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PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between serum cholesterol levels and television viewing in 11,947 employed adults.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among high-, moderate-, and low-duration television viewers. The confounding effects of age, gender, income, body fat percentage, weekly exercise duration, and smoking were also examined. DESIGN: A cross-sectional or correlational design was employed. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios were used to estimate risk of the television viewers regarding hypercholesterolemia. SETTING: Participants were employees of over 55 corporations that had their employees screened as part of the ongoing risk-management program of Health Advancement Services (HAS), Inc. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 11,947 employed adults. About 85% of the subjects eligible for participation completed the screenings and were used in the study. MEASURES: Serum cholesterol was assessed in a certified lab, and lifestyle information, including television viewing habits, was collected via a written questionnaire. Body fat was measured using skinfolds from three body sites. RESULTS: High-duration television viewers were almost two times more likely to suffer from hypercholesterolemia as infrequent viewers, with and without control of multiple confounding factors. Moderate-duration viewers were at 1.5 times the risk of hypercholesterolemia compared to infrequent viewers. Neither television group was at greater risk of moderately elevated cholesterol levels (200-239) compared to the infrequent viewers with all of the potential confounders controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Cause-and-effect conclusions are not warranted; however, this study coupled with other investigations shows that excessive television viewing may be an important lifestyle factor linked to decreased health and functioning.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Television and children's consumption patterns. A review of the literature.

The recent increase in childhood obesity has, among other things, focused attention on the role that television may play. This paper summarizes results of studies published in peer review journals since 1970 with data pertaining to the relationship between television use and children's food intake. Studies fall into four categories: content analyses; effects of television advertising on children's food behaviors; television and pediatric obesity, with effects on children's dietary intake and physical activity; and television use and children's food consumption patterns. Content analyses have shown that food is the most frequently advertised product category on children's TV. The majority of these ads target highly sweetened products, but more recently, the proportion from fast food meal promotions has been growing. Controlled studies on children's choices have consistently shown that children exposed to advertising choose advertised food products at significantly higher rates than do those not exposed. Purchase request studies have documented associations between number of hours of TV watched and number of requests from the child to the mother for specific food items, as well as the presence of those items in the home. Greater TV use has been associated with higher intakes of energy, fat, sweet and salty snacks, and carbonated beverages and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Several large studies have documented associations between number of hours of TV watched and both the prevalence and incidence of obesity. The combination of lifestyle factors that accompany heavy television use appear to place children at risk of obesity and poor nutritional status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The association between television viewing and childhood obesity: a national survey in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between television viewing and obesity among Thai children. DESIGN: A one-stage cross-sectional national survey. SETTING: National communities in Thailand. SUBJECTS: Four thousand one hundred and ninety-seven children aged 6 to 12 years old. RESULTS: By using the new national growth reference as a normative data, 262 (6.2%) children in this survey were obese. According to the caregivers, 62 per cent of children watched television I to 3 hours per day. Children who spent more than 3 hours per day watching television were more likely to be obese than the children who watched television less with the odd ratio of 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSION: With a one-stage design for determining the association between television viewing and childhood obesity, Thai school age children who watched television more than 3 hours per day were more likely to be obese with statistical significance.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Infant visual and vocal responses to television.

To provide a first assessment of television influences on infants in the naturalistic setting of the home, visual and vocal behaviors of 72 infants 6 months of age were recorded during 4 days of exposure to various components of broadcast television programs: sound only, picture only, sound plus picture, or a control stimulus of unpatterned sound plus picture. Infants looked longer at the television set during the sound-plus-picture condition than during the picture-only condition, and they looked longer during both of these patterned picture conditions than during both of the other conditions that lacked a patterned picture. Also, infants vocalized more during the picture-only condition than during the sound-only condition. These findings demonstrate that infants attend to the naturalistic presentation of television stimulation and that they respond differentially to the visual and auditory components of television. The results are discussed in terms of the question of the long-term influence on infants' social responsiveness of substantial levels of exposure to the noncontingent, quasi-social stimulation provided by television.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1983

Daytime television viewing by hospitalized children: the effect of alternative programming.

In response to an earlier survey indicating that hospitalized children were indiscriminately watching excessive amounts of commercial television, a closed-circuit television station was instituted at the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg. The station offered patients commercial-free children's programming between 9 AM and 5 PM, including a daily one-hour live broadcast. In order to evaluate the effect of this station on children's television-viewing patterns, a second survey of the quantity and quality of daytime television viewing was carried out. This evaluative survey demonstrated an overall increase in television viewing, but a decrease in exposure to the potentially harmful effects of commercial television inasmuch as an average of nearly half of the children's viewing time was devoted to the hospital station. A dramatic increase in the viewing of children's programs (mean 43 v 147 minutes daily for the first and second surveys, respectively) along with additional viewing pattern data suggest that the closed-circuit station successfully filled a void for the patients. Overall the data indicated that alternative programming for pediatric patients has an enormous potential for alleviating the boredom and anxiety of hospitalized children.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

Daytime television viewing by hospitalized children.

To determine whether hospitalized pediatric patients may be inadvertently exposed to excessive amounts of commercial television, a survey of the quantity and quality of daytime television viewing by patients was conducted at the Winnipeg Children's Centre. Television viewing patterns were recorded for 845 patients, each of whom was observed at half-hour intervals between 9 am and 5 pm. The results indicated that the percentage of children viewing television throughout the day ranged from 21% fo 75% with a mean daily weekday viewing time of 3.9 hours per eight-hour survey day. The data indicate that daytime viewing is substantially higher for hospitalized than nonhospitalized children and includes much programming that is directed toward adults. Hospital television viewing was characterized as indiscriminate and excessive, indicating the need to increase staff awareness of the influence of television and, if possible, provide patients with commercial-free, alternative programming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Television behavior of a pediatric and adolescent psychiatric patient population].

Television viewing is a common phenomen influencing everyday life of children. A questionnaire on the use of television was administered to 97 children aged from 5 to 19 years, and their parents. On an average, children spend 2 to 5 hours daily viewing television. Their parents accept this amount of time. Adolescents watch more TV than younger children. The social background was not related to the amount of time spent viewing television. Children with behavior disorders (F90-92) spend the same time watching television like children without behavior problems. 1/3 of the children owned their own television set using it more often. Nearly 50% like programs with violent and aggressive themes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Television synchronization of a real time ultrasonic sector scanner.

The interaction of the scan rates of ultrasonic scanning and television recording systems often causes portions of the resultant television image to be either over- or under-scanned. This results in objectionable bright and dark sectors within the ultrasonic image on a television monitor during single-frame playback. The usual method for dealing with this problem is to exchange time resolution for image quality when preparing pictures for analysis or presentation. Time resolution can be preserved by operating the ultrasonic scanner at a scan rate one-half of the television frame rate and phase locking the ultrasonic scanner to the television system so that each angular scan of the ultrasonic system is initiated coincident with the beginning of each television frame.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How to talk to the media: televised coverage of public health issues in a disaster.

Public health officials often are critical of the way television news covers disasters, while broadcast journalists complain of a lack of cooperation from the public health sector during disaster coverage. This article summarizes the issues discussed in a session on Televised Coverage of Disasters, presented in April 1999 at the UCLA Conference on Public Health and Disasters in Los Angeles. Public health officials were asked to "talk back to their television sets" in a dialog with television journalists. Concerns included: 1) the lack of balance in television coverage that is dominated by sensational images that may frighten rather than inform the public; 2) the potential for psychological damage to viewers when frightening images are shown repeatedly in the days and weeks of the disaster; and 3) the perception that TV reporters place too much emphasis on crime, property damage, and loss of life, giving relatively low priority to disaster preparedness and to public health issues in the aftermath of a disaster. Options for improving communication between television journalists and public health professionals also are discussed.

California↗
PubMed1999

Application of a newly developed, highly sensitive camera and a 3-dimensional high-definition television system in experimental ophthalmic surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: To apply a new television system, which displays highly sensitive, high-quality 3-dimensional (3-D) images, in performing experimental ophthalmic surgeries. METHODS: By combining a high-gain avalanche rushing-amorphous photoconductor (HARP) camera, recently developed in Japan, which has 600 times greater sensitivity than conventional television cameras, and a single-camera, 3-D high-definition television system, which displays high-quality 3-D images, we performed cataract/intraocular lens surgeries and pars plana vitrectomies under various illumination intensities in pig cadaver eyes. RESULTS: Cataract/intraocular lens surgeries were performed using 7.3% the intensity of ordinary surgical microscopic illumination; vitrectomies were performed using 30.2% the intensity of an ordinary endoillumination probe with the HARP camera and by observing the stereoscopic display of the single-camera 3-D high-definition television system. Images identical to those observed by the surgeon were displayed on the stereoscopic display monitor. CONCLUSION: The system not only allowed surgeries to be performed under lower intensities of operating light but also provided real-time, highly sensitive 3-D images identical to those observed by the surgeon; thus, the device may be effectively used for education, team surgery, and telesurgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The new television system for ocular surgeries to be performed under lower intensities of operating light as well as providing real-time, highly sensitive 3-D images identical to those observed by the surgeon may be effectively used for education and telesurgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between television watching, energy intake, physical activity, and obesity status in US boys and girls, aged 8 to 16 years. METHODS: We used a nationally representative cross-sectional survey with an in-person interview and a medical examination, which included measurements of height and weight, daily hours of television watching, weekly participation in physical activity, and a dietary interview. Between 1988 and 1994, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected data on 4069 children. Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks were oversampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity is lowest among children watching 1 or fewer hours of television a day, and highest among those watching 4 or more hours of television a day. Girls engaged in less physical activity and consumed fewer joules per day than boys. A higher percentage of non-Hispanic white boys reported participating in physical activity 5 or more times per week than any other race/ethnic and sex group. Television watching was positively associated with obesity among girls, even after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, family income, weekly physical activity, and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: As the prevalence of overweight increases, the need to reduce sedentary behaviors and to promote a more active lifestyle becomes essential. Clinicians and public health interventionists should encourage active lifestyles to balance the energy intake of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Television viewing has been associated with increased violence in play and higher rates of obesity. Although there are interventions to reduce television viewing by school-aged children, there are none for younger children. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial conducted in 16 preschool and/or day care centers in rural upstate New York. PATIENTS: Children aged 2.6 through 5.5 years. INTERVENTION: Children attending intervention centers received a 7-session program designed to reduce television viewing as part of a health promotion curriculum, whereas children attending the control centers received a safety and injury prevention program. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Change in parent-reported child television/video viewing and measured growth variables. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the intervention and control groups viewed 11.9 and 14.0 h/wk of television/videos, respectively. Afterward, children in the intervention group decreased their television/video viewing 3.1 h/wk, whereas children in the control group increased their viewing by 1.6 h/wk, for an adjusted difference between the groups of -4.7 h/wk (95% confidence interval, -8.4 to -1.0 h/wk; P =.02). The percentage of children watching television/videos more than 2 h/d also decreased significantly from 33% to 18% among the intervention group, compared with an increase of 41% to 47% among the control group, for a difference of -21.5% (95% confidence interval, -42.5% to -0.5%; P =.046). There were no statistically significant differences in children's growth between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that a preschool-based intervention can lead to reductions in young children's television/video viewing. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects associated with reductions in young children's television viewing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of television on children.

Television viewing has a great impact on various aspects of child's life. This study was carried out at Sir Padampat Mother & Child Health Institute, Jaipur (Rajasthan). The aim was to study the effects of television viewing on a child's eating habits, general physical health, physical activities, interest in study and school performance. Only 250 children of 3-10 years age groups were studied for a period of nine months (January 1992 to September 1992). Average duration of television exposure to an individual child was 18.5 hours per week in the study. Significant changes were observed in a childs' eating habits, weight, physical activity, sleep pattern, interest in study and general physical health. Increase in weight was observed in 19.6% children suggesting that the television viewing may predispose to childhood obesity. In 30.4% cases decrease in physical activity was found, 18.4% children showed decreased interest in study, while 10% children showed decrease in school performance, and sleep pattern was disturbed in 24% children. Medical problems were found in 11.6% children. Significantly two children had precipitation of fits on television viewing.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and food consumption in Flemish adolescents in Belgium.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of television viewing with overall food consumption METHODS: A computerised 24-hour dietary recall and a questionnaire were completed by 1031 adolescents (+/- 12-14 years of age). RESULTS: Those who generally watched more television were more likely to consume frequently advertised items such as soft drinks and snacks. Not all frequently advertised food items (e.g. cereals) were associated with television viewing. An inverse association was found with fruit, water and milk. A negative association was found with brown bread; a positive association was found with white bread. The results indicate that high television viewing and a less nutrient dense food pattern are part of a lifestyle influenced by common underlying factors. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition interventions aimed at improving adolescents' food habits should target high television-viewers. Our findings underline the importance of tackling socio-demographic differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Television watching at Greek paediatric hospitals.

PURPOSE: The study investigated the television watching habits of children in hospital compared with those at home and the factors which influence them. METHODS: A random sample of 546 school aged children hospitalized in paediatric hospitals (2) in Athens (Greece) was studied. RESULTS: Children's television watching time in the hospital was found to be higher compared to that at home. The characteristics which influence this result are the duration of hospitalization, the television rent, who does the programme selection and the frequency of visits (p<0.001 for all tests). CONCLUSION: Children especially in hospitals should watch television accompanied by their parents/caregivers who should help them to decode the received messages, check the quality of the programmes and intervene in the time spent watching television.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Television, disordered eating, and young women in Fiji: negotiating body image and identity during rapid social change.

Although the relationship between media exposure and risk behavior among youth is established at a population level, the specific psychological and social mechanisms mediating the adverse effects of media on youth remain poorly understood. This study reports on an investigation of the impact of the introduction of television to a rural community in Western Fiji on adolescent ethnic Fijian girls in a setting of rapid social and economic change. Narrative data were collected from 30 purposively selected ethnic Fijian secondary school girls via semi-structured, open-ended interviews. Interviews were conducted in 1998, 3 years after television was first broadcast to this region of Fiji. Narrative data were analyzed for content relating to response to television and mechanisms that mediate self and body image in Fijian adolescents. Data in this sample suggest that media imagery is used in both creative and destructive ways by adolescent Fijian girls to navigate opportunities and conflicts posed by the rapidly changing social environment. Study respondents indicated their explicit modeling of the perceived positive attributes of characters presented in television dramas, but also the beginnings of weight and body shape preoccupation, purging behavior to control weight, and body disparagement. Response to television appeared to be shaped by a desire for competitive social positioning during a period of rapid social transition. Understanding vulnerability to images and values imported with media will be critical to preventing disordered eating and, potentially, other youth risk behaviors in this population, as well as other populations at risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Food advertisements during children's Saturday morning television programming: are they consistent with dietary recommendations?

Children in the United States spend more time watching television than they do in any other activity except sleep. Given the number of food commercials to which children are exposed, we thought it would be of interest to examine current food advertising during children's television programs and to assess whether the products advertised are consistent with dietary recommendations for good health. The 52.5 hours of children's Saturday morning television we viewed from five major networks contained 997 commercials selling a product and 68 public service announcements. Of the 564 food advertisements (56.5% of all advertisements), 43.6% advertised foods classified in the fats, oils, and sweet food group. The most frequently advertised product was high-sugar cereals. We found that commercials broadcast during children's Saturday morning programming promote foods predominantly high in fat and/or sugar, many of which have relatively low nutritional value. As such, the diet presented on Saturday morning television is the antithesis of what is recommended for healthful eating for children. We conclude that the issue of television food advertising to young children be revisited on a national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Television epilepsy--the role of pattern.

Patients with photosensitive epilepsy were asked to view normally functioning 625-line televisions while the EEG was monitored. In the first of two studies paroxysmal EEG activity was reliably induced by television at a viewing distance related to a patient's sensitivity to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS); patients who were sensitive to diffuse IPS at 50 Hz were sensitive to the television at greater viewing distances than those who were not. No such relationship was obtained with patterned IPS. On the other hand, patterned IPS was generally more epileptogenic than diffuse IPS with the same luminance. In the second study, where the angular subtense of the television screen and the subtense of its lines were manipulated independently, the convulsive response was found to be a function of both factors, the relative contribution of each depending on the viewing distance at which the patient was sensitive. For patients sensitive at normal viewing distances, where 50 Hz diffuse flicker appeared to be responsible for the induction of paroxysmal activity, the probability with which paroxysmal activity was induced was closely related to the subtense of the screen. For patients sensitive only at closer viewing distances the probability was influenced not by the subtense of the screen but by the subtense of its lines, suggesting that the paroxysmal activity was induced by the 25 Hz pattern alternation produced by the scan. A television with a small screen was considerably less epileptogenic than one with a large screen for all patients, presumably due to the reduced contribution of both diffuse flicker and pattern alternation.

Adolescent↗