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PubMed2004

Removing a barrier to computer-based outbreak and disease surveillance--the RODS Open Source Project.

INTRODUCTION: Computer-based outbreak and disease surveillance requires high-quality software that is well-supported and affordable. Developing software in an open-source framework, which entails free distribution and use of software and continuous, community-based software development, can produce software with such characteristics, and can do so rapidly. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the Real-Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) Open Source Project is to accelerate the deployment of computer-based outbreak and disease surveillance systems by writing software and catalyzing the formation of a community of users, developers, consultants, and scientists who support its use. METHODS: The University of Pittsburgh seeded the Open Source Project by releasing the RODS software under the GNU General Public License. An infrastructure was created, consisting of a website, mailing lists for developers and users, designated software developers, and shared code-development tools. These resources are intended to encourage growth of the Open Source Project community. Progress is measured by assessing website usage, number of software downloads, number of inquiries, number of system deployments, and number of new features or modules added to the code base. RESULTS: During September--November 2003, users generated 5,370 page views of the project website, 59 software downloads, 20 inquiries, one new deployment, and addition of four features. CONCLUSIONS: Thus far, health departments and companies have been more interested in using the software as is than in customizing or developing new features. The RODS laboratory anticipates that after initial installation has been completed, health departments and companies will begin to customize the software and contribute their enhancements to the public code base.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2002

[The format converting from MR images into BMP ones].

This paper is to introduce the method in which the SIEMENS' MR images are converted into BMP format ones based on the correct format analysis of SIMENS' MR images, we condude that the conversion from SIEMENS' MR image to BMP image can be realized by software design.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

Software and hardware integration of a microprogrammable state machine for NMR imaging.

We have integrated a commercially available microprogrammable state machine (Tecmag PULSkit) for use as a magnetic resonance pulse programmer. Providing the capability for active research environment imaging protocols, it features timing resolution of 100 nsec, ten 16-bit loop counters, and individually addressable look-up tables. This integration involved hardware and software integration with a VAX 11/750 at several levels. Hardware: Each of the three gradient channels employs three digital-to-analog converters (DACs). An 8-bit, 4-quadrant, multiplying DAC generates the gradient waveform shape. A 12-bit DAC generates the multiplying DAC scaling voltage, controlling gradient amplitude and sign. A third 12-bit DAC produces a gradient offset (shim) voltage. An eddy current compensation network is present for each gradient channel. Software: The software design philosophy was to create a flexible interface (interactive window environment), while not constraining complex manipulation of the hardware (direct use of the pulse-sequence compiler primitives and microprogramming). The software levels include (a) pulse-sequence microprogramming, (b) pulse-sequence compiler, (c) interactive parameter specification, and (d) canned pulse-sequence microcode library.

Computer Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Information technology, health care, and the future: what are the implications for the clinical laboratory?

As new information systems are offered for the clinical laboratory, advanced applications and improvements in computer hardware continue to dominate marketing presentations and fascinate the decision maker. However, the most important issue for all of our clinical information systems is not the speed of the hardware, the reliability of the systems software, or the ability of applications to carry out routine tasks in some novel or elegant manner. Rather, it is "coping"--the ability of a system to manage new issues that arise as information requirements change over time and to manage all the unexpected events that occur in the course of regular work but that do not follow the usual sequence of procedures. The need for new processing conventions to cope with unexpected situations without creating new problems is not unique to health care. The need is present wherever the real world intrudes directly and significantly into critical operations. Moreover, the pressure to adjust to changing external circumstances continues to grow as the rate of change in our information-based society increases. The lack of general coping procedures, although long ignored, has become such a pervasive handicap that marked improvements in this type of flexibility will be introduced over this decade. New software designs that deal with coping issues are already beginning to appear and to bear fruit. When purchasing any new laboratory computer system today, software that demonstrates an effective coping flexibility should be given more weight than fascinating innovations in hardware or software that are the favorites of vendor marketers. It is now possible to test for such flexibility on a site-specific basis.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1995

A novel transverse gradient coil design for high-resolution MR imaging.

The authors describe a new gradient coil design for high resolution human, animal, specimen, or phantom imaging with high gradient efficiency and a large region of excellent gradient uniformity. Important features of our new design are the simple analytical description of the wire patterns that comprise the design, and ease of construction. Wires are spaced in a sinusoidal distribution around the circumference of the cylinder, and curved in an arcsin shape along the length of the cylinder. This coil produces a magnetic field pointing in a direction transverse to the axis of the coil with a gradient in the direction parallel to the axis of the coil. The same arcsin coil can be used to create a magnetic field pointing in a direction parallel to its axis with a gradient in a direction perpendicular to the coil axis. A prototype coil was constructed; field and inductance calculations were verified. Geometric variations on this coil design were modeled and their performance characteristics compared. This coil design is ideal for rapid implementation of a transverse gradient coil, since no specialized design software is required.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN preparation programs. Comparative review, 1997.

The computerized test taking market continues to expand to meet the needs of nursing students studying to prepare for the NCLEX-RN and the NCLEX-PN. In addition, currently registered nurses may choose to use these software programs to review clinical knowledge in areas in which they are not currently practicing. This article reviewed software designed for personal use, review books with complete disks, on-site institutional testing and consultation, and school of nursing LANs. The costs of software for personal use is priced reasonably and provides flexibility for students to use as their schedule permits. The cost of institutional licenses is moderate and most programs provide multiple on-site use rights. The marketplace has responded to the computerized NCLEX testing now in place nationally. As new formats are developed and new uses identified, nursing faculty and students can expect to see an expanded use of computerized testing.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1994

Design and application of a C++ macromolecular class library.

PDBlib is an extensible object oriented class library written in C++ for representing the 3-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. PDBlib forms the kernel of a larger software framework being developed for assiting in knowledge discovery from macromolecular structure data. The software design strategy used by PDBlib, how the library may be used and several prototype applications that use the library are summarized. PDBlib represents the structural features of proteins, DNA, RNA, and complexes thereof, at a level of detail on a par with that which can be parsed from a Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry. However, the memory resident representation of the macromolecule is independent of the PDB entry and can be obtained from other back-end data sources, for example, existing relational databases and our own object oriented database (OOPDB) built on top of the commercial object oriented database, ObjectStore. At the front-end are several prototype applications that use the library: Macromolecular Query Language (MMQL) is based on a separate class library (MMQLlib) for building complex queries pertaining to macromolecular structure; PDBtool is an interactive structure verification tool; and PDBview, is a structure rendering tool used either as a standalone tool or as part of another application. Each of these software components are described. All software is available via anonymous ftp from cuhhca.hhmi.columbia.edu.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reproducibility and automatic measurement of QT dispersion.

This study investigated interobserver (two observers) and intrasubject (two measurements) reproducibility of QT dispersion from abnormal electrocardiograms in patients with previous myocardial infarction, and compared a user-interactive with an automatic measurement system. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms, recorded at 25 mm.s-1, were randomly chosen from 70 patients following myocardial infarction. These were scanned into a personal computer, and specially designed software skeletonized and joined each image. The images were then available for user-interactive (mouse and computer screen), or automatic measurements using a specially designed algorithm. For all methods reproducibility of the RR interval was excellent (mean absolute errors 3-4 ms, relative errors 0.3-0.5%). Reproducibility of the mean QT interval was good; intrasubject error was 6 ms (relative error 1.4%), interobserver error was 7 ms (1.8%), and observers' vs automatic measurement errors were 10 and 11 ms (2.5, 2.8%). However QTc dispersion measurements had large errors for all methods; intrasubject error was 12 ms (17.3%), interobserver error was 15 ms (22.1%), and observers' vs automatic measurement were errors 30 and 28 ms (35.4, 31.9%). QT dispersion measurements rely on the most difficult to measure QT intervals, resulting in a problem of reproducibility. Any automatic system must not only recognize common T wave morphologies, but also these more difficult T waves, if it is to be useful for measuring QT dispersion. The poor reproducibility of QT dispersion limits its role as a useful clinical tool, particularly as a predictor of events.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1997

Technical and audiological factors in the implementation and use of digital signal processing hearing aids.

Fully digital hearing aids, to be worn behind or within the ear, are coming on to the market. The new possibilities and challenges of such aids are both technological and audiological in character. This paper describes some of the challenges, and one manufacturer's approach to them. The signal processing structure in one current digital hearing aid is presented, and justified in audiological terms, as a background to discussions of (i) the relative urgency of further advances in technology and audiological knowledge, and (ii) the challenges to the practice of hearing aid dispensing. It is concluded that further advances in rehabilitative audiology are more pressing than further major technological progress, and that the potential client benefits of the new generation of digital hearing aids will only be realized if the challenges they present to software design and dispensing practice are recognized and met.

Correction of Hearing Impairment↗
PubMed2004

Design and implementation of a high frequency electrical impedance tomography system.

Electrical impedance tomography is an imaging modality being investigated for use in detection of breast cancer. Use of higher frequencies than have typically been employed may benefit the detection processes. In this current work we discuss the design and initial implementation of a system having a bandwidth of 10 MHz. Previous investigations into high frequency designs have proven more difficult than anticipated and shown that careful selection of systems architecture is critical to achieving broadband performance above 1 MHz. The design for this new system is based on a digital signal processor (DSP) which is used for control, signal generation and signal processing. Signal generation and detection, software design and preliminary system specifications are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Simulation of the neuronal interactions and connection of neuronal activity with changes of heart rhythm and myocardial electrophysiological properties.

The purpose was to create the software for analysis of temporal relationship between spike trains of several neurons and connection of neuronal activity with changes of heart rhythm and some electrocardiogram parameters. The designed software represents an integrated estimation of the cross-correlograms and cardiac-cycle triggered correlograms combination. It permits the study of the nonrandom temporal relationship between spike trains of neurons using experimental data and the estimation of the roles of one neuron and a group of them and the role of their discharges patterns in changes of heart rhythm and electrophysiological properties of the myocardium.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Tracing an unhandled suspect lesion through a gamma probe.

This article describes the efforts of the authors in developing a handheld gamma detection probe and addresses a tentative surgical protocol for tracing an unhandled suspect lesion through an albumine-aggregate 99Tcm tracer operative mapping. The electronic and software design for the system is discussed as well as its electronic and nuclear calibration. A phantom model mimicking a breast was built in order to help in the calibration of the system. Earliest results in an external detection procedure using the model and a 0.3 ml tracer sample (7 MBq activity) are presented.

Breast↗
PubMed1989

Computer-aided pattern analysis of temperature differentials.

Chiropractic analysis often incorporates the evaluation of heat distribution patterns observed in skin temperature profiles. Historically, temperature recordings of the spine have been made with a heat detection instrument using a thermocouple design. The advent of refinements in infrared technology, however, have greatly enhanced temperature detection in terms of accuracy and reliability. The present research reflects the development of computer software designed to express the data obtained with a dual channel heat sensing instrument. Two phases are involved: a) digital information, received from the sensing instrument, is standardized, stored for future analysis, and retrieved for comparisons with other graphs; b) stored data is graphically displayed, statistically analyzed, and otherwise compared. The data is displayed for visual observation as a) temperature data received from either channel of the sensing instrument or b) relative temperature differences between data from both channels of the sending instrument. For statistical evaluation, corresponding readings (comparisons between graphs) are plotted against one another and analyzed by a moving Pearson Product Moment correlation and moving t-test. This evaluation is graphically represented with a numeric display of pertinent statistical values. Current work indicates that a 10 point moving correlation and t-test will yield accurate comparisons between graphs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1979

Application of optimized parallel processing digital computers and numerical approximation methods to the ultra high-speed three-dimensional reconstruction of the intact thorax.

In order to achieve the computational capability to carry out many thousands of cross-sectional reconstructions, necessary to support a prototype high temporal and spatial resolution cylindrical scanning multiaxial tomographic unit, a series of design, software simulation, and fabrication studies is underway to develop a special-purpose high-speed reconstruction computer. This processor will rely upon integrated circuit arithmetic components of advanced design, and highly parallel architecture to execute X-ray based transaxial reconstruction algorithms at the rate of hundreds of cross sections/sec.

Computers↗
PubMed1999

Guidelines and recommendations for content, structure, and deployment of mutation databases.

These Guidelines recognize the need for annotated online mutation databases documenting allelic variation (both pathogenic and phenotype modifying, and also neutral polymorphic); the databases will be both generalized (genomic) and specialized (locus specific), and a seamless integration of the two types is intended. Each requires a Document (its "biography"). Different mutation databases will have different content and structure, but a minimum core of content in a shared syntax is a necessity; the core includes: (1) a unique identifier of the allele; (2) the source/report of the data; (3) context of the allele; and (4) the allele itself (the description). The allele description should be validated. There is no single correct way to design a mutation database. The uses to which databases are put dictate the design. Software and deployment together recognize the different needs of specialized and generalized databases, while making them mutually compatible through shared content and the appropriate search facilities. A set of eight Recommendations completes these Guidelines for Content, Design, and Deployment of Mutation Databases.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

MICAS: a fully automated web server for microsatellite extraction and analysis from prokaryote and viral genomic sequences.

MICAS is a web server for extracting microsatellite information from completely sequenced prokaryote and viral genomes, or user-submitted sequences. This server provides an integrated platform for MICdb (database of prokaryote and viral microsatellites), W-SSRF (simple sequence repeat finding program) and Autoprimer (primer design software). MICAS, through dynamic HTML page generation, helps in the systematic extraction of microsatellite information from selected genomes hosted on MICdb or from user-submitted sequences. Further, it assists in the design of primers with the help of Autoprimer, for sequences containing selected microsatellite tracts.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

A closed-loop electrical stimulation system for cardiac cell cultures.

An integrated electrical stimulation and recording system was designed for closed-loop control and analysis of cardiac cultures on planar microelectrode arrays. Stimulated action potentials from HL-1 clonal myocyte cultures were digitized, stimulation artifacts were removed using nulling and filtering methods, and analysis was performed to determine stimulation efficacy in real time. Results of this analysis were used to determine future stimulation waveform parameters such as polarity, amplitude, pulse duration, and rate or pattern. Algorithms were designed utilizing real-time analysis and control to maintain a desired electrophysiological response of the culture, such as an arbitrary capture fraction value. This paper presents the hardware and software design of the stimulus pulse circuitry, artifact extraction, analysis, and control components of the system. Applications of this technology include the study of cardiac cell physiology, improving the speed and accuracy of traditional open-loop stimulation protocols, pharmacological screening, and improving the performance of biosensors based on sensing electrical activity in cardiac cultures.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1999

Electronic monitoring of clinical experience during undergraduate training in diagnostic radiography.

The clinical experience of a student radiographer has traditionally been recorded in a paper log book. Accurate maintenance of the book relied upon the student's diligence. The electronic logbook is a method of accurately recording the clinical experience of the student radiographer by retrieval of information from the database of a hospital information or radiology management system. The system requires minimal software modification in order to incorporate fields defining the ability of the student in association with the degree of infirmity of the patient. Retrieved information is processed by a specially designed software package at the Academic Centre and reports issued to Clinical Tutors. Benefits of the system include easy monitoring of student workload, ensuring that the student receives a wide and varied experience during training; improvement in student motivation; and use of a final report form in the student's portfolio.

Clinical Competence↗