of their parents' beliefs about them (value, competence, goal orientations, expectancies), and (c) examine the relationship between children's perceptions of their parents' beliefs and their MVPA. Self-report questionnaires and structured interviews were administered to children (N = 81, ages 11-15) in a one-on-one situation in their homes to tap their own beliefs, their perceptions of their parents' beliefs, and to assess children's level of MVPA through the use of two-day recall and peer comparison measures. Multivariate multiple-regression analyses revealed that children's beliefs about their MVPA could predict a significant amount of the variance in their self-reported MVPA and that children's perceptions of their parents' beliefs were unrelated to their MVPA. Follow-up canonical correlation analyses showed that the most significant and positive predictors of MVPA were children's perceptions of competence and the degree to which they endorse a task and ego orientation. S second multivariate multiple-regression analysis revealed that children's perceptions of their parents' beliefs about them and their own beliefs about MVPA were significantly related. These findings are discussed within the framework of a Family Influence Model for understanding children's MVPA participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Parental beliefs and children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

The present study was guided by the Family Influence Model to examine the role of parental beliefs in their children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The specific purposes were to (1) examine the nature of a parental belief system that may be relevant to children's MVPA participation, (2) determine if parental beliefs regarding their children's MVPA are gender related, (3) examine the relationship between parents' exercise behavior and children's MVPA participation, and (4) investigate the strength of the relationship between parental beliefs and children's self-reported MVPA. The participants for this study included 81 children (26 girls and 55 boys) between the ages of 11 and 15 years and their parents (n = 142). Significant findings were: (1) descriptive evidence of a parental belief system for children's MVPA existed, (2) mothers and fathers differed in their MVPA-related beliefs for their child, (3) no relationship was found between parents' exercise behavior and children's MVPA participation, and (4) parental beliefs relating to their children, especially perceptions of competence and a task orientation, were significantly related to the amount of children's MVPA participation. These findings support the basic tenets of the Family Influence Model and suggest that parental beliefs should be taken into consideration to better understand the psychosocial process underlying children's participation in fitness-oriented physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Vigorous premalignancy-specific effector T cell response in the bone marrow of patients with monoclonal gammopathy.

Most approaches targeting the immune system against tumors have focused on patients with established tumors. However, whether the immune system can recognize preneoplastic stages of human cancer is not known. Here we show that patients with preneoplastic gammopathy mount a vigorous T cell response to autologous premalignant cells. This preneoplasia-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response is detected in freshly isolated T cells from the BM. T cells from myeloma marrow lack this tumor-specific rapid effector function. These data provide direct evidence for tumor specific immune recognition in human preneoplasia and suggest a possible role for the immune system in influencing the early growth of transformed cells, long before the development of clinical cancer.

Bone Marrow Cells↗
PubMed1999

Variability in Pollen Load: Implications for Reproduction and Seedling Vigor in a Rare Plant, Silene douglasii var. Oraria.

Habitat fragmentation can markedly influence the levels of pollen deposition and seed production in natural populations, and rare plants may be especially susceptible to any associated reductions in pollen quantity and quality. In order to ascertain the potential for pollen limitation of maternal fitness in a rare plant, Silene douglasii var. oraria, which is endemic to western coastal prairies, we counted ovules and measured conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition on stigmas collected from open-pollinated plants. We further investigated the effect of increasing pollen intensity on fruit production, seed number and weight, as well as several measures of progeny vigor. Three levels of outcross pollen were added to plant stigmas for comparison with autogamous and open pollination in the largest naturally occurring population. Both seed and fruit production were significantly greater (P<0.05) for supplemented versus nonsupplemented stigmas, but flowers receiving different levels of pollen addition were statistically indistinguishable. Seed germination and seedling survival were also lowest for the offspring of nonsupplemented flowers; however, in natural populations, opportunities for pollen competition are very limited since open-pollinated flowers averaged fewer viable pollen grains than ovules. Seed production was equivalent for open- and autogamously pollinated flowers in 1996, indicating that natural pollen transfer may have involved mostly self pollen. Overall, the low reproductive success of var. oraria likely reflects both low pollen quantity and quality. Multiyear empirical studies of pollen intensity in field populations are needed so that we can better understand the fitness consequences of pollen limitation in rare perennials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Significant variation in serotype-specific immunogenicity of the seven-valent Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine occurs despite vigorous T cell help induced by the carrier protein.

Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (PnPSs) induce protective antibodies but are T cell-independent type 2 antigens and are poorly immunogenic in infants. Conjugate vaccines of PnPSs linked to proteins like cross-reactive material (CRM(197)) increase PS antibody titer and elicit immunologic memory in infants. Despite being linked to an identical carrier protein, each PS component of the 7-valent PnPS-CRM(197) vaccine has different immunogenicity. To determine whether variations in conjugate-induced memory T cell responses or PnPS-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were responsible for serotype-specific differences in immunogenicity, adults were immunized with 7-valent PnPS-CRM(197), and antibody titer, vaccine component-specific CD4(+) T cell recall response, numbers of PnPS-specific ASCs, and cytokine production were measured. PnPS-CRM(197) induced significantly different serotype-specific antibody titers, despite vigorous T cell recall responses to all 7 vaccine components, and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-gamma. We conclude that PnPS-CRM(197) induces variable serotype-specific antibody titers, despite induction of comparable CRM(197)-specific memory T cell responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Vigorous hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by protein immunization in the presence of Montanide ISA720 plus synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory cytosine-guanine dinucleotide motifs.

BACKGROUND: A prophylactic vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) requires generation of strong humoral as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. METHODS: The immunomodulatory effects of the combination of 2 adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory cytosine-guanine dinucleotide motifs emulsified with Montanide ISA720 (M-ISA720/CpG), were investigated using the murine model. RESULTS: Administration of recombinant HCV (rHCV) nonstructural (NS) 3 and NS5B proteins plus M-ISA720/CpG (hereafter, "M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein") induced high anti-NS3 and anti-NS5B immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, with the IgG2a isotype being predominant. NS3- and NS5B-specific interferon (IFN)- gamma - and interleukin-2-producing CD4(+) T cell responses, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, were significantly more vigorous in mice immunized with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein than in control mice immunized without adjuvant. NS3- and NS5B-specific IFN- gamma -producing CD8(+) T cell percentages, as measured by direct ex vivo intracellular cytokine staining assay, were, respectively, a mean+/-SD of 0.14% +/- 0.04% and 0.15% +/- 0.05% in mice immunized with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein. Furthermore, boosting with recombinant NS3 expression plasmid DNA after priming with M-ISA720/CpG-adjuvanted rNS3 strikingly enhanced both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. CONCLUSION: Immunization with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein is capable of inducing potent humoral as well as HCV-specific T helper type 1-biased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. A DNA boost after a protein prime--a reversal of the conventional approach--may provide an alternative path to the development of an effective HCV vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2001

Depressive symptoms, depletion, or developmental change? Withdrawal, apathy, and lack of vigor in the Geriatric Depression Scale.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Researchers have posited a depletion syndrome among older adults that resembles "depression without sadness." Disengagement-related theories such as socio-emotional selectivity and gerotranscendence also describe an adaptive narrowing of the older person's social world and decreasing investment in activities and social relationships. This study has dual goals of confirming the existence of a "Withdrawal/Apathy/[Lack of] Vigor" (WAV) dimension of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and exploring its properties for evidence that it may be descriptive of either depletion or disengagement-related change in older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were obtained through a mailed survey of members 65 and older at a health maintenance organization. Respondents returned 327 completed surveys and 163 "decline" postcards. Principal-components analysis obtained a 6-item WAV factor for further analyses. RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS: High endorsement rates for the items in WAV and its bivariate correlations with age and health problems suggest WAV may be congruent with disengagement or depletion and may lead to over-identification of depression in older adults. Interpretation of the GDS and similar measures may be improved by use of subscale scores and consideration of age and health status of the respondent.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of adolescent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity participation in relation to a sustained or accumulated criterion.

Contemporary guidelines for young people advocate both a sustained and accumulative approach to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) participation. In order to investigate the behavioural significance of applying these approaches, this study assessed if differences in adolescent MVPA occurred when either a sustained or accumulated criterion was adopted. Using heart rate thresholds indicative of intensity, the physical activity of 25 adolescents was assessed by monitoring heart rate over 3 days. Results indicated that differences in MVPA participation did exist when different approaches were used, in that the majority of adolescents were active with respect to an accumulated criterion yet inactive with respect to a sustained criterion. Such a disparity may be due to accumulative MVPA being more characteristic of young people's natural activity behaviour. Such findings have strong implications for practitioners seeking to counter young people's inactivity, in that the application of an accumulative approach may be more effective at initiating and establishing an habitual activity behaviour than that of a sustained approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coping with barriers to vigorous physical activity during transition to university.

This study examined barriers to vigorous physical activity (VPA) among 132 students transitioning from high school to the first year of a university. An ecological framework was used to classify barriers, and coping self-efficacy (CSE) and task self-efficacy (TSE) were investigated as predictors of VPA. Consistent with population data, 47% of the sample failed to meet national recommendations for VPA. Participants most often cited institutional, intrapersonal, and interpersonal barriers. CSE predicted TSE, which predicted VPA. A greater understanding of ecologically categorized barriers and the relationship of self-efficacy to VPA may aid health care practitioners in the design of targeted interventions to facilitate VPA and health among freshmen students.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Physical and psychological changes with vigorous exercise in sedentary primigravidae.

PURPOSE: The present study examined the effects of exercise on physical and psychological variables in sedentary primigravidae (PRA). METHODS: A total of nine women randomly assigned to an exercise (E) (mean age = 31.3 +/- 3.1 yr) and six subjects randomly assigned to a control (C) group (mean age = 27.8 +/- 3.1 yr) fulfilled all requirements for the study. Exercise included a variety of exercise activities performed to a target heart rate of 150-156 beats x min(-1), three times per week for 15 wk. RESULTS: Results showed no significant differences between E and C groups in physical characteristics initially. A repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant group effect (P < 0.05) and a significant group by time interaction (P = 0.001) with the E group showing a significantly longer amount of time on the PWC150 test than the C group. There was no significant group, time, or group by time interaction for lactate accumulation. This occurred, despite the fact that the E group spent 56% longer on the PWC150 test and the C group spent 30% less time on the same test at the conclusion of the study. Finally, the E group in comparison to the C group showed more favorable improvements in several items related to health and well-being on the Body Cathexis Scale. There were no significant differences between E and C groups in any pregnancy outcome measures. All babies were delivered healthy at term. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a vigorous exercise program can lead to significant improvements in aerobic fitness at similar lactate concentrations compared to a control group and can be well tolerated by low risk sedentary PRA without any deleterious effects occurring to herself or unborn child.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Moderate to vigorous physical activity and risk of upper-respiratory tract infection.

PURPOSE: A "J"-shaped model has been proposed to describe the relationship between physical activity and risk of upper-respiratory tract infection (URTI). However, little epidemiologic evidence is available to support the contention that moderately active individuals are at lowest risk of URTI. This investigation examined differences in URTI risk between physically inactive and moderately active adults. METHODS: Observational study of 547 healthy adults (49% women) aged 20-70 yr reported URTI events at 90-d intervals over 12-month of follow-up (5 evaluations). Three 24-h physical activity recalls per evaluation were obtained and averaged to quantify total moderate-vigorous activity (> or =3.0 metabolic equivalents [MET]). Associations between URTI and physical activity levels were estimated using incidence rate ratios (IRR) derived using Poisson regression while adjusting for a number of potential confounders including age, education, anxiety, cynicism, and selected dietary factors. RESULTS: Men and women reported 1.2 (1.4) and 1.2 (1.2) URTI events per year, respectively (mean [(SD]). Adjusting for gender and potential confounders, the IRR for less than 3.93, 3.94-7.15, 7.16-11.95, and > or = 11.96 MET-h.d(-1) among men, and less than 2.38, 2.39-4.09, 4.10-6.24, and > or = 6.25 MET-h.d(-1) among women, were 1.00 (referent), 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.07), 0.88 (95% CI, 0.71-1.09), and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62-0.95), respectively (P(trend) = 0.03). This effect was stronger in men (P(trend) = 0.03) than women (P(trend) = 0.17), although at similar expenditure levels (6-7 MET-h.d-1), risk was reduced by about 20% in men and women. Risk reduction was most pronounced in the fall of the year (P(trend) = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that moderate levels of physical activity are associated with a reduced risk for URTI.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Vigorous intrathoracic needle aspiration biopsy: a micropathologic technic.

Modification of intrathoracic needle aspiration using a vigorous technic consisting of multiple short, plunging, and rotating movements of the needle tip allows retrieval of a micropathologic rather than a cytologic specimen. This often facilitates more specific diagnosis and allows pathologists not expert in cytology to interpret the results. Increased incidence of transient hemoptysis is the only penalty incurred by this technic. The high diagnostic accuracy and clinical value of this simple short procedure in 31 patients is emphasized.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1999

Participation of the liver in generation of a vigorous anti-donor response after inoculation of donor spleen cells.

BACKGROUND: There is a general agreement that a preferential accumulation of alloantigens within the liver could induce hyporesponsiveness to the inoculated antigens. Entrapment of antigens in the liver may evoke an unique immune response in the organ and play a key role in determination of the fate of the transplanted grafts. To understand the immune response in the liver after inoculation of allogeneic donor antigens, we examined the immune response to systemically inoculated alloantigen in rats whose sensitized liver was replaced with that of naive rats or in naive rats whose liver was replaced with that of sensitized rats. METHODS: Using implantation of syngeneic liver (alloantigen-accumulated/naive) in rats (naive/alloantigen-sensitized), we compared the immune responses to alloantigen between rats with hepatic/extrahepatic alloantigen at 24 hr after alloantigen inoculation. This was called sensitized-liver-grafted (SLG)/sensitized-liver-removed (SLR) treatment. The immune response to donor alloantigen in this model was evaluated by survival of skin or heart grafts, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. RESULTS: Compared with the mean survival time (MST) in donor spleen cell inoculated (DSI) rats (skin and heart, MST: 8.2+/-1.1 and 10.7+/-2.3 days), SLG rats rejected allografts in an accelerated fashion (skin and heart, MST: 5.5+/-0.5 and 4.2+/-0.8 days), associated with higher CDC titer and DTH response. In contrast, allograft survival was moderately prolonged in SLR (skin and heart, MST: 16.5+/-2.6 and 29.5+/-3.7 days) associated with suppressed CDC titer and DTH response. The survival of third-party allograft after SLG or SLR treatment (skin, MST: 9.3+/-1.5 or 9.7+/-0.6 days) indicated that immunological hyper/hyporesponsiveness was donor-specific. CONCLUSIONS: A strong anti-donor immune response was induced by the transfer of donor antigen-baring liver to naive rats 24 hr after alloantigen inoculation, whereas removal of the liver suppressed alloimmune response. Our results indicate that vigorous anti-alloimmune response occurred in the liver after systemic inoculation of donor spleen cells.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2004

Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation prevents acute renal failure in the crush victims of catastrophic earthquakes.

This study analyzes the effects of fluid resuscitation in the crush victims of the Bingol earthquake, which occurred in May 2003 in southeastern Turkey. Questionnaires asking about demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic features of 16 crush victims were filled in retrospectively. Mean duration under the rubble was 10.3 +/- 7 h, and all patients had severe rhabdomyolysis. Fourteen patients were receiving isotonic saline at admission, which was followed by mannitol-alkaline fluid resuscitation. All but two patients were polyuric. Admission serum creatinine level was lower than and higher than 1.5 mg/dl in 11 and 5 patients, respectively. Marked elevations were noted in muscle enzymes in all patients. During the clinical course, hypokalemia was observed in nine patients, all of whom needed energetic potassium chloride replacement. Four (25%) of 16 victims required hemodialysis. Duration between rescue and initiation of fluids was significantly longer in the dialyzed victims as compared with nondialyzed ones (9.3 +/- 1.7 versus 3.7 +/- 3.3 h, P < 0.03). Sixteen fasciotomies were performed in 11 patients (68%), nine of which were complicated by wound infections. All patients survived and were discharged from the hospital with good renal function. Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation followed by mannitol-alkaline diuresis prevents acute renal failure in crush victims, resulting in a more favorable outcome.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2002

Shewanella denitrificans sp. nov., a vigorously denitrifying bacterium isolated from the oxic-anoxic interface of the Gotland Deep in the central Baltic Sea.

Three strains of denitrifying estuarine bacteria, OS217(T), 05220 and OS226, were characterized for their physiological and biochemical features, fatty acid profiles and their phylogenetic position based on 16S rDNA sequences. The strains were isolated from the oxic-anoxic interface of an anoxic basin of the central Baltic Sea. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences revealed a clear affiliation with members of the genus Shewanella of the gamma-Proteobacteria. The closest sequence similarity was seen with Shewanella baltica, Shewanella putrefaciens and Shewanella frigidimarina (95-96%). The dominant fatty acids were 16:1omega7c, 15:0 iso, 16:0 and 13:0 iso. The G+C content of the DNA ranged from 46.8 to 48.1 mol%. The strains were unpigmented, polarly flagellated, mesophilic, facultatively anaerobic and able to use nitrate, nitrite and sulphite as electron acceptors. Growth was observed at salinities from 0 to 6%, with an optimum between 1 and 3%. According to their morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA sequences, the described bacteria fitted well into the genus Shewanella, but could be easily distinguished from the Shewanella species described to date. Because of their capacity for vigorous denitrification, the name Shewanella denitrificans sp. nov. is suggested for the Baltic isolates, for which the type strain is OS217(T) (= DSM 15013(T) = LMG 21692(T)).

Baltic States↗
PubMed1973

Adenosine triphosphate content and seed vigor.

ATP content in imbibed seeds is significantly correlated with seedling size in fatty, starchy and proteinaceous seeds, and it indicates viability in seed lots. ATP content thus appears to be a useful biochemical index of seed vigor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Overexpression of a plasma membrane aquaporin in transgenic tobacco improves plant vigor under favorable growth conditions but not under drought or salt stress.

Most of the symplastic water transport in plants occurs via aquaporins, but the extent to which aquaporins contribute to plant water status under favorable growth conditions and abiotic stress is not clear. To address this issue, we constitutively overexpressed the Arabidopsis plasma membrane aquaporin, PIP1b, in transgenic tobacco plants. Under favorable growth conditions, PIP1b overexpression significantly increased plant growth rate, transpiration rate, stomatal density, and photosynthetic efficiency. By contrast, PIP1b overexpression had no beneficial effect under salt stress, whereas during drought stress it had a negative effect, causing faster wilting. Our results suggest that symplastic water transport via plasma membrane aquaporins represents a limiting factor for plant growth and vigor under favorable conditions and that even fully irrigated plants face limited water transportation. By contrast, enhanced symplastic water transport via plasma membrane aquaporins may not have any beneficial effect under salt stress, and it has a deleterious effect during drought stress.

Aquaporins↗
PubMed2005

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in trephine biopsies following bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation reflect vigorous B-cell generation.

AIMS: Bone marrow is the major site of B-cell generation in humans. While in early childhood a high number of B-cell precursors is found in the bone marrow, only very few such cells are usually detectable in adult bone marrow. To assess the number of immature B cells present after haematopoietic cell transplantation the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-positive cells in regenerating bone marrow of adult patients was analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bone marrow biopsy specimens were analysed from patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT; n = 14) or stem cell transplantation (SCT; n = 25) and autologous BMT (n = 9). Specimens from 11 untransplanted adult patients and 11 infants were also studied, as negative and positive controls, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy sections using TdT as a marker of lymphoid progenitors. Immunoreactivity for CD79a, CD20 and CD10 was used to confirm their B-cell origin. Using computer-assisted automated image analysis we quantitatively assessed the TdT+ cells present. We found a significant increase in the numbers of B-cell precursors in the bone marrow after allogeneic and autologous BMT/SCT compared with adult controls (P = 0.022). To analyse this in detail, we followed some patients after allogeneic BMT/SCT for up to 1445 days, when a marked B-cell increase was still detectable. However, the median number of TdT+ B cells after BMT/SCT was significantly lower than the number of equivalent B cells in infantile bone marrow biopsy specimens (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Bone marrow of adult patients after BMT/SCT is capable of initiating vigorous precursor B-cell generation, which is not seen in untransplanted adults. However, the increase of immature B cells was variable in our study. Only in two young adult patients did it reach the magnitude of B-cell generation seen in infantile bone marrow where immunocompetent B cells are produced normally. A marked increase in number of immature B cells post-transplant may mimic B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). This is a potential problem in patients transplanted for B-ALL itself. Since reactive and neoplastic B-cell precursors share the same immunophenotype in paraffin-embedded tissue, additional tools, particularly molecular techniques, may have to be employed to establish the correct diagnosis.

Adult↗