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PubMed1984

Commercially available (ENDO-STAPH) assay for teichoic acid antibodies. Evaluation in patients with serious Staphylococcus aureus infections and in controls.

We have evaluated the clinical usefulness of a commercially available teichoic acid antibody assay (ENDO-STAPH). Teichoic acid antibody titers up to a 1:2 serum dilution were observed in 20% of normal subjects, thus, titers of 1:4 or more were considered positive. Of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections, 16 of 23 with endocarditis, 12 of 20 with complicated bacteremia, three of 17 with uncomplicated bacteremia, and ten of 20 with nonbacteremic infections had positive titers. Only four of 70 controls had positive titers. Results agreed with those using our standard assay in 130 of 151 specimens. Results were reproducibly positive or negative in 17 of 18 specimens that were retested. Results were also reproducible in ten specimens retested using a different lot of standardized antigen. The ENDO-STAPH assay should broaden the clinical applications of assays for TAA.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

Pseudo-allelic relationship between non-homologous genes concerned with biosynthesis of polyglycerol phosphate and polyribitol phosphate teichoic acids in Bacillus subtilis strains 168 and W23.

A 60 kbp region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome encompassing the genes concerned with teichoic acid biosynthesis has been subjected to physical analysis. No homology was detected by Southern hybridization between DNA segments encoding the tag genes of strain 168, concerned with polyglycerol phosphate (poly(groP)) biosynthesis, and the tar genes of strain W23, concerned with polyribitol phosphate (poly-(rboP)) biosynthesis. Analysis of 168/W23 interstrain hybrids that incorporate poly(rboP) instead of poly-(groP) into their cell walls revealed that, in every case, integral substitution of the W23 tar genes for the 168 tag genes had occurred. Interstrain hybrids of the 'W23-like' type have inherited larger segments of W23 DNA than interstrain hybrids of the 'mixed' type. The tag and tar genes are located at equivalent positions on the chromosomes of strains 168 and W23, behaving, in genetic crosses, like an allelic pair. They provide the first example of a pseudo-allelic relationship between non-homologous genes in B. subtilis.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

Structure of linkage region between ribitol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus H.

The cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus H were found to contain mannosamine in an amount (28.1 nmol/mg) comparable to the content of muramic acid 6-phosphate. The acidic polymer fraction obtained by heating the cell walls at pH 2.5 was shown to contain mannosamine and glycerol in addition to the components of ribitol teichoic acid. Mild alkali treatment of this polymer fraction followed by gel filtration resulted in separation of a disaccharide N-acetylmannosaminyl(1 leads to 4)N-acetylglucosamine and the ribitol teichoic acid moiety that contained glycerol. Smith degradation of the reduction product from the same polymer fraction gave a fragment characterized as (1,2-ethylene-diol phosphate)-(glycerol phosphate)3-N-acetylmannosaminyl(1 leads to 4)N-acetylxylosaminitol. Thus, the ribitol teichoic acid chain in the cell walls is probably linked to peptidoglycan through a linkage unit, (glycerol phosphate)3-N-acetylmannosaminyl(1 leads to 4)N-acetylglucosamine.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1976

The structure of teichoic acid from Bacillus subtilis var, niger WM as determined by C nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.

The walls of Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM, grown in a Mg2+ -limited chemostat culture (carbon source glucose, dilution rate = 0.2 h(-1), 37 degrees C, pH 7) contained 45% (w/w) teichoic acid, a polymer composed of glycerol, phosphate[ and glucose in the molar ratio 1.00:1.00:0.88, respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis of this teichoic acid yeilded 1-O-beta-glucosylglycerol phosphate (together with small amounts of glycerol phosphate0 and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of this hydrolysis product, and its derivative after alkaline phosphate treatment, confirmed that the monomeric unit was 1-O-beta-glucosylglycerol-3-phosphate. Assignment of the resonances in the spectrum of undergraded teichoic acid revealed that the polymer was a poly [(2,3) glycerol phosphate 1, glucosidically substituted on C-1 of glycerol with beta-glucose.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2004

Structural elucidation of the extracellular and cell-wall teichoic acids of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A, a reference biofilm-positive strain.

The ability to adhere to artificial surfaces and form biofilms is considered as a virulence factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis, one of the major causes of nocosomial infections, especially those related to implanted medical devices. Cell-wall teichoic acid is known to play an important role in biofilm formation of staphylococci. The structure of the cell wall and extracellular teichoic acids of S. epidermidis RP62A, a reference biofilm-positive strain, was studied by NMR spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Their structures were found to be a (1-->3)-linked poly(glycerol phosphate), substituted at the 2-position of glycerol residues with alpha-Glc, alpha-GlcNAc, D-Ala and alpha-Glc6Ala. D-Alanyl acylation of a sugar hydroxyl group seems to be a novel structural feature of teichoic acids from staphylococci.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1977

Function of cell wall teichoic acid in thermally injured Staphylococcus aureus.

Thermally injured cells of Staphylococcus aureus lack the ability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl. This injury phenomenon was examined in three strains of S. aureus: MF-31; H (Str); and, isolated from H (Str), 52A5, a mutant which lacks teichoic acid in the cell wall. Temperatures for sublethal heat treatment were selected to produce maximum injury with minimum death for each strain. Examination of isolated cell walls showed that magnesium was lost from the wall during heating, and that the degree of cell injury was accentuated when magnesium ions were either removed from or made unavailable to the cell. S. aureus 52A5 was more heat sensitive than its parent strain. Cells containing higher levels of wall teichoic acid generally showed less injury than normal cells. Cells with the weaker cation-binding polymer, teichuronic acid, in the cell wall generally showed greater injury. These data suggest that cell wall teichoic acid of S. aureus aids in the survival of the cell by the maintenance of an accessible surface pool of magnesium.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1979

Control of teichoic acid synthesis during phosphate limitation.

The synthesis of teichoic acids was examined in Bacillus subtilis Marburg grown under conditions of phosphate limitation. The results indicate that the inhibition of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis observed under these conditions is the result of two processes. The first process is reversible and is independent of new protein synthesis; the second process is irreversible and requires the synthesis of new protein. During growth, under conditions of phosphate limitation, there is a slow decrease in the level of CDP glycerol pyrophosphorylase activity which is by itself not sufficient to account for the decrease in the rate of polyglycerolphosphate synthesis.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1982

Serum antibody to staphylococcal teichoic acid and alpha-haemolysin in dermatological patients.

Teichoic acid antibody (TAA) titres and antibody to alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus (ASta) were measured in 274 dermatological patients and 200 normal controls. Positive ASta values (greater than or equal to 2.0 iu/ml) were common in patients with chronic pruritic dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (44% ASta positive) and infective eczema (28% ASta positive), but patients with primary pyoderma were all ASTa negative. Positive TAA titres (greater than or equal to 1:4) were seen less frequently than positive ASta values, but still significantly more often in atopic dermatitis patients than in controls. Routine skin swabs were taken from all patients, but positive TAA or ASta tests correlated neither with growth of Staphylococcus aureus from skin lesions nor with signs of clinical infection. This study shows that the TAA test cannot be used as an indicator of septic staphylococcal infection in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

The wall teichoic acids of Lactobacillus plantarum N.I.R.D.C106. Location of the phosphodiester groups and separation of the chains.

1. The identities of the component glycerol glucosides of the wall teichoic acids of Lactobacillus plantarum N.I.R.D. C106 have been confirmed by methylation analysis. These glucosides are alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-l-glycerol, alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-l-glycerol and alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-l-glycerol. 2. These units are connected by phosphodiester groups attached to the 3(l)-hydroxyl group of glycerol and the 6-hydroxyl group of the non-reducing terminal glucose residues in the adjacent unit. 3. Concanavalin A forms a precipitate with the teichoic acid and the material so precipitated contains only the alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl -(1-->1)-l-glycerol component. This unit is therefore present in a homogeneous polymer so that the teichoic acid is a mixture of this and of other possibly homogeneous chains containing the other two components.

Borohydrides↗
PubMed1985

[Comparative immunoenzyme analysis of sera for the presence of antibodies to a preparation of Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acids and DNA].

The comparative analysis of the titers of antibodies to the preparations of S. aureus teichoic acids and DNA in the sera of healthy donors and patients with infectious endocarditis and rheumatic carditis was made by means of ELISA. The sera of patients with infectious endocarditis and rheumatic carditis, in contrast to the sera of healthy donors, showed the presence of antibodies to DNA in 23.5-76.2% of cases. The correlation between the presence of antibodies to S. aureus teichoic acids and DNA in the sera of the patients was weakly pronounced.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

IgG subclass distribution of antibodies against S. aureus teichoic acid and alpha-toxin in normal and immunodeficient donors.

IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE class and IgG and IgA subclass levels were determined in 18 IgG2 deficient and six IgG3 deficient donors. IgG2 deficiency was associated with concomitant IgG4, IgA (in particular IgA2) and IgE deficiency. This pattern is compatible with a regulation defect of the downstream switch in the heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. IgG3 subclass deficiency was not associated with further deficiencies. Specific anti-teichoic acid antibodies were lacking in most IgG2 deficient donors supporting the notion that anti-teichoic acid antibodies are normally of this subclass. This was also confirmed in a subclass-specific ELISA using sera from normal donors although substantial amounts of specific IgG1 antibodies were also noted. Two IgG2 deficient donors had normal IgG titres (IgG1 in the subclass specific ELISA) and the lack of IgG1 anti-teichoic acid antibodies in most IgG2 deficient donors may suggest a lack of maturation of the appropriate idiotype. IgG antibodies to alpha-toxin, a pure protein, were within the lower normal range in a large proportion of IgG2 deficient donors but largely normal in the IgG3 deficient donors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Further studies on the glycerol teichoic acid of walls of Staphylococcus lactis I3. Location of the phosphodiester groups and their susceptibility to hydrolysis with alkali.

1. The teichoic acid from walls of Staphylococcus lactis I3 is readily degraded in dilute alkali. 2. Degradation proceeds by selective hydrolysis of that phosphodiester group attached to an alcoholic hydroxyl group of the N-acetylglucosamine and gives a repeating unit in high yield. 3. Further studies on a different repeating unit isolated by partial acid hydrolysis have shown that the glycerol diphosphate is attached to the 4-hydroxyl group of the N-acetylglucosamine and not to the 3-hydroxyl group as was proposed earlier. 4. The susceptibility towards hydrolysis by alkali of other structural types of teichoic acid has been examined and found to vary markedly according to their structure.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1977

Stimulation of reticuloendothelial system and toxicity to macrophages of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid.

Staphylococcus aureus cell wall possesses several biological activities. It is removed from the blood by reticuloendothelial system (RES) and persists there for a long time. The influence of cell wall components on RES cells in vivo and in vitro was investigated. RES activity was studied in mice by carbon clearance method. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused early stimulation and subsequent suppression of RES activity, while teichoic acid was inactive. Four hundred microgram of peptidoglycan caused RES stimulation with maximum after three days, whereas 400 microgram of cell walls caused no such stimulation. Viability of mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied after four days of culture in the presence of cell walls, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid. Fifty microgram/ml of cell walls or peptidoglycan caused death of all or 68% of macrophages respectively. Teichoic acid was inactive, exhibiting toxic effects at 400 microgram/ml level.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunopotentiating activities of cell walls, peptidoglycans, and teichoic acids from two strains of Listeria monocytogenes.

Crude cell wall (CCW), enzyme purified wall (PF), peptidoglycans (PEP), and teichoic acid fractions from two strains of Listeria monocytogenes (EGD and a human isolate) were analyzed by electron microscopy, chemical analyses, and various immunological assays. Electron microscopy and chemical analyses revealed that both strains were quite similar. The CCW, PF, and PEP fractions were mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes, could activate macrophages in vivo but not in vitro, and stimulated nonspecific immunity in vivo to Candida albicans. The PF and PEP fractions but not the CCW induced migration inhibition factor production. The CCW and PEP fractions were tested and found to elevate natural killer activity in vivo. Teichoic acid fractions had no activity in the above assays. Since most of the immunological activities were retained in the PEP fraction, we examined this fraction to determine the kinetics of the mitogenic response and the nature of the responding cell population. The peak mitogenic response occurred on day 2 over a 6-day period. This response was not enriched in T-cell-enriched populations but followed the pattern of LPS in B-cell-enriched populations.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1989

Cell wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis: visualization of old and new wall material by electron microscopic examination of samples stained selectively for teichoic acid and teichuronic acid.

Uranyl acetate staining of thin sections allowed a distinction to be made between cell wall material that contains teichoic acid and that which contains teichuronic acid. The stain was used to study the pattern of wall assembly in Bacillus subtilis undergoing transitions between growth conditions leading to incorporation of the different anionic polymers. The results showed that new material is incorporated along the inner surface of the cylindrical region of the wall confirming, by a more direct method, results obtained earlier with teichoic acid specific phages. New material appears to be evenly distributed along the inner surface and no evidence was obtained for the presence of specific zones of incorporation.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1969

Control of teichoic acid and teichuronic acid biosyntheses in chemostat cultures of Bacillus subtilis var. niger.

1. Quantitative determination of the anionic polymers present in the walls of Bacillus subtilis var. niger organisms undergoing transition, in a chemostat culture, from either Mg(2+)-limitation to PO(4) (3-)-limitation or K(+)-limitation to PO(4) (3-)-limitation showed that teichuronic acid synthesis started immediately the culture became PO(4) (3-)-limited and proceeded at a rate substantially faster than the rate of biomass synthesis. 2. Simultaneously, the cell-wall teichoic acid content diminished at a rate greater than that due to dilution by newly synthesized wall material, and fragments of teichoic acid and mucopeptide accumulated in the culture extracellular fluid. 3. Equally rapid reverse changes occurred when a PO(4) (3-)-limited B. subtilis var. niger culture was returned to being Mg(2+)-limited. 4. It is concluded that in this organism both teichoic acid and teichuronic acid syntheses are expressions of a single genotype, and a mechanism for the control of synthesis of both polymers is suggested. 5. These results are discussed with reference to the constantly changing environmental conditions that obtain in a batch culture and the variation in bacterial cell-wall composition that is reported to occur throughout the growth cycle.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1978

Control of teichoic acid synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945.

Analysis of cell walls of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945 grown under phosphate limitation showed that teichoic acid could be replaced by teichuronic acid under these conditions. Teichuronic acid, however, was always present in the walls to some extent irrespective of the growth conditions. The enzymes involved in teichoic acid synthesis were investigated and the synthesis of these was shown to be repressed when the intracellular Pi level fell. CDP-glycerol pyrophosphorylase was studied in some detail and evidence is presented to show that the enzyme is inactivated under phosphate-limited conditions. The mechanism of inactivation is unknown but it has been shown that it does not require protein synthesis de novo.

Bacillus↗