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PubMed1992

[A brief outline of demographic development in Bulgaria].

The author reviews the major demographic trends of the twentieth century in Bulgaria. "The results from the analysis show that the demographic development of Bulgaria especially in the years after 1950 differs very little from the developed, urbanized and industrialized countries. The common features are: development towards [replacement] fertility, [lower mortality rates], zero natural growth [leading] to an increasing life expectancy at birth, [and] population ageing...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1992

Spatial demographic trends and patterns in the Warsaw urban region.

The relationship between the age and sex structure of the Warsaw urban region of Poland and the population dynamics of this area is analyzed. "The process of spatial population development in the Warsaw urban region is of a cyclical nature. Starting from 1948-1950, the changes in the proportions of the population increase between the core and the remaining parts of the region oscillated over time. These trends can be interpreted with reference to the basic components of population change--natural increase and net migration, as well as policy-related factors."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1982

The structural correlates of metropolitan migration: 1970-1975.

This study is concerned with the debate over the supremacy of organizational versus environmental models for explaining population change within the context of metropolitan-nonmetropolitan turnaround migration. A sample of U.S. metropolitan areas is classified by a migration typology that considers sign changes or consistencies in rates of net migration between the 1960s and 1970s. "Four categories result and organizational, environmental and technological data are analyzed utilizing ridge regression with interaction terms to ascertain whether structural differences among migration categories exist." The study shows that organizational factors are more relevant for urban areas experiencing in-migration, and environmental factors are more relevant for those experiencing out-migration.

Americas↗
PubMed1985

[Population development in Greater Santiago between 1970 and 1982: an analysis of district census results].

"An attempt is made in the light of an analysis of population changes occurring in several sub-districts of Greater Santiago in the period between the last population censuses of 1970 and 1982, based on small-area census units (distritos and communas) to draw attention to the effects on the spatial growth of the city resulting from changed conditions in the political and juridical sphere since the change of power in 1973." The effect of changes in government policy concerning the liberalization of the property market and the illegal occupation of land are noted. (summary in ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2003

[An evaluation on effectiveness of worksite-based intervention for cardiovascular disease during 1974 - 1998 in capital iron and steel company of Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of worksite-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and control program in urban population of China. METHODS: Worksite-based intervention program was implemented 110 000 employees at Capital Iron and Steel Company of Beijing (CISC) focusing on primary prevention for CVD and control of hypertension. Intervention components comprised of infrastructure setting-up, health education and health promotion, professional training, detection and management of hypertensive patients, and reasonably readjusting their diet structure focusing on salt intake reduction, reducing their overweight, quitting smoking, and restricting alcohol consumption in high-risk population. Changes in level of risk factors, incidence and mortality of stroke and coronary events and their trend were evaluated between the intervention group at CISC and eight simultaneously parallel reference groups in other provinces outside Beijing with population surveillance data. RESULTS: Major risk factors for CVD, including blood pressure, body mass index and serum cholesterol level, decreased relatively in intervention population at CISC during 1974 to 1998, while those in majority of eight parallel reference groups at different provinces of China significantly increased at the same time. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased by 0.8 mm Hg and 4 mm Hg in average for men and women, respectively, and their diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remained the same as baseline for both men and women at CISC, while SBP increased by (2 - 11) mm Hg and (6 - 8) mm Hg in average for men and women, respectively in reference groups, and DBP increased by (2 - 6) mm Hg in average for men in five of eight reference groups, and by (3 - 6) mm Hg for women in four of eight reference groups. Serum level of cholesterol decreased by 0.26 mmol/L in women and slightly increased for men at CISC, and increased by (0.35 - 0.97) mmol/L for men and (0.29 - 1.05) mmol/L for women in all reference groups. Prevalence of overweight increased by 58.7% for men and 11.3% for women at CISC and increased by one to 22 folds in eight reference groups. Awareness of health knowledge improved significantly with an average net reduction of SBP/DBP of (2.5/2.2) mm Hg in the enforced intervention group at CISC than that in general intervention groups. Incidence and mortality rates of stroke decreased by 54.7% and 74.3%, respectively in intervention group at CSIC, but those of coronary events slowly increased with fluctuation. CONCLUSION: Worksite-based comprehensive intervention for CVD prevention and control was feasible and cost-effective in decreasing risk factors for CVD, incidence and mortality rate of stroke in population of urban areas of China.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Housing and health transition in Thailand.

Over the past half-century, Thailand's health profile has been undergoing an epidemiologic transition in association with various fundamental societal changes, shifting from one with a predominant burden of communicable disease to one in which noncommunicable diseases and accidents now predominate. The primary question is why have the disease rates in the Thai population changed? Answering this question requires an examination of the underlying transitions in social and contextual factors. This paper explores, using published data, how housing conditions, as one set of environmental health risks, have undergone transition in recent years and how this change maps on the health-transition process. A combination of economic development, urbanization, modernization, and increased health literacy resulted in a range of health-protecting changes in housing design and materials. Pre-eminent among such changes are improvements in household sanitation and in equipment, ventilation, and fuel pertaining to indoor cooking and heating. In tropical countries like Thailand, gains have been made in mosquito-proofing houses and in minimizing open pools of water to combat the risks of malaria, dengue fever, and other mosquito-borne infections. Meanwhile, the growth in shantytown and slum housing around the urban fringe, often in precarious environmental settings, introduced a negative dimension to the evolving profile of housing-related health risks, whereas the urban sprawl of modern residences creates health risks that are due to traffic crashes and the lack of walking in daily transport.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic demography of the Kuznetsk Basin population: changes in marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity and age in the Belovo city population with time].

A genetic demographic study has been performed in the city of Belovo with the use of the data on marriages contracted there in 1970 and 1994-1999. Marriage assortativeness with respect to age has been found to be the strongest and remain unchanged during the lifetime of one generation (r = 0.730 in 1970 and r = 0.801 in 1994-1999). Monoethnic marriages were substantially more frequent than interethnic ones in the Belovo population during the period studied, although the ethnic marriage assortativeness considerably decreased (K = 0.386 in 1970 and K = 0.141 in 1994-1999). Panmixia has been observed in the Russian population of Belovo. Other Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarussians) are characterized by negative marriage assortativeness and panmixia; positive marriage assortativeness has been found in other ethnic groups.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring the metropolitanization process.

Alternative approaches have led to different interpretations of the metropolitanization process in the United States. We identify and illustrate several methods and procedures for monitoring metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population change using the 1950-1980 U.S. decennial censuses. Two basic approaches are compared: constant area approaches and component methods. In addition, we assess the effects of changing metropolitan definitions on metropolitan-nonmetropolitan growth. The results clearly reveal that the underlying mechanics of metropolitanization not only are complex but have changed substantially during the 1950-1980 period. We conclude with observations regarding the use of these procedures in future research.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Is nonmetropolitan America being repopulated? The evidence from Pennsylvania's minor civil divisions.

We analyze population change and net migration, by age and sex, from 1940 to 1970, for 1,834 Nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania Minor Civil Divisions (MCD's) classified by residence, population potential, socioeconomic status, and distance from metropolitan centers. Our analysis indicates, as expected, reconcentration of residents from both urban and remoter nonmetropolitan localities into exurban peripheries 25 to 35 miles for metropolitan centers. Since 1960, however, a "turnaround" appears in many truly rural tracts, which have been experiencing an influx or retention of persons 35 years of age and older. Statistical explanations are strongest for males in poor, isolated places, weakest for more accessible, socioeconomically advanced places and their female inhabitants. Throughout the study period and area, nonurban MCD's register more positively than the rural.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Recent nonmetropolitan population change in fifty-year perspective.

Post-1970 nonmetropolitan population shifts are examined by dividing nonmetropolitan counties into ten cohorts based on the duration and direction of consistent population change since 1920. Analysis indicates that the post-1970 gains reported by Beale are pervasive in nonmetropolitan America, occurring even in a majority of the counties that lost population consistently from 1920 to 1970. Growth was greatest in countries adjacent to metropolitan areas but was more than urban spillover effect. In a clear break with traditional patterns, net inmigration contributed significantly to overall population gain and was particularly strong among countries without an urban center. The rate of natural increase continued to slow in the post-1970 period, with natural decrease becoming common among countries with protracted histories of population decline.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Population movement and city-suburb redistribution: an analytic framework.

This paper introduces an analytic framework that can be used to assess the relationships between individual movement differentials and place characteristics, on the one hand, and aggregate mobility levels and city-suburb population change (in size or composition), on the other. Application of this framework using census data for individual metropolitan areas allows the analyst to decompose population changes due to net migration into contributing mobility streams and their component rates which are subject to unique community and individual influences. The paper provides both theoretical and empirical rationale for the framework, illustrates its use with 1970 census data, and discusses its implications for empirical research on city-suburb population redistribution.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Disappearance of ALS from Guam: implications for exogenous causes].

The author reports the disappearance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from Guam over past 30 years, which coincided with rapid changes in the ecology, socioeconomy, and westernization of the life style. This slow but steady decline is believed to be the consequences of radical changes from food collection to wage-based life style and dietary improvement in recent years and elimination of exogenous factors. Those risk factor(s) are believed to be the environmental trace metals which must have triggered the accelerated oxidative stresses in the motor neurons of genetically susceptible population. Changing Epidermiology: 1. The annual incidence of 70/100,000 in 1960s down to 7/100,000 in 1990s, and remained unchanged for past 15 years. 2. Upward shift of age at onset by 10 years and at death by 8 years and even out of sex ratio. 3. Birth cohort analysis showed less risks for those born after 1920. No ALS cases born after 1945. 4. No increase in the incidence of ALS among non-Chamorros transients of Guam and Marianas during W.W.II. 5. Long-term resident non-Charmorro and half-Chamorros on Guam are also affected. 6. Charmorro migrants to U.S. Mainland are affected after long absence from Guam. 7. Incubation period for both ways is estimated to be 18 approximately 20 years. 8. Other forms of dementias like Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementias are on the rise and the leading cause of death is cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases. 9. ALS is also declining in past 10 approximately 15 years in Kii peninsula, and West New Guinea. Changing Ecology of Guam: 1. One third of Island land was used for construction of huge military bases after W.W.II. 2. Urbanization of villages including concrete houses, deep well water supply, sewage, and electrification. 3. Tourism boom: high-rise hotels, development of 7 golf courses and other recreational facilities resulted in loss of flora and erosions of soil. Socioeconomic Changes: 1. Shift in population demography; Efflux of Chamorros and influx of aliens; Chamorros less than 50% by 1990. 2. Tourists passed 1 million in 1994. 3. Automobiles 1 car/1.5 person. 4. Westernization: After W.W.II, almost free access to Military Commissary for imported food and appliances. 5. Life style: from food collection to wage-based society. Genetic Studies: 1. Familial aggregations, but no clear-cut Mendelian inheritance. 2. Segregation analysis: no absolute genetic or environmental cause but additive gene component may play a role in genetic susceptibility and basis for geographical clustering. 3. Absence of Apo-E or Mu/Zn SOD genes. 4. Recent discovery of mtDNA Complex I deficiency in Parkinsonism-dementia cases suggests mitochondrial DNA abnormality. Comparative Environmental Studies: 1. Environmental studies in three hyperendemic areas in the Western Pacific--Kii, Marianas, and west New Guinea, where strikingly high incidences of ALS is known to occur, found the identical geochemical environment--low Ca, Mg, and Zn and high A1, Mn, Fe, Si, in the garden soil and drinking water. 2. Exogenous etiologic factors that are absent from primitive culture of Auyu and Jackai tribes in West New Guinea were eliminated. 3. Cycad neurotoxicity has been excluded. 4. Suspected exogenous agents that are common in these 3 hyperendemic areas are (a) locally grown vegetables, starchy roots, and reef fish; (b) surface water containing soluble organic minerals from red laterites; (c) rain water that is chemically pure and lack of essential minerals. Pathogenic Speculation: Chronic dietary deficiency since birth in Ca, Mg and Zn induced excessive absorption of divalent cations which accelerates oxidant-mediated neuronal degenerations in a genetically susceptible population. The process is probably carried through interactions between cytoskeletal abnormality of the neuron, aging process, abnormal proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗