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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Extra dose due to extravehicular activity during the NASA4 mission measured by an on-board TLD system.

A microprocessor-controlled on-board TLD system, 'Pille'96', was used during the NASA4 (1997) mission to monitor the cosmic radiation dose inside the Mir Space Station and to measure the extra dose to two astronauts in the course of their extravehicular activity (EVA). For the EVA dose measurements, CaSO4:Dy bulb dosemeters were located in specially designed pockets of the ORLAN spacesuits. During an EVA lasting 6 h, the dose ratio inside and outside Mir was measured. During the EVA, Mir crossed the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) three times. Taking into account the influence of these three crossings the mean EVA/internal dose rate ratio was 3.2. Internal dose mapping using CaSO4:Dy dosemeters gave mean dose rates ranging from 9.3 to 18.3 microGy h-1 at locations where the shielding effect was not the same. Evaluation results of the high temperature region of LiF dosemeters are given to estimate the mean LET.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed2006

Self-regulation within outbreak populations of feral house mice: a test of alternative models.

1. Outbreaks of feral house mice, Mus domesticus, in Australia represent a fundamental failure of the behavioural control mechanisms of population density, as proposed in the hypothesis of self-regulation. 2. Mice have the potential to keep numbers in check via a suite of spacing behaviours; however, the self-regulation hypothesis implies that some social change occurs that permits the population to erupt. It also suggests that at different phases of an outbreak, distinct patterns of social activity are evident. 3. We compare predictions from two models encapsulating the self-regulation hypothesis as applied to feral house mice in south-eastern Australia. Each model may be distinguished by the timing of aggressiveness between mice that leads to a closed social system. We compare individual turnover, residency and territoriality in each sex and age cohort during the increase, peak and low phases of a population outbreak that peaked in 2001. 4. The activity of 438 mice was monitored via intensive mark-recapture trapping and an automated event recording system that detected the activity of 300 marked individuals at burrow entrances. 5. Our findings support the second model, which suggests that mice switch from an almost asocial structure at low densities to a territorial system as abundance increases. Adult females appear more likely than males or juveniles to make the significant social shift. The trigger for this change remains unclear and several alternative mechanisms are proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of different cooling regimes within a shortened liquid cooling/warming garment on physiological and psychological comfort during exercise.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different cooling regime intensities to maintain physiological and subjective comfort during physical exertion levels comparable to that engaged in during extravehicular activities (EVA) in space. We studied eight subjects (six males, two females) donned in our newly developed physiologically based shortened liquid cooling/warming garment (SLCWG). Rigorous (condition 1) and mild (condition 2) water temperature cooling regimes were compared at physical exertion levels comparable to that performed during EVA to ascertain the effectiveness of a lesser intensity of cooling in maintaining thermal comfort, thus reducing energy consumption in the portable life support system. Exercise intensity was varied across stages of the session. Finger temperature, rectal temperature, and subjective perception of overall body and hand comfort were assessed. Finger temperature was significantly higher in the rigorous cooling condition and showed a consistent increase across exercise stages, likely due to the restriction of heat extraction because of the intensive cold. In the mild cooling condition, finger temperature exhibited an overall decline with cooling, indicating greater heat extraction from the body. Rectal temperature was not significantly different between conditions, and showed a steady increase over exercise stages in both rigorous and mild cooling conditions. Ratings of overall comfort were 30% higher (more positive) and more stable in mild cooling (p<0.001). The mild cooling regime was more effective than rigorous cooling in allowing the process of heat exchange to occur, thus maintaining thermal homeostasis and subjective comfort during physical exertion.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

European Astronaut Candidates in training in the CIS.

For four weeks in October and November 1992, we--three European Astronaut Candidates from the European Astronauts Centre (EAC) in Cologne--were fortunate enough to have the opportuity to live and be trained in Star City. It proved to be a fascinating experience, both for us and the EAC Training Engineer, Antonio Torres, who accompanied us.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1999

Change-over coordination structure of astronauts' voluntary movements during orbital flight conditions.

Formation and development of human motor function in phylogenesis and ontogenesis is known to be under the influence of Earth's gravitational field. So the relatively constant neuromotor and mass-inertial proportions between motor system's elements have been formed with human being during evolution process. This facilitated the development of enough stabile and reliable coordination structures of genotypical and phenotypical acquirements with human being. Essential changes in the coordination structure of many capital motor acquirements have been observed due to micro-gravitation during orbital flight conditions.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1998

[Possibility of adopting hypoxic environment in the cabin for manned space flight].

The favourable and the unfavourable factors of normal baric hypoxia (1.0 atm, oxygen concentration below 21%) and hypobartic hypoxia (cabin pressure below 1.0 atm, 21% O2) in the cabin for manned space flight were discussed. Author considered that proper hypobaric hypoxia in the cabin (0.8-0.9 atm, 21% O2) would be benifit no matter for long or short term space flight. For long term space flight, the microclimate control model in the cabin should be considered again, it controlled in a narrow comfortable zone would unfavourable to human adaptability to changing environment. All these problems proposed in this paper need to be further studied.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1999

[On ergonomics of spacesuit].

The concept and the connotation of spacesuit ergonomics are specified. The method of ergonomics was applied to spacesuit design and the design demands for comfort, fitting and space compatibility of spacesuit are indicated systematically by applying anthropometry and building spacesuit size system (including weightlessness). Flexibility and posture of spacesuit are indicated with human mechanics (including weightlessness). The present situation of ergonomic research of spacesuit is discussed simply.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1999

[Temperature environment and the heat exchange of astronaut in the emergency landing areas].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temperature environment of different emergency landing areas and discuss the heat exchange between astronaut and the temperature environment. In addition, countermeasures against the emergency temperature environment were discussed. METHOD: Heat exchange equation between man and environment was built using the law of energy conservation, and factors that affect the heat balance of human body were discussed. RESULT: It was found that temperature, humidity, air pressure, velocity of wind and solar radiation are factors affecting the thermal balance of the astronaut. CONCLUSION: It is important for an astronaut to act properly and use the living devices and the environment conditions correctly during the emergency landing.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1998

Testing and evaluation for astronaut extravehicular activity (EVA) operability.

Because it is the human component that defines space mission success, careful planning is required to ensure that hardware can be operated and maintained by crews on-orbit. Several methods exist to allow researchers and designers to better predict how hardware designs will behave under the harsh environment of low Earth orbit, and whether designs incorporate the necessary features for Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) operability. Testing under conditions of simulated microgravity can occur during the design concept phase when verifying design operability, during mission training, or concurrently with on-orbit mission operations. The bulk of testing is focused on normal operations, but also includes evaluation of credible mission contingencies or "what would happen if" planning. The astronauts and cosmonauts who fly these space missions are well prepared and trained to survive and be productive in Earth's orbit. The engineers, designers, and training crews involved in space missions subject themselves to Earth based simulation techniques that also expose them to extreme environments. Aircraft falling ten thousand feet, alternating g-loads, underwater testing at 45 foot depth, enclosure in a vacuum chamber and subject to thermal extremes, each carries with it inherent risks to the humans preparing for space missions.

Astronauts↗