SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Training Technics”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

PubMed1984

Management of thermal injuries in large animals.

The pathophysiology and histopathology of thermal burns in large animals is very similar to that in humans. Burns are classified as first degree, superficial and deep second degree, third degree, and fourth degree, depending upon the depth of thermal injury. Most severe burns will produce a local and a systemic response--both of which must be properly treated to increase the patient's chances for survival. The systemic response is mainly characterized by hypovolemia, fluid and electrolyte loss, protein loss, pulmonary edema, increased caloric requirements, and depressed immune responses. The local response is one of inflammation, vasospasm fluid accumulation, and electrolyte shifts depending upon the extent of the thermal injury. In all burn cases, the total patient should be evaluated. There is a tendency to focus on the wound, and systemic problems may be overlooked. In many cases, the thermal wound cannot be accurately evaluated for a few days, especially in large animals. An attempt should be made to estimate the depth of the burn, because treatment will vary accordingly. The treatment method must consider several problems. These include evaporative fluid and electrolyte loss, protection against mechanical injury, prevention of bacterial invasion and infection, maintenance of body temperature, and removal of nonviable tissue while leaving viable germinal tissue for healing. Thermal injuries in large animals present several additional problems. Many burns in large animals involve a large surface area, which increases the fluid, electrolyte, and caloric losses. Because most veterinary hospitals are not equipped to control the patient's surroundings, extensive bacterial contamination of the burn is of major concern. Patient restraint must also be a consideration to prevent further injury of the healing wound. Many patients are pruritic, and proper measures must be taken to prevent self-mutilation. There is also a lack of technically trained personnel to monitor and properly treat burn patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

General principles of anesthesia and sedation in food animals.

Minimal-risk anesthesia practice demands that fundamental physiologic and pharmacologic principles be applied to the specific medical and surgical needs of individual patients. In developing an anesthesia plan for a patient, health status must be assessed and considered along with other extrinsic factors such as the physical setting in which the anesthetic procedure will be performed, the availability of equipment and supplies, and the academic and technical training and abilities of participating personnel. This article reviews considerations for developing anesthesia protocols for ruminant and swine species.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1995

Cryotherapy.

Cryotherapy is as effective as any other therapy for CIN 1 and CIN 2. It can be performed with a minimum of side-effects and long-term sequelae. It is more cost-efficient than other methods since the equipment is inexpensive and it requires little technical training.

Cryosurgery↗

PubMed2005

Improving the safety of the blood supply in Ecuador through external performance evaluation of serological screening of blood donors.

BACKGROUND: The Ecuadorian National Blood System collects approximately 100 000 units of blood per year. Screening for infectious agents is conducted by 23 autonomous blood services using different methodologies and reagents. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of serology testing by laboratories of the Ecuadorian National Blood Bank System. STUDY DESIGN: Four proficiency panels were distributed between April 2003 and December 2004 containing samples that were characterized as either reactive or non-reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), and antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratories were classified according to the volume of blood units processed per year, as small (<5000), medium (5000-12000) and large (>12000). RESULTS: Large and medium blood services consistently obtained better results than small ones. All of the 37 anti-HIV antibody false negative results and all of the 20 HBsAg false negative results were reported by small laboratories. False negative results were associated with the use of rapid tests. Laboratories using rapid tests and certain lots of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) failed to detect HCV reactive sera in December 2004. CONCLUSION: The high number of incorrect results in most small blood services indicates serious weaknesses in blood screening that require urgent corrective action. The National Blood System has implemented on-site audits, training, technical assistance, and increased oversight. The long-term proposal is to centralize blood testing in two large blood centers. The results presented here underline the importance of strengthening the regulatory framework and oversight in Ecuador and highlight the role of external performance evaluation programs for blood safety improvement.

Blood Banks↗

PubMed2007

Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms by primer extension reaction in a dry-reagent dipstick format.

The primer extension (PEXT) reaction is the most widely used approach to genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Current methods for analysis of PEXT reaction products are based on electrophoresis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, fluorescence polarization, pyrosequencing, mass spectrometry, microarrays, and spectrally encoded microspheres. We report the first dry-reagent dipstick method that enables rapid visual detection of PEXT products without instrumentation. The method is applied to the analysis of six SNPs in the mannose-binding lectin gene (MBL2). The genomic region that spans each SNP of interest is amplified by PCR. Two primer extension reactions are performed with allele-specific primers (for one or the other variant nucleotide), which contain an oligo(dA) segment at the 5'-end. Biotin-dUTP is incorporated in the extended strand. The product is applied to the strip followed by immersion in the appropriate buffer. As the DNA moves along the strip by capillary action, it hybridizes with oligo(dT)-functionalized gold nanoparticles, such that only extended products are captured by immobilized streptavidin at the test zone, generating a red line. A second red line is formed at the control zone of the strip by hybridization of the nanoparticles with immobilized oligo(dA). The dipstick test is complete within 10 min. We analyzed six SNPs of the mannose-binding lectin gene (MBL2) using genomic DNA from 27 patients, representing a total of 74 variant nucleotide positions. Patient genotypes showed 100% concordance with direct DNA sequencing data. The described PEXT-dipstick assay is rapid and highly accurate; it does not require specialized instrumentation or highly trained technical personnel. It is appropriate for a diagnostic laboratory where a few selected SNP markers are examined per patient with a low cost per assay.

DNA Primers↗

PubMed1999

A self-reported work sampling study in community pharmacy practice.

Lack of time to implement pharmaceutical care has been cited as a barrier to the routine provision of this extended patient-care service. Using self-reported work sampling methodology, this study investigated how community pharmacists utilise their time. Pharmacists working in community pharmacies in the Greater Belfast area were found to spend approximately 49% of their time engaged in professional activities, 29% in semi-professional activities and 22% involved in non-professional activities. The activity to which pharmacists devoted the majority of their time was product assembly and labelling, this being a task which can be performed by trained technical staff. Only 9.5% of community pharmacists' time was devoted to counselling patients on their prescription medicines. Wide variation in the amount of time apportioned to each activity was observed between the participating community pharmacists (n = 30). Staffing levels within the community pharmacy were found to significantly influence pharmacists' involvement in a number of activities, with pharmacists who worked in pharmacies employing multiple pharmacists devoting more time to the assembly and labelling of products and less time to administrative tasks, non-professional encounters and to miscellaneous professional activities. Pharmacists working in pharmacies with a high prescription turnover were found to devote significantly less time to counselling patients regarding OTC products and in responding to patient symptoms.

Community Pharmacy Services↗

PubMed2004

Issues in disseminating and replicating effective prevention programs.

The new frontier for prevention research involves building a scientific knowledge base on how to disseminate and implement effective prevention programs with fidelity. Toward this end, a brief overview of findings from the Blueprints for Violence Prevention-Replication Initiative is presented, identifying factors that enhance or impede a successful implementation of these programs. Findings are organized around five implementation tasks: site selection, training, technical assistance, fidelity, and sustainability. Overall, careful attention to each of these tasks, together with an independent monitoring of fidelity, produced a successful implementation with high fidelity and sustainability. A discussion of how these findings inform the present local adaptation-fidelity debate follows.

Diffusion of Innovation↗

PubMed2001

Personal view. Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been heralded as the way forward for cervical screening, and as the answer to many of its problems. It is already used as a sole method of cell preparation in many private clinics in the UK. It is being used for colposcopy smears in many NHS clinics and is now being piloted for primary screening in three screening centres in England, as well as one in Scotland and one in Wales. LBC has been welcomed as a new technology because it deals with the problem of specimen adequacy at source, removing responsibility for slide preparation and fixation from the clinician or nurse. It provides uniformly well-fixed preparations that are free of inflammatory exudate and blood, and seem easier to screen than conventional smears. There are many articles in the world literature suggesting that LBC is more accurate than conventional screening, and it is thought likely to reduce the number of false negative tests. The main reasons for piloting LBC in the NHS Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) lie in its potential for reducing screening times and for reducing the numbers of repeats for inadequate tests. LBC is expensive in terms of equipment, capital costs, maintenance, consumables, training, technical preparation time, transportation and disposal of liquid media. Its costs could be justified if they were offset by the money saved from reduced screening time and repeat tests, but only if its accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity were proven to be equal to or better than conventional cytology. Although that is generally held to be true by the public and medical profession alike, there is very little hard evidence to support it.

Female↗

PubMed2002

Intrauterine devices.

The aim of this chapter is to review the worldwide use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception and the long-term contraceptive efficacy and safety of copper-bearing IUDs. The TCu380A and Multiload Cu375 have a very low failure rate (0.2-0.5%) over 10 years. The main concerns of the use of IUDs are risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases and increased menstrual blood loss and irregular bleeding. Factors associated with an increase in risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases are discussed. Preventive measures can be taken with careful screening of eligible IUD users, technical training and adequate service facilities for provision of IUDs. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs have the benefit of reducing menstrual blood loss in addition to high contraceptive efficacy. The copper IUD is the most effective method for emergency contraception. It can prevent over 95% of unwanted pregnancies within 5 days of unprotected intercourse.

Contraceptives, Postcoital↗

PubMed1999

Postural control of ballet dancers: a specific use of visual input for artistic purposes.

Dance is a specific expression of human motor behaviour. This artistic physical activity depends upon an effective technical training with important postural components and necessitates the codification of sensory inputs to build mental representations of the action to be produced. Proprioception and vision being two fundamental sensory modalities in classical ballet, this study attempted to determine the importance of the visual input for postural control during the practice of this activity. First, this work compared the performances of 18 professional ballet dancers and 46 non-dancers on a platform of forces during static posturographic tests in open or closed eyes situation. Then, we studied how professional dancers achieve balance in postures specific of classical ballet: on demi-pointe and on pointe. The results indicate that visual inputs are important in classical ballet since dancers only performed better than controls in eyes open conditions. The similar results obtained on pointe with eyes open or closed conversely suggest that training in classical ballet develops specific modalities of balance which are not transferable to posture control in daily life situations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Child-feeding strategies of African American women according to stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between child-feeding strategies and the stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption of low-income African American women. DESIGN: Mothers were asked to think aloud as they shopped for groceries and prepared a meal for their family. Verbalisations were audio-taped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded. Coded segments were sorted according to stage of change of the women who made the verbalisation. Themes were identified and analysed for differences across the stages of change. Child-feeding strategies and factors influencing provision of fruits and vegetables to children were identified through content analysis procedures. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Seventy women, aged 18 to 45 years, were classified by stage of change (10 to 18 per stage) based on self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables and intention to increase intake. Women on average had two to three children less than 12 years of age and tended to be single heads of households, with about half having some college or technical training. RESULTS: According to the women's comments, food preferences of children were important considerations for women in all stages regarding their food choice behaviours. Women in the later stages reported using more positive child-feeding strategies to promote the intake of fruit and vegetables, including positive role-modelling and methods related to food purchasing, preparation and meal planning. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting mothers' movement to more advanced stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake may result in the use of more positive child-feeding strategies and therefore contribute to increased fruit and vegetable intake by children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Fishing and risk along the Savannah River: possible intervention.

Fishing is often perceived as an enjoyable activity, and eating fish is viewed as safe and healthful. However, with recent increases in consumption advisories because of contamination, the public is faced with whether to eat fish or not. In this article I examine the knowledge base of people fishing along the Savannah River, where South Carolina has issued consumption advisories because of mercury and radionuclides. Over 250 people fishing from the Augusta lock and dam to south of the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) were interviewed from early April until late November 1997. Overall 82% of the fishermen thought the fish were safe to eat, even though 62% had heard some warnings about eating the fish. There were significant differences in whether people thought the fish were safe to eat as a function of income, age, education, and whether they were employed at the Savannah River Site. Significantly more fishermen thought the fish were safe who made more than $20,000/year, were over 34 yr of age, worked at SRS, and had no college or technical training, compared to others. Significantly fewer blacks had heard of consumption advisories than whites, fewer low-income people had heard, and fewer people who had not worked at SRS had heard, compared to others. Most people heard about the advisories from television, newspapers, and other people, although more blacks than whites heard about advisories from the radio. There were also significant ethnic differences in distance traveled, and in whether specific fish were frozen for later consumption. These data can be used to design an information program to target the people who may be most at risk from eating fish obtained from the Savannah River.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Prevention and control of iron deficiency: priorities and action steps.

The strengthening of global efforts to prevent and control iron deficiency requires priority setting and action steps in several key areas, including research, partnership formation, policy setting and the integration of intervention strategies. Research priorities include the development of improved assessment tools, evaluation of fortification strategies, improvement in interventions for infants, evaluation of combined intervention strategies to address multiple micronutrients and development and testing of interventions using genetically engineered foods with improved nutritional qualities. Policy priorities include the expansion of partnerships, balancing of advocacy, research and program implementation, and improved communications. Priorities in partnership formation include building strong linkages between public sector efforts and the food industry to enhance training, technical expertise and advocacy. Strategies to address iron deficiency should seek to integrate efforts in food fortification, supplementation, dietary improvement and complementary public health measures.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed1985

Teaching the history of medicine to medical students.

The author in this article advocates the teaching of the history of medicine to medical students throughout their undergraduate medical education. The thesis is that teaching the history of medicine enhances the development of the student into a physician and supports his technical training. History acts as a unifying force connecting a variety of scientific and humanistic disciplines and, by providing a historical perspective, serves to promote the student as a professional.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1996

Doctoral education in the biomedical sciences: back to the future?

The contraction of employment opportunities for scientists and engineers has initiated debate about the nature and aims of graduate education. The course of study leading to the PhD degree is seen as being too long, too focused on a small, circumscribed scientific area, and too akin to technical training rather than education. There is a clamor for reform, though much disagreement about what the reform should be. The author places this debate in a historical context, revealing that the arguments and recommendations articulated today were first voiced in the late nineteenth century, when graduate education began in the United States, and have continued to be restated throughout this century. There is no quick fix of the problem. Two long-term remedies have received considerable advocacy, but both are flawed. The first is to reduce the production of PhDs to address the perceived oversupply, but even if such a reduction were possible, the ability of graduate education to predict future employment opportunities is imprecise. The second is to broaden the traditional PhD program to increase the employability of graduates in wider spheres of activity, including some that do not require scientific research, such as business, journalism, law, and secondary school teaching. The author asserts that the broad nonscientific educational background that some would like to see included in the graduate curriculum is principally the responsibility of the student and should be acquired mainly during the undergraduate years. In the long term, the paucity of employment opportunities for recent PhDs and postdoctoral research fellows can realistically be addressed only by increasing the rigor of graduate education, which should not be expected to serve as a job-training program. The PhD is an academic, not a professional, degree and can be no more than an entree to further study or to a number of possible career paths. The responsibility of the graduate school is to ensure that its graduates have a well-rounded scientific education, have each pursued a challenging problem in depth, and possess the intellect, resourcefulness, and drive to succeed in any endeavor that requires keen problem-solving abilities.

Biology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Focus on: ORBIS International Flying Eye Hospital, Department of Technical Services.

The ORBIS International Flying Eye Hospital is dedicated to restoring sight to the blind through medical education programs in developing countries. The modification of a DC-10 aircraft to house a teaching hospital for ophthalmic surgery involved a variety of engineering challenges to satisfy standards for both hospital and aircraft safety. The Technical Services Department maintains all medical equipment on the aircraft, encountering situations not found in traditional clinical engineering departments. Technical education is also an important part of the ORBIS biomedical engineering program. Future plans include expansion of existing technical training efforts, as well as using technology to improve the medical education program as a whole.

Aircraft↗

PubMed1996

Kinematics of cross-country ski racing.

This study investigated the evolution of skiing velocity, cycle length, and cycle rate in elite and subelite skiers during cross-country ski races. Senior male cross-country skiers engaged respectively in a 30-km skating race (N = 34) or a 50-km classical race (N = 27) were videotaped as they skied two different sections of 30 m, a 7 degrees uphill, and a flat section. In the skating race, most skiers used the offset technique on uphill and the 2-skate on flat, while the preferred techniques during the classical race were the diagonal stride for uphill and double-poling on flat. Results demonstrated that faster skiers had longer cycle lengths than slower skiers except for the flat sections of the classical race. Cycle rate was not different between skiers of different performance levels in any circumstances or races. Decreased velocity observed during the second half of the skating race was almost entirely due to a decrease in cycle length. We conclude that slower athletes should emphasize extending cycle length during their technical training. Therefore, skiers should place an emphasis on strength and power training to increase their kick and pole pushes and enhance cycle length.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1996

Interpretive and procedural skills of the internal medicine clerkship: performance and supervision.

This descriptive study prospectively examined the performance and supervision of interpretive and procedural skills during an internal medicine clerkship. Students (N = 150) documented having done 7 required and 12 elective skills. Preceptors of required skills were interns (44%), residents (29%), attending physicians (12%), and others (16%). The elective procedures and the percentage of students doing them were as follows: skin tests, 78%; nasogastric tube insertion, 57%; paracentesis, 44%; bone marrow sampling, 35%; lumbar puncture, 34%; thoracentesis, 34%; Papanicolaou smear, 29%; central line placement, 27%; cardioversion, 13%; bladder catheter insertion, 11%; arthrocentesis, 9%; and skin biopsy, 7%. Elective procedures per student ranged from 0 to 9 (mean = 4) and were done less often in the first clerkship group than later in the academic year. Preceptors of electives were interns (46%), residents (39%), and attending physicians (9%). House staff were more likely and faculty less likely to precept electives than required procedures. Students' exposures to these skills are unequal. Their preceptor are generally house staff. To prepare medical students for postgraduate training, technical skills should be specifically addressed in the curriculum.

Analysis of Variance↗