Odor preferences of female Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi for male mouse odors of P. m. bairdi and P. leucopus noveboracensis as a function of estrous state.
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Diurnal, temperature and weather influence on the activity profiles of a gelada monkey group were compared to similar data previously reported for pigtail monkeys. Each of these variables influenced gelada behavior and many effects similar to those reported for pigtails were noted. Females were once again more active in agonistic, sexual and grooming patterns. The one male units of gelada groups influenced many activity patterns, and the special role of bachelor males as a focus for immature animal activities was demonstrated. Although 'aunt' behavior was present, it was superceded by patterns of 'paternal' care.
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This experiment used the Felt Figure Technique developed by Kuethe in an attempt to investigate the relationship between birth order and the use of specific social schemata. Seven object sets were used, three two-figure sets and four three-figure sets. The results indicated that for the two-figure sets, firstborn individuals placed the figures closer together than laterborn individuals. For the three-figure sets, firstborn individuals under stress placed the figures closer together. The three-figure sets were also ordered in terms of the number of human figures in the object set. The results suggest that there is a measurable relationship between birth order and social schemata used by an individual.
Animal behavior has been defined as the interaction of an animal with its environment. During this interaction the animal must make decisions, based on its evaluation of the environment and its needs, of whether or not the environment is adequate or appropriate for specific behaviors. The environment includes both physical and biotic components, so sheep adjust their behavior in response to such diverse characteristics as the thermal conditions of their environment, the flora present, or the characteristics of other sheep. Although an animal's subjective experiences may not lend themselves to direct evaluation, we may be able to address these questions indirectly by using behavior as an indicator of the animal's decisions. This paper reviews research on the use of space, maternal and neonatal recognition, sexual behavior, and aversiveness. The majority of methods involve preference or acceptance tests. Assumptions, which often affect how tests are conducted and results interpreted, should be made only after the alternatives are carefully considered.
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The formation of dominance/subordinancy relations in pairs of male Siamese fighting fish was examined in six experiments. Dominant animals typically were those fish that built the largest nests and that attacked an image of a live, displaying male most intensely prior to combat. However, pretest performance on an operant task and reaction to an animal's own mirror image were not useful predictors of subsequent dominance. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that domesticated Bettas have a territorial social strategy that includes both nest-building and fighting behaviors.