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PubMed1982

Problem behavior and psychiatric impairment within a developmentally disabled population I: behavior frequency.

This report summarizes information about problem behavior and psychiatric impairment in a population of over 30,000 individuals receiving developmental disabilities services. Teenage and adult individuals displayed more problem behaviors than young children or the elderly, more markedly mentally retarded individuals were more likely to display problem behavior, individuals in less restrictive residential settings displayed less problem behavior than those in more restrictive settings, and persons with psychiatric impairment displayed more frequent problems than persons without psychiatric impairment. The proportion of developmentally disabled persons with a psychiatric impairment was positively associated with presence of problem behaviors classified as affective or cognitive. Implications for community placement and further research are addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Assessing object representations as a continuous variable: a modification of the concept of the object on the Rorschach scale.

Current methods for assessing the quality of internalized object representations have not provided a continuous variable that simultaneously includes both an accuracy and a maturity component. A modification of Blatt, Brooks, Brenneis, and Schimek's (1976) Concept of the Object on the Rorschach scale that would combine the two components by weighting the quality of each response according to its form level was proposed. Initial discriminant and convergent validity of this modification was checked through correlations and multiple regression analyses using behavioral, diagnostic, and demographic data from 84 adolescent inpatients as dependent variables. Results indicate the modified score was directly related to measures of peer relatedness, intelligence, psychological health, and reality testing, and indirectly related to measures of psychosis and hostile, unmanageable behavior. The results support the utility of the modification for providing a continuous score that assesses both developmental maturity and accuracy, the two dimensions on which the concept of object representation is based.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Information processing, social cognition, and psychiatric rehabilitation in schizophrenia.

The relatively recent emergence of studies of social cognition in schizophrenia represents an important development in efforts to better understand the behavioral difficulties exhibited by schizophrenia patients. In this discussion each of the four key articles in this issue is briefly reviewed in order to highlight its major contributions and to emphasize relevant methodological and conceptual issues within the field. It is argued that although these four papers, and the larger body of work they represent, make significant contributions, the field of social cognition in schizophrenia as a whole could benefit from integrating insights from the normal social cognition literature, data on social- and emotional-processing deficits in neurological populations, and newer models of information processing. Following the review of the four papers, several key issues central to the continued advancement of this research area will be discussed, including the need to (a) move from linear to nonlinear models of social cognition in schizophrenia; (b) explore those aspects of social cognition that are responses to experience, as opposed to focusing solely on social cognition as a causal factor in behavior; (c) consider the role of affective and neuropsychologicausal factor in social cognition; and (d) explore aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia other than those involving problem solving. In addition, the implications of research on social cognition for the development of social skills rehabilitation interventions are discussed.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1995

The Cardinal Needs Schedule--a modified version of the MRC Needs for Care Assessment Schedule.

This paper describes a modified version of the MRC Needs for Care Schedule (the Cardinal Needs Schedule), for measuring needs for psychiatric and social care amongst patients with severe psychiatric disorders. The modified schedule has three new features: (i) it is quick and easy to use; (ii) it takes systematic account of the views of patients and their carers; (iii) it defines and identifies need in a way that is concise and easy to interpret. The paper describes why the three new features were considered necessary, and then gives an overview of the structure of the Cardinal Needs Schedule, together with a description of how the three new features were developed. During a study of social services care management the practicality of the modified schedule was investigated and further data were obtained on the reliability and validity of the standardized approach to measuring need, in domains not previously investigated. Because of its speed and simplicity, the Cardinal Needs Schedule offers a new choice to researchers who wish to use a standardized and practical assessment of need in evaluative studies of community care. Examples of the usage of the modified schedule are given in an Appendix.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pakistan mental health country profile.

The Republic of Pakistan is a South East Asian country with a population of over 140.7 million. Its population is fast growing and the majority (70%) live in rural areas with a feudal or tribal value system. The economy is dependent on agriculture and 35% of the population live below the poverty line. Islam is the main religion and 'mental illnesses' are stigmatized and widely perceived to have supernatural causes. The traditional healers along with psychiatric services are the main mental health service providers. The number of trained mental health professionals is small as compared to the population demands and specialist services are virtually non-existent. Lack of data on prevalence of various mental illnesses and monitory constraints are the major hurdles in the development of mental health services. A number of innovative programmes to develop indigenous models of care like the 'Community Mental Health Programme' and 'Schools Mental Health Programme' have been developed. These programmes have been found effective in reducing stigma and increase awareness of mental illness amongst the adults and children living in rural areas. Efforts by the government and mental health professionals have led to the implementation of a 'National Mental Health Policy' and 'Mental Health Act' in 2001. These aim at integrating mental health services with the existing health services, improving mental health care delivery and safeguarding the rights of mentally ill people. A favourable political will and the help of international institutions like the World Health Organization are required to achieve these aims.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Screening measures for detecting psychiatric disorders in Japanese secondary school children.

Measurement characteristics of screening measures (Rutter's teachers' and parents' questionnaires) were explored with some Japanese secondary school children. The characteristics included stability, cut-off points, factor analyses and agreements between questionnaire diagnoses and interviewer's judgement concerning types of disorder. These measures were used in combination and checked in terms of measurement characteristics. Age trends in the obtained results were described using 12-13-yr-old and 14-15-yr-old children. Results suggested that the cut-offs were age-dependent, regardless of the questionnaire type.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Huntington's chorea.

In an extensive study of Huntington's chorea in Queensland evidence was found to support an old observation that the magnitude of the variation in the symptom complex of the disease between different families is sufficient to suggest that there may be more than one form of Huntington's chorea allele present in the community. Analysis of data concerning age at onset indicates that at least two separate forms of the disorder may exist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: a review.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of severely mentally ill persons in jails and prisons is an urgent problem. This review examines this problem and makes recommendations for preventing and alleviating it. METHODS: MEDLINE, Psychological Abstracts, and the Index to Legal Periodicals and Books were searched from 1970, and all pertinent references were obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clinical studies suggest that 6 to 15 percent of persons in city and county jails and 10 to 15 percent of persons in state prisons have severe mental illness. Offenders with severe mental illness generally have acute and chronic mental illness and poor functioning. A large proportion are homeless. It appears that a greater proportion of mentally ill persons are arrested compared with the general population. Factors cited as causes of mentally ill persons' being placed in the criminal justice system are deinstitutionalization, more rigid criteria for civil commitment, lack of adequate community support for persons with mental illness, mentally ill offenders' difficulty gaining access to community treatment, and the attitudes of police officers and society. Recommendations include mental health consultation to police in the field; formal training of police officers; careful screening of incoming jail detainees; diversion to the mental health system of mentally ill persons who have committed minor offenses; assertive case management and various social control interventions, such as outpatient commitment, court-ordered treatment, psychiatric conservatorship, and 24-hour structured care; involvement of and support for families; and provision of appropriate mental health treatment.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial assessment methods in childhood epilepsy: focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

The scale of evidence tilts towards the contention that epileptic children as a group are at a disadvantage regarding intellectual and emotional development and have higher rates of behavioural abnormalities than their non-epileptic peers. Differentiating factors logically point to the problem areas which should be enquired into in a comprehensive assessment of a child with epilepsy and should facilitate formulation of viable intervention stratagems. A critical review of the literature reveals that, of five major assessment methods, the use of a standardised and valid questionnaire is likely to yield the most reliable clinical information. However, a complete assessment package should include drug use monitoring, evaluation of cultural milieu and family psychodynamics.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1995

The social disablement of men in hostels for homeless people. II. A comparison with patients from long-stay wards.

BACKGROUND: Some authors have argued that hostels for homeless people are increasingly taking over the role of psychiatric long-stay wards, and that this creates a problem. We set out to test this hypothesis. METHOD: The social disablement of a random sample of 101 homeless men, described in Part 1, was compared with that of a sample of 66 psychiatric patients from a long-stay ward. RESULTS: The study sample rated significantly lower for social disablement than the long-stay ward sample. Thirteen subjects of the hostel sample had psychotic social behaviour problems. These had no history of being long-stay psychiatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: The hostel sample differ significantly in their social disablement from the chronic psychiatric patients. There is a small proportion of severely disturbed residents who might have been over-represented in previous non-random surveys.

Activities of Daily Living↗