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PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between health locus of control, health value, and social support and compliance of persons with diabetes mellitus.

Thirty insulin-dependent outpatients were interviewed during one of their diabetes clinic visits. Questionnaires were used to measure the independent variables of health locus of control, health value, and perceived social support. Self-report and direct observation were used to measure the dependent variable, compliance with insulin administration, diet, exercise, hypoglycemia management, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and foot care prescriptions. All patients complied with at least 70% of the points measured; half the group complied with at least 80% of the regimen. However, no one complied with all the behaviors deemed essential for good control. The group was most compliant with SMBG, hypoglycemia management, and insulin administration and least compliant with foot care and exercise. A statistically significant relationship was found between compliance and social support (P less than 0.001), powerful others health locus of control (PHLC) (P less than 0.01), and internal health locus of control (IHLC) (P less than 0.05). A multiple regression analysis found that social support and PHLC accounted for at least 50% of the variance in compliance scores. The multiple-R of the independent variables with compliance reached a significance level of P less than 0.005. However, only the two variables of social support and PHLC added significantly (P less than 0.05) to prediction accuracy. The multiple-R of these two variables used as a set reached the significance level of P less than 0.001.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Is rangeland agriculture sustainable?

The objective of this paper is to examine the sustainability of rangeland agriculture (i.e., managed grazing) on a world-wide basis, with a focus on North America. Sustainability is addressed on three fronts: 1) ecological, 2) economic, and 3) social acceptance. Based on previous and on-going research, we suggest that employment of science-based rangeland grazing management strategies and tactics can ensure ecological sustainability. The formidable challenge in employing such technology centers around the need to balance efficiency of solar energy capture and subsequent harvest efficiencies across an array of highly spatially and temporally variable vegetation growing conditions using animals that graze selectively. Failure to meet this fundamental challenge often accelerates rangeland desertification processes, and in some instances, enhances rate and extent of the invasion of noxious weeds. We also suggest that the fundamental reason that ecologically sound grazing management technologies are often not employed in the management of grazed ecological systems is because social values drive management decisions more so than ecological science issues. This is true in both well-developed societies with substantial economic resources and in less-developed societies with few economic resources. However, the social issues driving management are often entirely different, ranging from multiple-use issues in developed countries to human day-to-day survival issues in poorly developed countries. We conclude that the long-term sustainability of rangeland agriculture in 1) developed societies depends on the ability of rangeland agriculturalists to continually respond in a dynamic, positive, proactive manner to ever-changing social values and 2) less-developed societies on their ability to address the ecological and social consequences arising from unsustainable human populations before the adoption of science-based sustainable rangeland management technologies.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

The protective value of social capital against teen pregnancy: a state-level analysis.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether social capital may explain differences in teen pregnancy rates in the contiguous United States. METHOD: State-level correlational analyses were conducted. Predictor variables included social capital, income inequality, and poverty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: State-level rates of pregnancy for girls 15-19 years old. RESULTS: In bivariate analyses, social capital was inversely correlated with teen pregnancy rates. The obtained correlation was strong (r = -.78) and achieved significance (p < .001). Poverty and income inequality were also significantly correlated with teen pregnancy rates, but the magnitude of these correlations was lower. In a linear regression model, poverty failed to retain significance; however, income inequality achieved significance and produced a Beta value of .24 (p = .017). Social capital was nonetheless a much stronger multivariate predictor of teen pregnancy rates (producing a Beta value of -.672). CONCLUSION: Findings from this state-level analysis suggest that social capital may explain differences between states with respect to teen pregnancy rates. Thus, social capital may play an important role in the prevention of teen pregnancy. This initial finding warrants subsequent empirical investigations designed to identify strategies that can be employed to foster the creation of social capital in communities and entire states.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The evolution of Japanese management: lessons for U.S. managers.

To find the key to the success of Japanese economic performance since World War II, Marsland and Beer explore five main "environmental" factors used by Japanese firms to build a successful human resources management approach: Japanese social values, the structure of private enterprise, the structure of labor markets, the historic development of the Japanese employment system, and the structure of Japanese management. This discussion shows that post-war Japanese management, faced with rapid change, introduced new concepts and techniques that reinforced and maintained certain social values and traditions that fit well with human resources management objectives. This skillful blend of new ideas with traditional values enabled the Japanese to achieve superior economic performance.

Japan↗
PubMed2002

Social work practice in the donation of human tissue for transplantation: utilising social work values and competencies to achieve effective outcomes for transplant patients and donor families.

In Queensland, Australia, senior social workers have pioneered the coordination of tissue donation at coronial autopsies, seeking consent for the donation of heart valve, bone and eye tissue after sudden deaths which have been reported to the coroner. The urgent need for tissue for transplantation is balanced with the counselling, information and practical needs of potential donor families in their shock and grief. Social work assessment, advocacy, liaison, counselling, crisis intervention and particularly communication skills have been utilised, both as an integral component of obtaining informed consent and in working with families' experience of grief and loss in sudden, traumatic bereavement. This tissue donation program, over a period of eight years, has maximised the availability of tissue with its high donation rates, while upholding the rights and needs of potential donor families through provision of an effective social work service. The paper will reflect upon key social work knowledge and processes which have respected the subjective experience of client and worker while working within a medical model.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1994

The social impact of aging populations: some major issues.

Demographic trends regarding the issue of aging underscore the fact that both current situations and future trends directly concerns all of us. Aging is the reality for the future world. The pace at which demographic transition develops varies among countries and regions of the world, but most of the developed and developing countries will be challenged by increasing numbers of dependent individuals. This is particularly critical in the less-developed countries where older populations will increase substantially faster. It is expected that by the year 2000, Latin America and the Caribbean will have 41 million elderly, 7.2% of the total population. By 2025 this percentage will increase to 10.8%. The stunning growth of the elderly demands special attention of policy and decision-makers. The total dependency ratio will decrease in the Americas between 1980 and 2025 due to a marked decrease in the fertility rate, whereas old age dependency ratios will show a marked increase in all countries except Haiti and Surinam. Most of the elderly populations, predominantly women, are living in urban centers. This fact is one of the most important characteristic of the socioeconomic picture in Latin American and Caribbean countries: urbanization with poverty. Women are bearing mainly the burden. It is obvious that, from a cultural perspective, the social impact of aging populations is a complex issue. The wide range of possible future programs will be the result of differences and similarities in social values, relationships, and dynamics within each society. It is important to recognize that since modern industrialized societies live in a culture emphasizing competition for economic wealth, that values economic over social productivity, and where inequities based on class, gender, and race are accepted, that these are the issues influencing the parameters of aging populations. Social policy development for the elderly needs to be critically examined in order for society to adapt to aging as well as for older populations to adapt to a charging society. The major political challenge is the need for redistributive policies. Developing countries must add new priorities to their scarce resources, for social programs for elderly, while still having to deal with the problems of their younger populations. Women issues are extremely important in considering social policies for elderly population. Feminization of poverty and ill-health during old age is a result of exacerbated risks for women across the life course. Appropriate care and support for this vulnerable group is a priority.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Health assessment in the Framingham Offspring Study: a research proposal.

This paper proposes that a broader health assessment be made in the Framingham Offspring/Spouse Study than is undertaken in the Framingham Study. The Offspring Study is composed of the children (and their spouses) of the members of the original Framingham Study cohort. The Offspring population has a broader age range and an average age that is approximately 30 years younger than the original parent cohort. Therefore, mortality and morbidity measures, which were used as indices of health status for the parent cohort and which focus on the negative "sickness" component of health, are less appropriate for use in this relatively healthy population. Thus, we propose a broader conceptual framework of health that emphasizes the positive "wellness" side of the health continuum. The essential components of the comprehensive health index we describe include global health perceptions, measures of physical, mental, and social functioning across valued social roles, the ability to withstand stress as mediated by the coping process and social resources, and the assessment of genetic, behavioral, and physiological risk factors. One purpose of the proposal is to stimulate discussion in the hope of achieving general agreement regarding a shared conceptual frame of reference that would guide the development and testing of a reliable and valid health status instrument.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

[Values, ethical positions and attitudes of candidates for a lawyer career].

This work intends to bring out light regarding values, ethical positions and attitudes of future Law students. We consider that it may be important to know these aspects in relation to the vocational decision of students in order to know whether values are really a determinant factor in career decision or not. The present study was produced using the following instruments: Study of Values (Allport-Vernon and Lindzey); Survey of Interpersonal Values (L. Gordon); Ethical Position Questionnaire (J. E. Moreno). Several groups of students were used as samples: neophytes to Law School in the University of Buenos Aires, and neophytes to the careers of Law, Medicine, Psychology and Publicity in a Catholic University. We found that in the latter University the predominant value is the religious, and secondly the social value. Instead in the University of Buenos Aires the most important value is the social and secondly the political value. The EPQ shows that neophytes to Law School may be considered absolutists in Forsyth's scale. These students also showed in Gordon's survey high Benevolence and Conformity in comparison with the other samples of students. Regarding attitudes towards the University's objectives, we found that Law students consider important the ethical education and the enhancement of the national culture more than universal culture. This work tends to confirm that Law neophytes as a group have clear differences from other groups of neophytes regarding attitudes to interpersonal bonds, and also different attitudes toward the university's objectives.

Attitude↗
PubMed1988

Decision analysis and polio immunization policy.

Dr. Salk's comments on our paper fall into four major categories: our use of the techniques of decision analysis, the assumptions we used, the fact that we did not include individual and social values in the model, and the way in which vaccine policies are developed in the United States. We believe that the methods were used correctly, that the assumptions we used are defensible, and that our conclusions were both appropriate and appropriately worded. We explicitly did not include individual and social values since we were addressing the scientific and epidemiologic issues rather than ethical and moral issues. Vaccine policy development in the United States is carried out in public forums with opportunity for presentation of all sides of an issue.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The collective approach to psychiatric practice in the People's Republic of China.

This paper describes and analyzes the effects of the dramatic changes of social values in China on the approach to treatment of the mentally ill since the 1949 revolution. It is mainly based on observations, interviews, and experiences in mental hospitals during three recent trips to the People's Republic of China. Attention here is focused on the effects of four new social values on psychiatric practice: first, the value of collective responsibility as reflected in the new program to integrate mental hospitals with the community; second, the application of the value of sharing and "serving the people" to methods of psychiatric therapy; third, the value of "minimization of elitism" as practiced in the role relationships among members of different categories in mental hospitals; and fourth, the reaffirmation of faith in human ability to conquer difficulties, as shown in changes of patients' outlook on life and behavior. Finally, the implications of this alternative approach on our established assumptions and methods of psychiatric therapy in the West are discussed, and the future direction of theoretical formulation is suggested.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Prosocials prefer equal outcomes to maximizing joint outcomes.

Existing theories of social value orientations posit that prosocials maximize joint outcomes whereas proselfs maximize outcomes to themselves. Three studies employing a total of 157 undergraduates were conducted to test the alternative hypothesis that prosocials prefer equal outcomes to maximizing joint outcome. In study 1 participants completed the Triple-Dominance Measure of Social Values in which a fourth alternative that distributed the largest joint outcome unequally was added to the alternative that distributed the outcomes equally. In accordance with the hypothesis, prosocials preferred the equal-outcome alternative to the joint-outcome alternative. Study 2 confirmed and extended these results by demonstrating that prosocials preferred equal outcomes to larger joint outcomes that were unequally distributed but provided both with larger outcomes. Study 3 demonstrated that in a modified prisoner's dilemma game, a preference for equal outcomes to a larger joint outcome resulted in that prosocials cooperated when they believed or knew that the other cooperated, and defected when they believed or knew that the other defected.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Are prosocials unique in their egalitarianism? The pursuit of equality in outcomes among individualists.

The present research aims to elucidate to what extent the motive to ensure equality in outcomes is general and to what extent it interacts with other important motives such as maximizing own or collective gains. Because individuals may have different considerations and motivations in decision-making situations, it is likely that people with a different social value orientation will respond differently to an unequal distribution of outcomes. Contrary to expectations, not only prosocials care about equality in outcomes. In Study 1, the authors found that individualists choose to forego personal gains, despite obvious selfish reasons to cooperate, when outcomes were distributed unequally. In a second experiment, this finding was replicated and shows that individualists, just as prosocials, demand equality in outcomes in interdependent situations. The studies suggest that typifying individualists as solely being concerned about enhancing personal outcomes is too limited and that fairness norms may trump social value orientation.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1995

Personal values of exemplary family physicians: implications for professional satisfaction in family medicine.

BACKGROUND: Personal social values have been identified as important determinants of generalists' specialty choice. However, the personal values or "guiding principles" of generalist physicians have not been identified scientifically. To establish a benchmark, we measured the personal values of exemplary family physicians because they serve as role models for current and future physicians. We also explored the relationship between personal values and practice satisfaction. METHODS: We obtained a list of 330 family physicians nominated for the American Academy of Family Physicians' (AAFP) Family Doctor of the Year award for the years 1988 through 1993. We asked them to complete the Schwartz Values Questionnaire, a 56-item instrument for measuring personal values. They also answered three questions concerning practice satisfaction. RESULTS: The return rate was 83%. The physicians' mean age was 63 years. They had been in practice an average of 34 years, 93% were male, and 52% practiced in rural areas. Honesty was rated as the most important of the 56 values, and social power as the least important. Of the 10 value types (groups of common values), the responding physicians rated "Benevolence" as most important and "Power" as least important. Practice satisfaction correlated positively with the Benevolence value type (r = .21, P = .001) and negatively with the Power value type (r = -.15, P = .023). CONCLUSIONS: Of the 10 value types, Benevolence was rated the most important and Power the least important by exemplary family physicians, and both value types also correlated, positively and negatively, respectively, with their practice satisfaction. These results have implications for the selection, training, and career satisfaction of generalist physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Social desirability scale values of locus of control scale items.

Three groups of subjects rated each item in Rotter's I-E Scale for its social desirability value. Social desirability scale values (SDSV) of paired items were compared with one another. Results indicated that paired items are not sufficiently similar in their SDSVs, thus enabling subjects to respond on the basis of social desirability. All three groups rated internal items as being significantly more socially desirable than external items. The correlations between the SDSV ratings of the three groups were highly significant. The results indicate that the scale, as it is currently used, is seriously deficient.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Values of entering nursing students: changes over 10 years.

Values of students entering nursing in 1982 were compared with values of those entering in 1972. The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and an Entering Resources inventory were completed by 309 students in 1972 and 161 students in 1982. The 1982 sample scored higher on economic values (p less than .01), but did not differ on the other values. Both groups scored highest on social values with religious values ranking second in 1982 and third in 1972. These findings contrast to studies in the 1960's which found religious values rated highest and economic values rated lowest.

Economics↗