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PubMed2001

Schistosomiasis malayensis-like infection among the Penan and other interior tribes (Orang Ulu) in upper Rejang River Basin Sarawak Malaysia.

A serosurvey of various indigenous interior tribes (Orang Ulu) in upper Rejang River Basin Sarawak Malaysia, the site of a multibillion Ringgit hydroelectric power project, found 6.8% of the individual surveyed were seropositive for schistosomiasis, as determined by ELISA method using the soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma malayensis Baling strain. In all age group, the seroprevalence rate is higher (9.5%) in males than in females (4.5%) except for the 31-40 age group. Seroprevalence of schistosomiasis was found to increase with age with the above 60 age group having the highest rate followed by the 31-40 age group. Seroprevalence rate among the tribes ranges from 4.1% among the Penan to 11.6% among the Kajang. There was no seroevidence of schistosomiasis among the Ukits. A snail survey found four snail species including Brotia species, the intermediate host of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani, however no schistosome snail host was identified. Although schistosomiasis malayensis-like infection may be endemic in the area, its public health significance remains undetermined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Socio-cultural aspects of leprosy among the Masalit and Hawsa tribes in the Sudan.

Social and cultural factors influencing knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards leprosy in two communities in eastern Sudan were studied to determine their effects on treatment seeking and compliance. The study was qualitative using focus small group discussions, personal interviews and direct observation. The target populations were Masalit and Hawsa, the two main tribes in the area. Knowledge about the pathological cause of leprosy was lacking but the clinical manifestations were well recognized, particularly among the Masalit, in whom the disease in more common than the Hawsa. Among the Masalit there was a widely held belief that leprosy was caused by eating meat of the wild pig and a certain type of fish. The Hawsa, who are more devout Muslims, do not eat pig and associate leprosy with consumption of two types of fish. Between both tribes, the stigma of leprosy was not strong and the degree of rejection was more towards those with severe disease, particularly patients with ulcerated lesions and severe deformities. Patients were cared for by the family and lived in a separate hut within the families' housing compounds. In this remote area where medical services are scarce or nonexistent, those interviewed did not realize that leprosy was treatable by modern medicine. This influenced the treatment-seeking behaviour of patients, who were often treated by spiritual healers and other traditional medicine practices. With the introduction of multidrug therapy and health education of patients and society, many more patients are now seeking medical treatment, indicating a change in health seeking behaviour.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Association between molecular variants of the angiotensinogen gene and hypertension in Amis tribes of eastern Taiwan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Molecular variants (M235T and T174M) in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and a mutation in the promoter region that involves the presence of an adenine (A) instead of a guanine (G) 6 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site (G-6A) have been reported to have a positive correlation with hypertension. This study evaluated the association of the M235T, T174M, and G-6A mutations of the AGT gene with hypertension in Taiwanese aboriginals. METHODS: This case-control study recruited 107 subjects with hypertension and 96 normotensive subjects from the Amis tribes of eastern Taiwan. Genomic DNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR product was analyzed using automated sequencing. RESULTS: The frequencies of MM, MT, and TT genotypes at amino acid 235 were different between hypertensive (1%, 13%, 86%) and normotensive subjects (0%, 30%, 70%; p = 0.008), whereas the 174 variants of the AGT gene were not different between these two groups (1%, 14%, 85% in hypertensives, 1%, 17%, 82% in normotensives; p = 0.868). The distribution of GG, GA, and AA genotypes differed between the two groups (1%, 15%, 84% in hypertensives vs 1%, 31%, 68% in normotensives; p = 0.021). The frequency of the 235T allele was higher among hypertensives than normotensives (93 vs 85%; p = 0.015) and the odds ratio for association with the 235T allele (vs 235M) in hypertensives was 2.20. The frequency of the 174M allele was not different between the two groups (1 vs 1%). The frequency of the -6A allele was higher among hypertensives (83 vs 68%; p = 0.011) and the odds ratio association of hypertension with the -6A allele (vs -6G) was 2.18. Haplotype analysis showed that the -6A-235T allelic frequencies significantly differed between the two groups (chi 2 = 1.39, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of the 235T and -6A variants of the AGT gene in the Amis tribes of eastern Taiwan are high and are significantly associated with hypertension, whereas the 174M variant is not. The haplotype combining the 235T and -6A variants is also associated with hypertension. The prevalences of the 235T allele and -6A allele in this study and other studies in ethnic Chinese subjects are higher than those in Japanese.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Finger ridge count correlations among four tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India.

The present paper reports the distribution of finger ridge count correlations among four tribal populations from Andhra Pradesh, India viz., Dulia, Kotia, Manne Dora and Manzai Mali, and examines the intra and inter population variation. Higher correlations are recorded in left hands compared to right hands, but they are not significant. The homologous fingers exhibit a stronger correlation. In all the tribes, the correlations between right hand fingers are relatively higher among women when compared to men. Regarding inter population variation Dulia men differ significantly from the men of Manne Dora and the Manzai Mali tribes, and Kotia women also differ from the women of the Manne Dora significantly. The average correlation coefficient of the present populations is similar to other Indian populations reported earlier but lower than African and European populations.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed2002

Sickle cell disease among tribes of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, India.

Sickle cell disease is observed to occur in significantly high frequencies amongst the tribes of India. It has surged to the fore as an important public health problem among tribal groups, which needs serious attention. This paper presents the distribution of this abnormal genetic problem among scheduled tribes of India, in general and among those of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa states, in detail. Though the prevalence of sickle cell trait is high, the sickle cell disease cases are found to be very low, since all these surveys are made among adults. Most of the sickle cell disease cases might have expired during their early states. Hence, it is attempted to estimate the expected frequencies of disease cases from HbS gene frequencies. Estimations were also made by considering higher levels of inbreeding among these populations.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine medicated salt in interrupting Brugia malayi transmission in hill tribe settlements in Kerala State.

A filariasis survey carried out about eight years after achieving zero microfilaria (mf) rates following administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) medicated salt in the Kani hill tribe settlements in Quilon and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala State revealed that there was no reappearance of Brugia malayi infection in the experimental areas. Mf rates were maintained at zero level in the experimental villages, while in the control villages, 2.9 per cent mf positives were observed. Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis dissected did not reveal filarial infection. It is concluded that DEC medicated salt regime in the experimental areas of Kani hill tribe settlements has been successful in effectively interrupting B. malayi transmission. Pilot studies in other B. malayi endemic areas of India using DEC medicated salt regime with the objective of eliminating B. malayi transmission are advocated, since the parasite has a restricted distribution in India and is already showing a declining trend.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hill tribe opium addicts: a retrospective study of 1,382 patients.

This paper presents the results of a retrospective study of 1,382 patients admitted to the Narcotics Treatment Centre for Hill Tribes in Thailand, which was operated by the WHO/UN/Thai Programme for Drug Abuse Control. The study revealed widespread opium addiction among the hill tribes. Of these, the Karen were the largest group. Mean age on admission for treatment was 35 years. The male:female ratio was 7:1. Sixty-six per cent were heads of households. About one-third came from households with more than one addict. The mean duration of daily opium use before admission was 7.9 years. Over 90% of them were addicted to opium; there were eight heroin users. The mean amount of opium used daily was 3.9 g for males and 3.2 g for females. About three-quarters of them used salicylate analgesics with opium. Illness, in particular abdominal pain, was the most frequent cause of their addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Vitamin A status of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in Northern Thailand.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is the most common cause of childhood blindness in the developing world. It is estimated that by giving adequate vitamin A, in vitamin A deficient populations, child mortality from measles can be reduced by 50%, and mortality from diarrheal disease by 40%. Overall mortality in children 6-59 months of age can be reduced by 23%. This paper reported results from a study of vitamin A status and malnutrition of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand. All children aged 1-6 years (N = 158; 83 boys, 75 girls) from the three Karen villages (Mae Hae Tai, Mae Yot, Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied. The Karen is the largest mountain ethnic minority ("hill tribe") group in Thailand. All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their vitamin A intakes using 24 hours dietary recall. Thai food composition table from Ministry of Health, Thailand were used as references. The results were compared with the Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances. Children aged 1-3 years and 4-6 years were separately analysed due to the differences in Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances between the two age groups. A whole blood of 300 microL was obtained by "fingerstick" for determination of serum vitamin A. Community or village's vitamin A status was assessed by using Simplified Dietary Assessment (SDA) method and Helen Keller International (HKI) food frequency method. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. All families of the study boys and girls had income lower than the Thailand poverty line (US $ 1,000/year). On average, 63% of children from Mae Hae Tai village, 1.5% of children from Mae Yot village and none of children from Mae Raek village had serum vitamin A<0.7 micromol/L which indicated VAD. All boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA. Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA. Using SDA and HKI methods to assess vitamin A status of the villages to see whether VAD is a village's nutritional problem, it was found that all children from the three villages were at risk of VAD. In order to improve vitamin A status of the Karen children in Mae Chaem district, recommendations were made as follow: (1) increased use of fat and oil, particularly in areas with high risk of VAD; (2) more general work with Karen communities on how children's diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner, so as to bring vitamin A consumption closer to recommended allowance level.

Child↗
PubMed1990

[Relation between heterozygosity and fertility in Forest Nentzy and Nganasan tribes].

The relationship between heterozygosity for 13 polymorphic loci and fertility of women having passed the menopause was studied in two North-Siberian tribes: Forest Nentzy (N = 108) and Nganasans (N = 68). The number of pregnancies positively correlated with the individual heterozygosity (r = 0.2910 +/- 0.1063; P less than 0.01) in Forest Nentzy, while in Nganasans this correlation was absent. Women with the average level of individual heterozygosity were characterized by minimal values of variation in pregnancies' number and maximal Q index of realized fertility. It is concluded that the average level of individual heterozygosity is optimal for both tribes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Incidence of tuberculosis in the hunting tribe E-Lun-Chun in Northeast China].

The E-Lun-Chun, or Ortochen, a national minority in North East China, consisted of 2,262 members in 1953. In the mid-17th century a Russian invasion had displaced them from their original home in southward direction over the Amur river towards the Sin An Lin mountain range. While coming into closer contact with neighbouring peoples, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases spread rapidly among the members of the tribe. Under the Japanese occupation (1932-1945) the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was estimated at about 30% of the inhabitants. After initiation of modern measures to fight disease (case finding, drug treatment, BCG vaccination) the incidence dropped from 12.8% in 1954 to 6.5% in 1985, representing a reduction by 49.2% in 31 years. In 1963 a tuberculosis hospital was set up exclusively for E-Lung-Chun and indigenous medical personnel was suitably trained. However, the expected success of drug therapy was hampered by the tribe's abuse of alcohol and their unsteady life as hunters. To achieve a more stable state of health among the E-Lun-Chun, information work and measures to fight tuberculosis should be intensified in future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Participation of Indo-European tribes in ethnogeny of the mongoloid population of Siberia: analysis of the HLA antigen distribution in mongoloids of Siberia.

Three hundred forty-three Yakuts (mongoloids of central Asian type living in Siberia) were tested for HLA-A, -B, and -C loci. The HLA antigen distribution corresponds on the whole to a mongoloid population with high frequency of the HLA-A9, -B15, and -B40 antigens (phenotype frequencies .533, .367, and .405, respectively). At the same time a strikingly high frequency for the "Indo-European" HLA-A1 antigen (phenotype frequency .282) was detected, which in Yakuts is found exclusively with HLA-B17 (haplotype frequency x 1,000 = 87.0; linkage disequilibrium value x 1,000 = 63.8). The present paper deals with a new hypothesis of the Yakut ethnogenesis according to which ancient Aryan tribes formed the substratum which was later assimilated by the mongoloid and Turkic populations. Another hypothesis that I have advanced argues that from analysis of the HLA system the ancient Aryans formed, a local group within the Indo-European entity, with high frequency for HLA-A1 and -B17 antigens and for the HLA-A1,B17 haplotype and with a complete absence of or very low frequency for the HLA-B8 antigen and for the HLA-A1,B8 haplotype. Significant linkage disequilibrium, as it is found in Indians and Yakuts, etc., could have resulted from mixing of the Aryans with non-Indo-European tribes. No significant linkage disequilibrium between A1 and B8 characteristic of the European caucasoids was produced in the mixing.

Asian People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Organization of rRNA genes in various tribes of plants in the cereal family (Poaceae barnh.)].

The organization of 18S and 26S rRNA in 14 plant species, belonging to 8 tribes of the cereal family was studied. In rDNA of all the cereals studied, except maize and reed, the similar character of localization of nucleotide sequences, recognized by restrictases BamHI and EcoRI in 18S and 26S rRNA genes was revealed. The structural organization of rDNA of sainfoin (Papilionaceae) was shown to differ from genes, coding for high molecular rRNA in cereals. The primary structure of subrepeat of non-transcribed rDNA spacer of diploid wheat Tr. urartu, consisting of 132 base pairs was determined. The given subrepeat was hybridized with BamHI-fragments of DNA from cereals and sainfoin. It is shown to hybridize with rDNA of all the cereals studied, and it hardly hybridizes with rDNA of maize and sorghum, but doesn't hybridize with rDNA of sainfoin. The conclusion is made that the size polymorphism of restriction fragments in the coding rDNA region and the level of similarity of subrepeats of rDNA of the non-transcribed spacer may help to reveal the phylogenetic affinity of plants, belonging to different tribes within one family.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of socioeconomic transformations on the nutritional status of children of the Cashibo tribe (Peruvian Amazonia)].

Investigation for malnutrition, carried out in Peruvian Amazonia, showed 16.4% of malnutrition among 98 children of the Indian Cashibo tribe. This rate is 4 times higher the rate recorded in an indian Brazilian tribe, which is protected and living aside the americano-latin civilization. Some aspects of the acculturation are discussed to explain such a difference.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1983

Health and disease in a traditional-living tribe in southern Africa.

An isolated traditional-living tribe has been identified in Southern Africa. The lifestyle, eating habits and socio-economic conditions have been studied intensively and are being correlated with the pattern of health and disease of the people. Physical examination, urinalyses, biochemical studies and X-ray investigations show a remarkable absence of the diseases normally associated with a Western lifestyle and yet no evidence of malnutrition was found. Those findings are compared with the results of investigations on urbanized black people. The aim of the study is to determine the long-term effects of inevitable westernization on this tribe.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed1978

The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among the Qashqai tribe in Southern Iran.

The prevalence and the intensity of intestinal helminthiasis in the Qashqai tribe of Southern Iran were studied. Infection with Ascaris Lumbricoides and Trichuris Trichura was low (6.1 and 0.8 per cent respectively) while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus was 27.6 per cent of the total stool samples examined or 63.2 per cent of the total intestinal parasites found. This might be due to the mode of life of the tribe and the proximity of its people to domestic animals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Genetic studies on some tribes of the Telangana region, Andhra, Pradesh, India.

Phenotype distributions and gene frequencies of nine red cell enzyme systems and haemoglobin are presented for six tribal populations from the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. AEO, MN and Rh blood group data are presented for four of these tribes. The results have been compared with these from other Andhra Pradesh tribal Populations. The Yerukula tribe are notable for the presence of PGM7 1 at polymorphic frequency, the occurrence of a single example of PGM10 2 and the absence of Hbs.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1993

[Blood pressure in a Xavante tribe. Comparison after 15 years].

PURPOSE: To evaluate arterial blood pressure (BP), variations that occur with age, influence of new habits, in indians of a Xavante tribe, located in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The evaluation procedures took place in 9/75 and 10/90. Fifty Xavante were examined in 1975. Thirty-five of them were men and 15 women. The mean age of the men was 45 and of the women, 31. In 1990, only 46 of those indians were re-examined (two were not located and two had already died of cancer and pneumonia), and evaluated with regard to arterial BP, food ingestion, physical activities, obesity, tobacco, alcoholic beverage consumption and social organization. RESULTS: In both occasions we did not find individuals with hypertension. The highest BP observed was of 140 x 90 in a 70-year-old indian. His result is consistent with what had been noted in 1975. Among the women, the highest level was of 130 x 60 in a 55-year-old female indian. The women maintained a lower level of BP as compared to the men of any age group. The average blood pressure showed a discrete increase going from 79.2 to 83.8 mmHg in the men and from 75.7 to 77.0 mmHg in the women. In this tribe we observed the habit of smoking in 30% of the individuals. Alcoholic beverage consumption is rare, physical activities remained constant and obesity is absent. As for the eating habits, with the decrease of hunting grounds, the indians acquired a more rural behavior with regular use of rice and beans. Salt is practically not added to the food. Competitiveness is not an acquired trait to that culture. CONCLUSION: In "isolated" populations that maintain their cultural traits and basic life styles, the occurrence of arterial hypertension is very rare and the increase in BP with age is modest and significant only for systolic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Immunoglobulin levels in populations with low hemoglobin levels: study of five tribes of central India.

Average hemoglobin levels for 424 individuals belonging to 5 tribes of central India vary between 10.64 g/dl and 11.30 g/dl among males and between 9.62 g/dl and 9.97 g/dl among females. These ranges indicate the poor state of health and nutrition in these tribes. Three immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, and IgM) measured in a subset of the 424 individuals reveal that immunoglobulin and hemoglobin levels are inversely related to some extent. Levels of all three classes of immunoglobulins were found to be significantly correlated. This suggests that humoral immunity is not impaired even under acute nutritional stress.

Adolescent↗