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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Protein phosphorylation and control of tick salivary gland function.

Tick salivary glands are controlled by nerves, dopamine being a neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction. Dopamine and cyclic AMP (cAMP) stimulate fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands. Dopamine activates an adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular cAMP within the female salivary glands. Phosphoproteins whose levels of phosphate are affected by cAMP-dependent protein kinase have been identified in subcellular fractions. Protein(s) phosphorylated by cAMP appears to activate protein phosphatase in the salivary glands. Another phosphorylation pathway appears to act through protein kinase C because of an ability of phorbol esters (known activators of protein kinase C) to stimulate the phosphorylation of proteins, and an ability of a peptide factor in tick brain to metabolize salivary-gland phosphoinositides, an event that often precedes activation of protein kinase C. Because cAMP modulates brain-factor-stimulated formation of inositol phosphates (products of phosphoinositide breakdown) an interrelationship between the two pathways seems likely. Evidence of regulatory processes, including protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions, will provide a basis for helping assess the physiological significance of secretory products and the role of the salivary glands in disease transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and field observations on anti-tick properties of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig.

A shrubby plant, abundant in east Kenya, Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., was shown to exhibit repellent and acaricidal properties to larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. All stages of ticks avoided the leaves of the plant and a high percentage of the ticks which were continuously exposed to its leaves died; surviving ticks were weak and inactive but regained activity when exposed to fresh air. The effectiveness of the plant's leaves as a repellent and acaricide was most pronounced on nymphs and least pronounced on adults. Field investigations indicated that ticks were not found up to 2-5 m from the plant in areas where the plant was predominant. The potential of using the plant for tick control within an integrated tick management system in the resource-poor farming context in Africa was highlighted.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Sensitivity of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae to optic irradiation and localization and organization of light perceiving or permeability areas of the integument].

Considering a negative phototaxis as a stimulus reaction to narrow - or wideband monochromatic radiance of varying ranges of wavelengths and different irradiance it was established that both unfed and engorged I. and II. nymphs, as well as male and female adult ticks of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae, responded almost to the whole spectrum of the investigated wavelengths from 246-809nm, however, depending on the irradiance. Peaks of sensitivity with 50-100% of phototactically negative reacting ticks, however, were only registered in the range of 415 nm to 604 nm at moderate and high irradiance. Interstadially unfed and fed ticks showed no or only slight differences of reaction. Engorged ticks responded analogously to the unfed ticks but usually with smaller percentages. The lower readiness of reaction of the engorged stages was also established by the comparison of the temporal threshold values, which were ca. 1 min shorter for unfed ticks. Ablation tests for localizing light perception in or through the integument by means of covering the integumental areas in various combinations and simultaneously confronting them with the highly sensitive range of wavelengths from 446-568 nm revealed that unfed female adults probably perceived the light stimuli primarily through the dorsum. Covering the entire dorsum with white or black paint caused a phototactically negative response in 10-30% of the ticks. Untreated control ticks reacted to the light stimuli with a proportion of 50-75%. Scanning electron microscopical examinations of the dorsum, ventral surface and supracoxal folds of unfed female ticks gave no evidence of morphologically recognizable, superficially organized or integument-integrated photoreceptor areas or optical organs similar to lenses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Role of grooming in biological control of ticks.

Although many species of wild bovids live in tick infested environments, tick loads are usually kept to very low levels, primarily by frequent self grooming. Evidence from numerous studies on antelope in Africa strongly support the concept that the delivery of bouts of grooming reflects programmed grooming rather than stimulus driven or reactive grooming. In other words, grooming occurs in response to an endogenous generator that produces grooming bouts at periodic intervals, resulting in removal of ticks before they attach and begin to feed. In the same tick exposure environment, animals that groom most have the fewest ticks. The rate of programmed grooming is modulated by a number of interspecific and intraspecific determinants. Interspecific determinants include adult body size and whether or not the evolutionary habitat is tick dense or tick sparse. Intraspecific determinants include developmental stage of growth, gender (e.g., territorial male vs. female), ectoparasite exposure, and stage of arousal. Some of the intraspecific determinants appear to be mediated by systemic physiological influences suggesting there may be ways to improve grooming activity in weak groomers, such as cattle.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Morphology and development of Anaplasma marginale in midgut of engorged female ticks of Boophilus microplus.

Morphology and development of Anaplasma marginale were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult Boophilus microplus females using light and transmission electron microscopy. Hemoparasite-free B. microplus larvae were used to infest Holstein calves experimentally inoculated with A. marginale. When A. marginale parasitemia varied from 0.4% to 4.3%, 140 engorged female ticks were collected and kept individually in steel wire tubes and incubated outdoors on Brachiaria decumbens grass pasture. Female ticks in groups of 20 were dissected 14, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47 and 50 days after detachment. Engorged female ticks collected from an A. marginale-free calf were kept under the same conditions as control ticks. Gut sections of infected and control ticks were processed using light and electron microscopy. Infected gut sections were processed by the immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Under light microscopy A. marginale colonies were found in midgut epithelial cells of engorged B. microplus females from 19 days on after detachment from donor calves. Colonies were 6.1-10.3 microns in diameter, ovoid or irregular and contained round or shaped organisms. Two distinct morphological types of colonies (BM1 and BM2) were found. BM1 colonies had a dense matrix strongly stained in which organisms were barely visible; BM2 had large separated organisms densely stained inside a matrix which was lightly stained. A. marginale colonies immunocytochemically stained were found in gut tissue sections using light microscopy. Using transmission electron microscopy organisms of different morphologies were found in midgut epithelial cells of engorged females, suggesting sequential phases of development of A. marginale in the vector. Modifications occurred in colonies and in the organisms within them. No symbiotic rickettsiae were found in intestinal cells of control ticks.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1987

The use of flumethrin 1% pour-on for the control of Amblyomma spp. in various southern African countries.

Efficacy trials with flumethrin 1% pour-on were conducted in 9 different areas in 3 southern and central African countries against Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum on cattle. A dose volume of 10 ml/100 kg body mass applied at bi-weekly intervals provided excellent control of both tick species on their predilection sites, irrespective of locally and seasonally high tick pressure. The trial results demonstrate clearly that this new concept of tick control can be effectively applied in commercial and traditional cattle husbandry situations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A self-medicating applicator for control of ticks on deer.

A self-medicating applicator for killing ticks on deer and domestic ungulates by passive transfer of acaricides during feeding is described. The applicator consists of a barrel divided into a food bin (above) and a sealed self-contained acaricide reservoir (below) with a vertical, centrally-located ceramic column that extends from the reservoir into the food bin. Acaricide is drawn up the column from the sealed reservoir by absorption. Animals attracted to the food in the device acquire the acaricide during feeding when they contact the uppermost portion of the column. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) readily utilize the applicator in penned and natural conditions. In a field study, examination of hunter-killed deer demonstrated that animals from a treated site were infested with many fewer Ixodes scapularis (3.4 +/- 1.1) than those from a control site (10.8 +/- 3.0). Chromatographic analysis of hair samples revealed traces of permethrin on three of the four animals examined, suggesting use of applicators by these deer. In a study using penned goats (Capra hircus) infested with Amblyomma americanum ticks, treatment efficacy reached 86.4% within 4 days of exposure to the applicators. Visual observations confirmed that all animals used the applicators. Gas chromatographic analysis of goat hair samples indicated that permethrin was detectable on all of the treated animals exposed to the device.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with wildlife and vegetation of Haller park along the Kenyan coastline.

This artcile describes the results obtained from a tick survey conducted in Haller park along the Kenyan coastline. The survey aimed at evaluating tick-host associations, assessing tick population density, and providing baseline information for planning future tick control and management in the park. Ticks (2,968) were collected by handpicking from eight species of wildlife and by dragging in 14 selected sites within the park. A considerable proportion of ticks were also collected from leaves, stems, and bark of most dominant trees, namely, Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Forst. and Forst.), Cocos nucifera L., Adansonia digitata L., Musa paradisiaca L., and Azadiracta indica Adr. Juss. Dragging was conducted in sites predominantly occupied by Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.), Cenchrus ciliaris L., Stenotaphrum dimidiatum L. (Kuntze.) Brongn., and Brachiaria xantholeuca Hack. Ex Schinz Stapf. and Loudetia kagerensis K. Schum. Hutch. Eight tick species were identified, and the collection included Rhipicephalus pravus Dönitz 1910, Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker 1873, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch 1844, Amblyomma gemma Dönitz 1910, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch 1844, Amblyomma sparsum Neumann 1899, Amblyomma nuttalli Dönitz 1909, and Boophilus decoloratus Koch 1844. Given that the identified tick species are known to parasitize humans as well as livestock, there exist risks of emergence of zoonotic infections mediated by tick vectors. In the recreational environment of Haller park, where tick vectors share habitats with hosts, there is a need to develop sustainable and effective tick control and management strategies to minimize economic losses that tick infestation may cause.

Animals↗