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PubMed2006

Selectivity among organic sulfur compounds in one- and two-liquid-phase cultures of Rhodococcus sp. strain JVH1.

The selectivity of Rhodococcus sp. strain JVH1 among selected sulfidic and thiophenic compounds was investigated in both single-liquid-phase (aqueous) cultures and in two-liquid-phase cultures, where the sulfur compounds were dissolved in 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane as the immiscible organic carrier phase. In the single-liquid-phase cultures, Rhodococcus sp. strain JVH1 showed a preference for benzyl sulfide over both 1,4-dithiane and benzothiophene. An increased lag was observed in the degradation of benzyl sulfone and benzothiophene sulfone when both compounds were present. These results were consistent with a competitive inhibition mechanism, affecting both sulfur oxidation and carbon-sulfur bond cleavage. In the two-liquid-phase cultures, the effect of partitioning between the two liquid phases dominated the desulfurization activity of the culture. This partitioning resulted in an apparent absence of selectivity, as well as decreases in lag time, extent of degradation, and time to completion of degradation. Desulfurization activity also depended on the growth phase of the cultures. Mass transfer rate limitations were not observed at the low degradation rates of 0.02 mmol day(-1) l(-1). Owing to the importance of partitioning, Rhodococcus sp. strain JVH1 is predicted to show nonselective activity towards the sulfur species in a whole crude oil.

Molecular Structure↗
PubMed1984

Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of human semen lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of sulfur compounds.

Total LDH-P and isozymes of ejaculates from virile men were ascertained following incubation at 37 degrees with solutions of various sulfur compounds (pH 7.2: initial concentrations up to 0.40 M) for periods of at least 18-24 hr. As based on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, inactivation of the testicular isozyme, LDH-X, was almost complete with penicillamine and its disulfide, somewhat less with GSH and GSSG, least with thioglycolate and its disulfide and inconsistent with cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and 2-mercaptoethylamine. The inactivation may stem from conformational changes rather than simple redox considerations, the findings being negative with 3-mercatopropionate, N-acetyl-penicillamine and thiodiglycolate. Thiophenoxyacetate, levamisole and dimethyl sulfoxide depressed total LDH and LDH-X was the principal component in the respective patterns for ejaculate concentrates. Sub-banding of LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3 occurred in several of the gels employing phthalyltetrathioacetate to the exclusion of any effect on LDH-X; splitting was minimal in LDH-4 but was more prominent in gels from aspermic men. As in prior studies with serum, the sulfhdryl and disulfide compounds had little effect on LDH-P nor on the relative distribution of the isozymes in ejaculates from vasectomized men in which LDH-X was absent.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of allyl sulfur compounds and garlic extract on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 in non small cell lung cancer cell lines.

Allyl sulfur compounds play a major role in the chemoprevention against carcinogenesis. The present study compared the antiproliferative effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and garlic extract on p53-wild type H460 and p53-null type H1299 non small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). The DAS and DADS treatment of both H460 and H1299 cells resulted in the highest numbers of cells in apoptotic state as measured by acridine orange staining, however, garlic extract treatment did not induce any significant apoptotic cells by MTT assay. DADS was found to be more effective in inducing apoptosis on NSCLC. The level of p53 protein in H460 cell was increased following DADS treatment. DAS and garlic extract treatment of H460 cells induced a rise in the level of Bax and a fall of Bcl-2 level. These results demonstrate that DAS, DADS and garlic extract are effective in reduction of anti-proliferative gene in NSCLC and suggest that modulation of apoptosis-associated cellular proteins by DAS, DADS and garlic extract may be the mechanism for apoptosis which merit further investigation as potential chemoprevention agents.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed1986

Studies on the interaction between SeO2 and sulfur compounds and distribution of Rb, Zn, Co, Fe and Hg in mice by instrumental neutron activation analysis.

Content of Se, Rb, Zn, Co, Fe and Hg in liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and blood of SAS/4 mice were determined after i.p. injection with SeO2, gluthathione, cysteine, cysteamine or methionine. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied as the analytical method. Se was incorporated in all the examined organs, the the efficiency of the incorporation depended upon the sulfur compounds injected. Injection with above compounds affects the contents of the other elements in all mice organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Garlic powder and allyl sulfur compounds enhance the ability of dietary selenite to inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary DNA adducts.

These studies examined the ability of garlic powder or allyl sulfur compounds to modify selenite protection against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary epithelial cell DNA adducts. In Study 1, female rats (n = 5) were fed diets containing sodium selenite at 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg Se/kg and garlic powder at 0, 20, or 40 g/kg diet. Total DNA adducts correlated inversely with selenite or garlic powder intake. Garlic powder enhanced the selenite inhibition of mammary DNA adducts. In Study 2, selenite (2.0 mg Se/kg diet), garlic powder (20 g/kg diet), water-soluble S-allyl cysteine (SAC; 5.2 mumol/kg diet), and oil-soluble diallyl disulfide (DADS; 5.2 mumol/kg diet) inhibited (p < 0.05) total DNA adducts by 45%, 40%, 80%, and 75%, respectively. Combining selenite with garlic powder, SAC, or DADS further inhibited DNA adducts. Selenite, but not garlic powder, SAC, or DADS, enhanced liver glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase activities. Selenite, garlic powder, SAC, or DADS did not affect liver cytochrome P-450 1A1 activities. The present studies provide evidence that synergistic protection against the initiation of DMBA carcinogenesis occurs when selenite is supplemented in conjunction with garlic or its allyl sulfur components.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1978

The correlation between organoleptic mouth-odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds.

An organoleptic rating (OR) technique and gas-liquid chromatography were employed to study the relationship between oral-malodor ratings and the corresponding concentrations of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in a total of 102 subjects in two separate studies. Both studies demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between the intensity of perceived oral malodor and the concentration of VSC (H2S + CH3SH) emitted by individual subjects.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1992

Sulfur compounds in therapy: radiation-protective agents, amphetamines, and mucopolysaccharide sulfation.

OBJECTIVE: Sulfur-containing compounds have been used in the search for whole-body radiation-protective compounds, in the design of amphetamine derivatives that retain appetite-suppressive effects but lack most behavioral effects characteristic of amphetamines, and in the search for the cause of kidney stone formation in recurrently stoneforming patients. METHODS: Organic synthetic procedures were used to prepare radiation-protective compounds having a variety of sulfur-containing functional groups, and to prepare amphetamine derivatives having electron-attracting sulfur functions. In the case of the kidney stone causation research, isolation of urinary mucopolysaccharides (MPS) from recurrently stoneforming patients was carried out and the extent of sulfation of the MPS was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Whole-body radiation-protective agents with a high degree of protection against lethal doses of gamma-radiation in mice were found in a series of quinolinium and pyridinium bis(methylthio) and methylthio amino derivatives. Mechanism studies showed that the copper complexes of these agents mimicked the beneficial action of superoxide dismutase. Electron-attracting sulfur-containing functions on amphetamine nitrogen, as well as 4'-amino nitrogen provided amphetamine derivatives with good appetite-suppressant effects and few or no adverse behavioral effects. Higher than normal levels of sulfation of the urinary MPS of stone formers suggested a cause for recurrent kidney stone formation. A sulfation inhibitor was found to prevent recurrence of stone formation and inhibit growth of existing stones. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of various sulfur-containing functions in organic molecules yielded compounds having whole-body radiation protection from lethal doses of gamma-radiation in animals. The presence of electron-attracting sulfur functions in amphetamine gave derivatives that retained appetite-suppressant effects and eliminated most adverse behavioral effects. A therapy for recurrent urolithiasis resulted from inhibition of MPS sulfation, after the finding that stoneforming patients had abnormally high levels of MPS sulfation.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1985

Automated determination of organic sulfur compounds. I. Spectrophotometric measurement of inorganic sulfate by low-pressure exchange chromatography.

A method for determination of inorganic sulfate is described which represents the terminal step of an automated assay of organic sulfur compounds in biological fluids. Nanomole quantities of inorganic sulfate were applied to a barium chloranilate column. Corresponding amounts of chloranilate ion, released as a result of an exchange reaction, were then measured by uv absorption at 313 nm. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method and a calibration curve are reported.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds, BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria and gingival health in patients with and without complaints of oral malodor.

The aim of this study was to obtain measurements of oral malodor, as measured by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), in periodontally healthy individuals without any complaints of bad breath, and to compare the results with data obtained from patients with complaints of oral malodor. The quality of the mouth air was assessed organoleptically and a portable sulfide monitor was used to measure the concentration of VSC in mouth air. The gingival health of 35 individuals (21 M, 14 F; ages 18-57 years) without any malodor complaints was evaluated according to the Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS). Pocket depths and Bleeding upon Probing (BOP) were also recorded in 20 patients (11 females and 9 males ranging in age from 14 to 71 years) who complained of oral malodor. Scrapings of the dorsal surface of the tongue and each of 6 plaque samples per patient were evaluated for the presence of BANA-positive species, such as T. denticola, P. gingivalis, and B. forsythus. The organoleptic ratings and VSC values were significantly higher in the complaint group (p < 0.05). Subjects in the complaint group had a significantly higher percentage of bleeding sites (p < 0.005) and had significantly more plaques that tested positive for the presence of BANA-hydrolyzing species (p < 0.05). Tongue scrapings of subjects with a high organoleptic score consistently yielded a positive BANA reaction suggesting that the dorsal surface of the tongue is an important niche for BANA-positive, VSC-producing bacteria. This study suggests that the primary sources of VSC production are BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria in the plaque and on the dorsal surface of the tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chronic intoxication with lead- and sulfur compounds may produce Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease was found in three post office workers who were in close contact with lead-sulfate batteries over a period between 1947 and 1983. The workers had been working in a charging station for lead storage batteries used for the battery-traction of post wagons. Parkinson's disease was diagnosed by the characteristic features of rigidity, tremor and elements of hypo-, brady- and akinesia. Additional symptoms were: bradyphrenia (n = 3), memory deficits (n = 3), depressive symptoms (n = 2) and peripheral neuropathy (n = 2). We hypothesize that the parkinsonian symptoms of these post office workers are primarily caused by lead or lead compounds. However a possible toxicity of sulfur containing compounds cannot be ruled out.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Roles of methanogens on volatile organic sulfur compound production in anaerobically digested wastewater biosolids.

Land application of wastewater biosolids is both economical and beneficial to resource recycling. However, this environmentally friendly practice can be at risk due to odor complaints. Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) including methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, have been identified as major contributors to biosolids odor. In this study, methanogens were shown to play a key role in removing VOSCs and reducing odors, and methane production was related to reduced VOSC production. Factors influencing the growth of methanogens such as the shear during dewatering and storage temperature showed a strong impact on net odor production. Examination of the microbial communities of both bacteria and archaea indicated a simplified archaeal community in biosolids, which is susceptible to environmental perturbations. Therefore, one possible odor control strategy is the preservation and enhancement of the methanogenic population during biosolids storage.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

Kinetics studies of aqueous phase reactions of Cl atoms and Cl2(-) radicals with organic sulfur compounds of atmospheric interest.

A laser flash photolysis-long path UV-visible absorption technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics of aqueous phase reactions of chlorine atoms (Cl) and dichloride radicals (Cl2(-)) with four organic sulfur compounds of atmospheric interest, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; CH3S(O)CH3), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2; CH3(O)S(O)CH3), methanesulfinate (MSI; CH3S(O)O-), and methanesulfonate (MS; CH3(O)S(O)O-). Measured rate coefficients at T = 295 +/- 1 K (in units of M(-1) s(-1)) are as follows: Cl + DMSO, (6.3 +/- 0.6) x 10(9); Cl2(-) + DMSO, (1.6 +/- 0.8) x 10(7); Cl + DMSO2, (8.2 +/- 1.6) x 10(5); Cl2(-) + DMSO2, (8.2 +/- 5.5) x 10(3); Cl2(-) + MSI, (8.0 +/- 1.0) x 10(8); Cl + MS, (4.9 +/- 0.6) x 10(5); Cl2(-) + MS, (3.9 +/- 0.7) x 10(3). Reported uncertainties are estimates of accuracy at the 95% confidence level and the rate coefficients for MSI and MS reactions with Cl2(-) are corrected to the zero ionic strength limit. The absorption spectrum of the DMSO-Cl adduct is reported; peak absorbance is observed at 390 nm and the peak extinction coefficient is found to be 5760 M(-1) cm(-1) with a 2sigma uncertainty of +/-30%. Some implications of the new kinetics results for understanding the atmospheric sulfur cycle are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Low salivary flow and volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a reduction of salivary flow would influence the production of methylmercaptan (CH(3)SH) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), which are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) known to cause oral malodor. STUDY DESIGN: The VSCs in mouth air were measured by means of gas chromatography. Spitting and masticatory (stimulated) methods were used to determine the salivary flow rates of 174 patients. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the level of VSCs and salivary flow rate. However, subjects with extremely low resting salivary flow rates had significantly higher CH(3)SH and H(2)S concentrations and tongue-coating scores than those with higher resting salivary flow rates. Moreover, logistic analyses revealed that extremely low resting salivary flow, the increase in tongue coating, and a probing pocket depth greater than 4 mm were strong explanatory factors for the generation of VSCs, which could have caused oral malodor. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that an extreme reduction in resting saliva influenced the generation of CH(3)SH and H(2)S in mouth air.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Enhancement of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B by allicin, an allyl-sulfur compound from garlic, against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system.

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a representative antibiotic for the control of serious fungal infections, and its fungicidal activity was greatly enhanced by allicin, an allyl-sulfur compound from garlic. In addition to the plasma membrane permeability change, AmB induced vacuole membrane damage so that the organelles were visible as small discrete particles. Although allicin was ineffective in promoting AmB-induced plasma membrane disability, this compound enhanced AmB-induced structural damage to the vacuolar membrane even at a non-lethal dose of the antibiotic. Allicin could also enhance the antifungal activity of AmB against the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and against Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, allicin did not enhance the cytotoxic activity of AmB against cells of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60), a vacuole-less organism.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2005

Production of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) by basidiomycetous yeasts.

Thirty-seven basidiomycetous yeasts belonging to 30 species of seven genera were grown on media containing l-cysteine or l-methionine as sole nitrogen sources with the objective of evaluating volatile organic sulfur compound (VOSC) production. The headspace of yeast cultures was analyzed by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling method, and volatile compounds were quantified and identified by GC-MS techniques. Ten strains assimilating L-methionine produced the following VOSCs: 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol, methanethiol, S-methyl thioacetate, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, allyl methyl sulphide and 4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-thiophenone. Production was <1 mgl(-1) except for 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol of which between 40 and 400 mgl(-1) was synthesized. Higher alcohols (isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol and active amyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, n-propyl propionate, n-butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, amyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, amyl propionate and 2-phenylmethyl acetate) were also sporadically produced. This is the first report of VOSCs production by basidiomycetous yeasts. Consequently, basidiomycetous yeasts may be considered an interesting new group of microbial VOSCs producers for the flavor industry.

Basidiomycota↗