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PubMed1976

Visual evoked response (VER) changes during maturation in the Weddell seal.

Visual evoked responses (VER'S) were recorded from the cortex of immature Weddel seals, 3-365 days of age. Results indicated a high degree of maturity at birth evident from the multiphasic array of waveforms and the comparatively short onset latency of the VER. At low intensities, single flashes evoked an immature secondary response. Topographical distribution of VER's were confined largely to the gyrus immediately adjacent to midline, from the posterior aspect near lambda to the vertex. Recordings from CI-744 dosed seals displayed a well-demarcated developmental sequence of VER's, contrary to VER's recorded in flaxedilized seals. Onset latency and waveform configuration changed concomitantly as a function of age. During the postnatal period from birth to weaning, VER changes were related to major behavioral events such as the seal's first encounter with swimming and diving at 2 weeks of age and weaning at 6 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Interference of anaesthetics with radioligand binding in neuroreceptor studies.

Evaluations of new emission tomography ligands are usually carried out in animals. In order to keep the animals in a restricted position during the scan session, anaesthesia is almost inevitable. In ex vivo rat studies we investigated the interference of ketamine/xylazine, zoletile mixture, isoflurane and halothane with the serotonin re-uptake site, the serotonin(2A) receptor and the dopamine re-uptake site by use of [(3)H]-(S)-citalopram, [(18)F]altanserin and [(125)I]PE2I, respectively. Ketamine/xylazine decreased the target-to-background ratio (mean +/- SD) of [(3)H]-( S)-citalopram from 1.5+/-0.19 to 0.81+/-0.19 (P<0.05), whereas isoflurane and halothane increased the ratio from 1.5+/-0.19 to 1.9+/-0.24 and 2.1+/-0.13 (P<0.05), respectively. Only with the zoletile mixture did the ratio remain unaltered. None of the tested anaesthetics affected the target-to-background ratio of [(18)F]altanserin. The [(125)I]PE2I target-to-background ratio decreased with both ketamine/xylazine (from 12.4+/-0.81 to 10.1+/-1.4, P<0.05) and isoflurane (from 12.4+/-0.81 to 9.5+/-1.1, P<0.05) treated rats, whereas treatment with zoletile mixture and halothane left the ratio unaltered. It is concluded that prior to performance of neuroreceptor radioligand studies, the possible interaction between radioligands and anaesthetics should be carefully evaluated.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1999

Etomidate and telazol.

These two drugs, etomidate and Telazol, have different pharmacological properties. The good properties of these drugs should be employed in specific patients and procedures to be performed (Table 3). There is no ideal injectable agent available yet for clinical practice. This in itself makes practice quite interesting because of the continuous process of rationalizing and determining the best drug for a specific condition and patient.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1990

Intravenous anesthesia.

Anticholinergics, tranquilizers, and sedative-hypnotics are the usual agents used for preanesthetic sedation of the horse. Of these drugs, the anticholinergics are of little importance in the horse. Acepromazine is the most useful and widely used tranquilizer, whereas xylazine is a safe and popular sedative. A newer sedative recently made available to the veterinarian for clinical use in horses is detomidine. Thiobarbiturates are seldom used alone any longer but are still useful when combined with guaifenesin for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Other, more contemporary drug combinations that have largely replaced thiobarbiturates and chloral hydrate include xylazine with ketamine, xylazine with Telazol, detomidine with Telazol, and guaifenesin with ketamine and xylazine.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed2003

Effects of telazol and nembutal on retinal responses.

PURPOSE: Compare the effects of Nembutal, a barbiturate, and Telazol, a dissociative anesthetic, on photoreceptor and post-receptoral retinal responses. METHODS: Dark adapted infant and adult albino rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Nembutal or Telazol. ERG responses to full-field stimuli were recorded over a 6-8 log unit range from dim intensities at which the scotopic threshold response (STR) was observed to those that saturate the a-wave. The rod photoresponse, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (OPs), and STR parameters of rats in the Nembutal and Telazol groups were compared. RESULTS: For both infants and adults, the saturated amplitudes of the photoresponse and the b-wave were larger in Telazol than Nembutal rats, but sensitivity of the photoresponse did not differ significantly between Telazol and Nembutal rats. The STR was seen only in the Telazol responses of adults. There was little differential effect of the two agents on the OPs. CONCLUSIONS: Photoreceptor and postreceptoral responses recorded under Nembutal and Telazol anesthesia differ significantly. These results may inform selection of anesthetic for studies of animal models.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Cortisol responses to immobilization with Telazol or ketamine in baboons (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Little is known about the influence of Telazol on cortisol or of anesthetic agents on immunological measures, and reports of ketamine's effect on cortisol are inconsistent. We measured effects of Telazol, ketamine and blood sampling on cortisol in male rhesus macaques and male savannah baboons. We also obtained leukocyte counts in the macaques. In macaques, Telazol reduced cortisol in the morning but not in the afternoon; ketamine had no effect on cortisol in these animals. In baboons, cortisol changed little post-Telazol but increased post-ketamine. In macaques, lymphocyte numbers decreased following afternoon injection of Telazol, ketamine or saline. The injection and blood sampling process increased cortisol levels in monkeys not trained to extend an arm but exerted no effect on cortisol in trained macaques. Thus, the animals' physiological responses to blood sampling and immobilization are influenced by such variables as anesthetic agent, species, time of day, and familiarity with the blood sampling process.

Anesthetics, Dissociative↗
PubMed2003

Chemical restraint of peccaries with tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine or tiletamine/zolazepam and butorphanol.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a combination of tiletamine/zolazepam and xylazine (TZX) in collared and white-lipped peccaries and to compare its efficacy as an anesthetic technique with that of tiletamine/zolazepam and butorphanol (TZB). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Seven white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) (four females and three males) and four collared peccaries (Tayasu tajacu) (two males and two females). METHODS: Animal immobilization was attempted with TZX and TZB (IM) on two different occasions. Heart and respiratory rates (HR, RR), rectal temperature (RT), sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response and analgesia were evaluated every 15 minutes during immobilization. Induction, anesthesia, standing and walking time were determined after drug administration. RESULTS: Doses for white-lipped peccaries were 1.23 +/- 0.26 mg kg(-1) (mean +/- SD) of TZ and 1.23 +/- 0.26 mg kg(-1) of X, and 1.46 +/- 0.09 mg kg(-1) of TZ and 0.14 +/- 0.008 mg kg(-1) of B; doses for collared peccaries were 1.51 +/- 0.29 mg kg(-1) of TZ and 1.51 +/- 0.29 mg kg(-1) of X and 1.68 +/- 0.02 mg kg(-1) of TZ and 0.17 +/- 0.002 mg kg(-1) of B. In white-lipped peccaries, both drug combinations provided a smooth induction and good immobilization for more than an hour. Anesthesia and standing times were significantly longer in animals given TZB, whereas walking time was significantly longer in animals given TZX. A significant decrease in HR was observed with both treatments. Respiratory rate decreased significantly with TZX, but the rate remained higher than with TZB. Induction and recovery quality in white-lipped peccaries was better with TZB than with TZX. Neither protocol provided adequate immobilization in collared peccaries. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At the doses described, TZB is effective in providing a long period of immobilization, whereas TZX is adequate for short to medium immobilization in white-lipped peccaries. Neither drug combination was effective in collared peccaries at the doses given.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2004

Epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the analgesic, physiologic, and behavioral effects of the epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Five adult, healthy horses aged 10-16 years and weighing (mean +/- SD) 400 +/- 98 kg. METHODS: The horses were sedated with 1.0 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) xylazine, and an epidural catheter was placed into the first intercoccygeal intervertebral space. After a 48-hour resting period, epidural tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.5 mg kg(-1) (treatment I) or 1.0 mg kg(-1) (treatment II), diluted up to 5 mL in sterile water, was administered with a 1-week interval between the treatments. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and sedation were evaluated. In order to evaluate the respiratory effects, blood from the carotid artery was withdrawn at time 0 (baseline), and then after 60 and 240 minutes. Analgesia was evaluated by applying a noxious stimulus with blunt-tipped forceps on the perineal region, and graded as complete, moderate, or absent. Data were collected before tiletamine/zolazepam administration and at 15-minute intervals for 120 minutes, and 4 hours after tiletamine/zolazepam administration. Data were analyzed with anova and Bonferroni's test with p < 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference between treatments in cardiovascular and respiratory measurements. Sedation was observed with both doses, and it was significantly different from baseline at 60, 75, and 90 minutes in treatment II. Moderate analgesia and locomotor ataxia were observed with both the treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results suggest that caudal epidural 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) tiletamine/zolazepam increases the threshold to pressure stimulation in the perineal region in horses. The use of epidural tiletamine/zolazepam could be indicated for short-term moderate epidural analgesia. There are no studies examining spinal toxicity of Telazol, and further studies are necessary before recommending clinical use of this technique.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed2005

Blood gas and acid-base status during tiletamine/zolazepam anaesthesia in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) combination (Zoletil 100; Virbac, Carros, France) with and without atropine on blood gas values and acid-base status in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized cross-over experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult cross-bred dogs, weighing 11.0-18.5 kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each dog received four different drug treatments at intervals of at least 15 days: (i) 5 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) TZ (TZ.IV); (ii) 10 mg kg(-1) intramuscular (IM) TZ (TZ.IM); (iii) atropine, 20 microg kg(-1) IV, followed 5 minutes later by 5 mg kg(-1) TZ IV (A.TZ.IV); and (IV) atropine (same dose) given 5 minutes before 10 mg kg(-1) TZ IM (A.TZ.IM). Arterial blood samples were collected from each dog before drug administration (baseline) at induction of anaesthesia (time 0) and 2, 5, 10 and 30 minutes thereafter. RESULTS: Transient hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis were observed just after induction. PaO(2) and SaO(2) dropped, while H(+) concentration and PaCO(2) rose significantly above baseline values. In groups TZ.IV and A.TZ.IV, PaO(2) values as low as 6.0-6.4 kPa (45-48 mm Hg) were recorded. However, there was no significant difference in blood gas variables among the groups encountered during the evaluation period. The overall change in [HCO(3) (-)] and base excess (BE) was not significant among groups. Atropine did not affect the above variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tiletamine/zolazepam injection may induce transient hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis, but acid-base status changes are clinically unimportant. Particularly, close observation of dogs is recommended during the first 5-10 minutes after induction with TZ, especially in animals with cardiopulmonary disease. TZ should perhaps not be used in animals intolerant of tachycardia.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of injectable anaesthetic regimens in mules.

Three combinations of injectable anaesthetic agents were compared in nine adult mules. The combinations were xylazine/ketamine (X/K), xylazine/butorphanol/ketamine (X/B/K), and xylazine/tiletamine-zolazepam (X/T). Measured variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial blood pH, PCO2 and PO2, recumbency time and number of attempts to stand. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. Recumbency time was significantly (P < 0.05) longer with X/B/K and X/T than with X/K. Mules required significantly more attempts to stand under the influence of X/T than X/K or X/B/K. No statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure or arterial pH, PCO2 and PO2 were detected between groups.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1991

An evaluation of medetomidine/ketamine and other drug combinations for anaesthesia in cats.

The anaesthesia induced by cyclohexylamine derivatives in cats was studied by comparing the effects induced by four pairs of agents: acepromazine/ketamine, xylazine/ketamine, zolazepam/tiletamine and medetomidine/ketamine. Acepromazine/ketamine was free of undesirable side effects but provided inadequate anaesthetic cover. The other combinations differed only in the dosage, the quality of the anaesthesia and the importance of the side effects. Medetomidine/ketamine was the best combination; it induced a good degree of anaesthesia with small doses and was free of major side effects.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1997

Effects of tiletamine/zolazepam premedication on propofol anaesthesia in dogs.

The cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of tiletamine/zolazepam, propofol and tiletamine/zolazepam plus propofol were studied in five mongrel dogs. A cannula inserted into a raised carotid artery was used to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate continuously and to collect arterial blood for the determination of pH, PO2, PCO2, bicarbonate and base balance. Respiratory frequency and rectal temperature were also recorded. In the two propofol groups premedication had no significant effect on the time to rejection of an endotracheal tube and the return to sternal recumbency. The MAP and heart rate increased after tiletamine/zolazepam alone and after tiletamine/zolazepam plus propofol, although propofol alone reduced MAP and transiently increased heart rate. Respiratory frequency decreased transiently in both propofol groups in association with a significant increase in PaCO2 and decrease in PaO2. The most notable change was the hypoxaemia in the tiletamine/zolazepam plus propofol group in which the PaO2 was reduced. In all the dogs given tiletamine/zolazepam alone undesirable side effects were observed, effects which also occurred during the recovery of the dogs given tiletamine/zolazepam plus propofol.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗