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PubMed1988

Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins upon combustion of commercial textile products containing 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan DP300).

Commercial textile products containing 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan DP300) as an antimicrobial agent gave dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(s) (di-CDD) upon combustion. The extent of conversion of Irgasan DP300 into di-CDD(s) reached 19-43% at 600 degrees C. Upon bleaching the textile products with sodium hypochlorite, Irgasan DP300 was chlorinated to 2',3,4,4'-tetrachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 2',4,4',5-tetrachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and 2',3,4,4',5-pentachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether. These chlorinated derivatives were converted into trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin upon combustion, which are more toxic than di-CDD(s). These results suggest that the bleaching and incineration of textile products containing Irgasan DP300 result in environmental pollution by PCDDs.

Dioxins↗
PubMed2002

Pilot scale treatment of textile wastewater by combined process (fluidized biofilm process-chemical coagulation-electrochemical oxidation).

The performance of pilot scale combined process of fluidized biofilm process, chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation for textile wastewater treatment was studied. In order to enhance biological treatment efficiency, two species of microbes, which can degrade textile wastewater pollutants efficiently, were isolated and applied to the system with supporting media. FeCl3 x 6H2O, pH 6 and 3.25 x 10(-3) mol/l were determined as optimal chemical coagulation condition and 25 mM NaCl of electrolyte concentration, 2.1 mA/cm2 of current density and 0.71/min of flow rate were chosen for the most efficient electrochemical oxidation at pilot scale treatment. The fluidized biofilm process showed 68.8% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 54.5% of color removal efficiency, even though using relatively low MLSS concentration and short sludge retention time. COD and color removals of 95.4% and 98.5% were achieved by overall combined process. The contribution of fluidized biofilm process to the overall combined process was increased over 25.7% of COD reduction and 20.5% of color reduction by adopting support media in biological treatment. It can be thought that the fluidized biofilm process was effective, and pollutant loading on post-treatment was pretty much decreased by this system. This combined process was highly competitive in comparison to the other similar combined systems. It was concluded that this combined process was successfully employed and much effectively decreased pollutant loading on post-treatment for textile wastewater treatment at pilot scale.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2002

Removal of dyes from an artificial textile dye effluent by two agricultural waste residues, corncob and barley husk.

The use of a previously untried biosorbent, barley husk, for dye removal is compared to corncob. The effectiveness of adsorption as a means of dye removal has made it an ideal alternative to other more costly treatments. This paper deals with two low-cost, renewable biosorbents, which are agroindustrial by-products, for textile dye removal. Experiments at total dye concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg l(-1) were carried out with an artificial effluent consisting of an equal mixture of five textile dyes. The effects of initial dye concentration, biosorbent particle size, dose of biosorbent, effective adsorbance, and dye removal kinetics were examined. One gram (per 100 ml) of < or = 600 microm corncob was found to be effective in removing a high percentage of dyes at a rapid rate (92% in 48 h). One gram of I x 4 mm barley husk was found to be the most effective weight and particle size combination for the removal of dyes (92% in 48 h). The results illustrate how barley husk and corncob are effective biosorbents concerning the removal of textile dyes from effluent.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Decolorization of textile indigo dye by ligninolytic fungi.

The indigo dye is extensively used by textile industries and is considered a recalcitrant substance, which causes environmental concern. Chemical products used on textile processing, which affect the environment through effluents, can be voluminous, colored and varied. Vat textile dyes, like indigo, are often used and dye mainly cellulosic fibers of cotton. Decolorization of this dye in liquid medium was tested with ligninolytic basidiomycete fungi from Brazil. Decolorization started in a few hours and after 4 days the removal of dye by Phellinus gilvus culture was in 100%, by Pleurotus sajor-caju 94%, by Pycnoporus sanguineus 91% and by Phanerochaete chrysosporium 75%. No color decrease was observed in a sterile control. Thin layer chromatography of fungi culture extracts revealed only one unknown metabolite of Rf=0.60, as a result of dye degradation.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2002

Studies on desorption of individual textile dyes and a synthetic dye effluent from dye-adsorbed agricultural residues using solvents.

Two solvents, A and B (A: methanol, chloroform, water in the ratio 1:1:1; B: 50% methanol), were used to extract textile dyes adsorbed onto substrates for the purpose of future analyses of the amount of dyes degraded through solid state fermentation (SSF) using white rot fungi. Barley husk, apple pommace and corncob were separately soaked in five different dye solutions and a synthetic textile effluent. A maximum value of 93% desorption of Cibacron Red from corncob was achieved using solvent A. Barley husk was the only substrate from which the synthetic textile effluent could be desorbed, with 82% being recovered using solvent A.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1999

Occupational asthma and IgE sensitization to cellulase in a textile industry worker.

BACKGROUND: Although there have been a few reports of occupational asthma due to cellulase in several occupational settings, this is the first case of cellulase-induced occupational asthma in an employee working in the textile industry. Its pathogenetic mechanism remains to be further clarified. OBJECTIVE: It is important to alert physicians to the possibility of occupational asthma caused by cellulase in workers of the textile industry. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patient had atopy and strong positive responses to cellulase extract on skin prick tests. Bronchoprovocation test showed an early asthmatic response to cellulase extract. Serum specific IgE and specific IgG4 antibodies to cellulase were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to further characterize the allergenic component of the extract, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electroblotting studies were performed. Eight IgE binding components ranging from 6 to 97.5 kD were detected within the cellulase extract. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that inhalation of cellulase can induce IgE-mediated bronchoconstrictions in employees working in the textile industry.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Micronuclei, nuclear lesions and interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) as cyto-genotoxicity indicators in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to textile mill effluent.

In this study, cyto-genotoxic effects of a textile mill effluent on fish Oreochromis niloticus were investigated using the micronucleus (MN) test and methods to analyze interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). Fishes were exposed to three different concentrations of textile mill effluent (5, 10 and 20%(v/v)) for 3, 6 and 9 days. Cyclophosphamide (2mg/l) was used as a positive control. Micronucleus frequencies were examined in peripheral blood erythrocytes and gill cells. Nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei such as binuclei, lobed nuclei, blebbed nuclei and notched nuclei were also evaluated in peripheral erythrocytes. Interphase AgNOR parameters were examined in epithelial cells obtained from the edge of caudal fins after 90 and 180min of exposure. As a result, dose-dependent increases in the frequencies of micronuclei and other NA in erythrocytes were observed. MN frequencies in gill cells also significantly increased, while the interphase AgNOR parameters in fin cells decreased, as a result of textile effluent and cylophosphamide treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Necessity of toxicity assessment in Turkish industrial discharges (examples from metal and textile industry effluents).

Toxicity of some organic and inorganic chemicals to microorganisms is an important consideration in assessing their environmental impact against their economic benefits. Microorganisms play an important role in several environmental processes, both natural and engineered. Some organic and inorganics at toxic levels have been detected in industrial discharges resulting in plant upsets and discharge permit violations. In addition to this, even though in some cases the effluent wastewater does not exceed the discharge limits, the results of toxicity tests show potential toxicity. Toxicity knowledge of effluents can benefit treatment plant operators in optimising plant operation, setting pre-treatment standards, and protecting receiving water quality and in establishing sewer discharge permits to safeguard the plant. In the Turkish regulations only toxicity dilution factor (TDF) with fish is part of the toxicity monitoring program of permissible wastewater discharge. In various countries, laboratory studies involving the use of different organisms and protocol for toxicity assessment was conducted involving a number of discharges. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of textile and metal industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasize the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications and give an idea whether there is potential toxicity or growth limiting and stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used such as bacteria (Floc and Coliform bacteria) algae (Chlorella sp.). fish (Lepistes sp.) and protozoan (Vorticella sp.) to represent four tropic levels. The textile industry results showed acute toxicity for at least one organism in 8 out of 23 effluent samples. Acute toxicity for at least two organisms in 7 out of 23 effluent sampling was observed for the metal industry. The toxicity test results were assessed with chemical analyses such as COD, BOD, color and heavy metals. It was observed that the toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in 5 cases for metal and 4 cases for the textile industries. The results clearly showed that the use of bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Textile dye allergic contact dermatitis prevalence.

This article summarizes textile dye prevalence studies and makes recommendations for advancing knowledge about textile-dye sensitization. Prevalence data is provided by study and by dye. Dermatology teams are encouraged to conduct textile-dye prevalence studies in countries other than Italy, include dyes for which the least prevalence data has been collected, to standardize method of application and reading, and to verify purity and identity of dyes used for patch testing. Testing with pure dyes and other chemicals in dye formulations should provide insights in choosing dye systems that will decrease sensitization.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Determination of extractable perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water, sweat simulant, saliva simulant, and methanol from textile and carpet samples by LC/MS/MS.

Methods were developed to quantify the amount of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) extracted from textile and carpet samples through contact with water, methanol, and sweat and saliva simulants using LC/MS/MS. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for samples extracted in water and sweat simulant is 1 ppb (ng PFOA (g sample)(-1)) while the limits of quantitation for samples extracted in saliva simulant and methanol were 3 ppb and 2.5 ppb, respectively. Method validation results are provided for a polyester control textile sample that was extracted in water on two different days by different analysts, which gave an overall recovery of 103% and standard deviation of 5.3% for 30 analyses. However, for routine application of these methods to a large number of sample sets differing in chemical and physical compositions, a complete validation for each sample type is not practical or possible since control samples for fortifications are often not available. Instead, suitable analytical methods and acceptance criteria are described which ensure accurate PFOA quantitation in each of the solvent extract types. During routine use of these methods, post-extraction spike recoveries for the different sample types and solvents are 100 +/- 15% using a dual isotopically labeled (13)C-PFOA internal standard to correct for matrix effects. A comparison of extraction solvent versus time using a wrist action shaker for textile and carpet samples demonstrates that the total extractable amount of PFOA is similar for each of the solvent types. However, as expected the rate of extraction in water and simulants is significantly less than that of methanol. Finally, a comparison of 2 h and 24 h wrist action shaker extractions with a 1.5 h pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) in methanol reveals that the 24 h wrist action shaker yields the highest results. The 2 h wrist action shaker results are similar to those of the 1.5 h PFE extraction.

Caprylates↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and causative agents of superficial mycoses in a textile factory in Adana, Turkey.

This study was carried out in a textile factory settled in the city center of Adana, Turkey. The workers were evaluated for the presence of superficial mycoses and the interaction of their working environment or working condition. A total of 431 textile workers were included in the study, with a male to female ratio of 378 (87.7%) to 53 (12.3%) and an age range of 19-52 (mean: 33.7 +/- 6.8). Direct examination and/or culture revealed superficial mycoses in 73 (16.9%) workers, among them 56 (76.7%) were classified as dermatophytoses, 8 (11.0%) as Pityriasis versicolor while in nine (12.3%) of the cases, no causative agent could be determined. Trichophyton rubrum (57.1%) and T. mentagrophytes (42.9%) were the two species isolated on culture. This study emphasized that textile workers should be admitted as a risk group for superficial mycoses, especially tinea pedis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Purpuric contact dermatitis in patients with allergic reaction to textile dyes and resins.

BACKGROUND: Purpuric lesions have been described as an uncommon manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis in individual case reports. OBJECTIVE: We describe a series of patients who developed purpuric allergic contact dermatitis to textile dyes and resins in their personal clothing. Our purpose was to study the patients clinically and histopathologically and to define the most frequent allergens, which cause purpuric allergic contact dermatitis. METHODS: One hundred and three patients were clinically evaluated and tested with the Textile Color & Finish Series (TCFS) (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) and Standard Series (TRUE Tests) because of suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to clothing. The patients with clinical features of purpura as presenting sign of ACD were studied. Biopsies from the purpuric lesions were performed in three patients. RESULTS: Thirty of the 103 patients (29.1%) had positive reaction to an allergen from the TCFS. Clinically purpuric ACD was observed in 8.7% of all the cases studied (n = 9 of 103). Nine of the 30 patch-positive patients to the TCFS (30%) demonstrated purpuric macules, papules and patches. Patch testing of the nine patients with purpuric contact dermatitis, with the TCFS, resulted in 26 positive patch test results. The major causative allergens were the following: Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124 in 26.9% each, Disperse Blue 85 in 11.5%, and ethyleneurea melamine formaldehyde in 7.7%. Positive patch tests were observed to dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, dimethylol propyleneurea, tetramethylol acetylenediurea, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, Disperse Red 17, and Basic Red 46 3.8% in each. Purpuric patch test reaction was observed in five cases. The patch test results had present relevance in all the cases. Lesional biopsies demonstrated acanthosis, spongiosis and parakeratosis. The blood vessels were dilated, without signs of vasculitis. The inflammatory infiltrate was composed of lymphocytes and erythrocytes. The extravasated erythrocytes had a perivascular and interstitial distribution in the superficial and deep plexus and were observed at the dermo-epidermal junction as well as in the epidermis. CONCLUSION: Purpuric contact dermatitis is not an uncommon clinical form of ACD to textile dyes and resins. New allergens, which can evoke the development of purpuric allergic contact dermatitis and have not been described in the literature until now include: ethyleneurea melamineformaldehyde, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, tetramethylol acetylenediurea, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde and Disperse Red 17.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of pulmonary lesions in nontextile and cotton textile workers: a retrospective autopsy analysis.

A collection of 565 unselected inflation-fixed lungs was divided into three groups: (1) normal (209 lungs); (2) centrilobular emphysema (231) lungs); and (3) "other" (125 lungs), the last including examples of fibrosis, tuberculosis, cancer, and other forms of emphysema. Clinical hospital records were reviewed to ascertain smoking history [no smoking (105 lungs); greater than 0.5 pack cigarettes per day (427 lungs); or pipe/cigar (33 lungs)] and occupation [nontextile (521 lungs), or textile (44 lungs)]. Lungs were subjected to morphometric determination of the extent of centrilobular emphysema, mucus gland hyperplasia in large bronchi, and goblet cell metaplasia in bronchioles. Extent of tissue pigmentation in normal lungs was also measured. Associations between morphologic data and background factors were examined by covariance analysis. As in many previous studies, data show highly significant cigarette smoking effects on all factors measured. Significant pipe smoker effects were also found, and when the cigarette group was excluded, a significant association was found between cotton dust exposure and both mucus gland hyperplasia and goblet cell metaplasia, but not emphysema. The results suggest that centrilobular emphysema is not associated occupationally in the textile industry, although bronchitis and bronchiolitis probably are. If byssinotic symptoms and physiologic impairment are as prevalent as some have reported, they must be primarily related to airway lesions. It might follow that they should be reversible. Textile workers with irreversible impairment and morphologic emphysema who are also smokers probably have little or no justification for attributing this to their occupation.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Death certificate case-control study of cancers of the prostate and colon and employment in the textile industry.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate possible relationships between employment in the textile industry and cancers of the prostate and colon. Death certificate information on occupation and industry was obtained for 1037 male prostatic cancer cases, 820 male and female colon cases, and matched controls who died during 1970-1978 in South Carolina. Black males were the only race-sex group to show an excess risk of prostate or colon cancer among employees of the textile industry. Nonstatistically significant excesses of prostate cancer were seen in dyeing and finishing businesses and broad woven fabric mills. Overall, there was no strong evidence indicating a relationship between the textile industry and either prostate or colon cancer. It is unlikely that limitations of the data masked real risks since previously reported associations with nontextile industries were confirmed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Textile wall materials and sick building syndrome.

We studied the relation between the amount of textile and other soft fiber wall materials used in the office and the symptoms related to sick building syndrome in two identical, mechanically ventilated, eight-story office buildings. The study population consisted of 400 workers (85% of the source population): 264 males (66%) and 136 females (34%). A self-administered questionnaire inquired about the occurrence of symptoms and related personal and environmental determinants. The office environment was assessed concurrently. Exposure was defined as the surface area of textile or other soft wall material (SWM) in the office. The outcomes were formed using the 7-d prevalences of individual symptoms, including mucosal irritation score (eye irritation, nasal dryness, nasal congestion, pharyngeal irritation); allergic reaction score (eye irritation, nasal congestion, nasal excretion, sneezing); asthma reaction score (wheezing, breathlessness, cough); skin reaction score (dryness, itch, or irritation, rash); and general symptom score (headache, lethargy). In the logistic regression controlling for potential confounders, the adjusted odds ratio for the symptoms of mucosal irritation was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.14, 2.90) in the low-exposure group, compared with the unexposed reference group; and 2.46 (95% CI = 1.15, 5.28) in the high-exposure group, compared with the reference group. Corresponding odds ratios for the symptoms of allergic reaction were 1.82 (95% CI = 1.14, 2.90) and 3.16 (95% CI = 1.41, 7.09). No difference was found in the risk for asthmatic or skin reactions or general symptoms. The results support a hypothesis that textile and other soft-fiber wall materials used in the office environment are possible determinants of sick building syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Literature review on textile wastewater characterisation.

In the textile industry, many different processes are used and almost all of them generate wastewater. The effluents resulting from these processes differ greatly in composition, due to differences in processes, used fabrics and machinery. Textile wastewater is usually treated as a mixed stream. For water and chemicals reuse purposes however, it is preferable to keep process streams apart and treat them separately. Characterisation of textile industry effluents is of great importance for the separate treatment of process streams. This literature review provides an overview of what is known about the wastewater of the separate processes, and the methods used for characterisation of these streams.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of gravimetric and gas chromatographic methods for assessing performance of textile materials against liquid pesticide penetration.

Penetration of liquid pesticides through textile materials is a criterion for determining the performance of protective clothing used by pesticide handlers. The pipette method is frequently used to apply liquid pesticides onto textile materials to measure penetration. Typically, analytical techniques such as Gas Chromatography (GC) are used to measure percentage penetration. These techniques are labor intensive and costly. A simpler gravimetric method was developed, and tests were conducted to compare the gravimetric and GC methods of analysis. Three types of pesticide formulations and 4 fabrics were used for the study. Diluted pesticide formulations were pipetted onto the test specimens and percentage penetration was measured using the 2 methods. For homogeneous formulation, the results of the two methods were fairly comparable. However, due to the filtering action of the textile materials, there were differences in the percentage penetration between the 2 methods for formulations that were not homogeneous.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Effect of selected textile effluents on activated sludge nitrification process.

In this study, a recently developed methodology for the assessment of the inhibitory effect on nitrifying biomass was applied to several textile effluents from productive processes. Effluents are classified according to the degree of inhibition as EC50 (concentration producing 50% nitrification inhibition); the investigated textile effluents showed a wide range of EC50 ranging from 20 ml gVSS-1 (83 ml l-1) to values above 100 ml gVSS-1 (300 ml l-1) for effluents produced by rinsing phases. Taking into account biodegradability and toxicity evaluations, most of the effluents showed a good treatability in conventional biological wastewater treatment plant. On the other hand three textile effluents showed significant toxic effects towards nitrifying biomass. In any case, the proposed procedure represents an efficient tool to prevent treatment failures due to toxic discharges.

Bacteria↗