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PubMedDate not supplied

Rhinoplasty and the aesthetic of the smile.

The resection of the columella and nasal depressor muscles is a simple operation to perform and one which allows an improvement in the facial physiognomy of many patients. This operation can be done alone or in conjunction with the classic rhinoplasty, thus achieving an improvement in the aesthetics of the smile. It has also been proved, contrary to common belief, that the action of these muscles has no connection with physiological breathing mechanisms.

Facial Muscles↗
PubMed2006

Physiological responses of 5-month-old infants to smiling and blank faces.

Physiological responses (i.e., EEG, heart period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) were monitored in 5-month-old infants during the replacement of an adult's smiling (SF) with a blank face (BF) in a face-to-face setting. Affect, while the infant looked at and away from the adult's face during both conditions, was analyzed. Infants displayed neutral and some positive affect while looking at both SF and BF. RSA was quantified continuously during both conditions. RSA increased during BF relative to SF. EEG was quantified only while the infants were looking at the adult's face during both conditions. An increase in theta over multiple scalp areas (AF3,4; F7,8; FC3; T6) was observed during BF relative to SF. The data suggest that infant attention to BF and SF reflect different psychophysiological processes that can be indexed by RSA and scalp-recorded theta.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

The neurology and evolution of humor, laughter, and smiling: the false alarm theory.

Laughter (and humor) involves the gradual build-up of expectation (a model) followed by a sudden twist or anomaly that entails a change in the model--but only as long as the new model is non-threatening--so that there is a deflation of expectation. The loud explosive sound is produced, we suggest, to inform conspecifics that there has been a 'false alarm', to which they need not orient. The same logic may underlie tickling (menacing approach followed by a light non-threatening contact). Thus tickling may serve as 'play', a rehearsal for adult laughter. And lastly, when one primate encounters another, he may have always begun with a threat gesture--to bare his canines--but upon recognizing the individual as kin he may stop the grimace halfway and 'smile'. When the insular cortex is damaged, patients giggle in response to pain, presumably because they can still sense the pain ('danger') but the pain is no longer aversive ('false alarm'), thereby fulfilling the two key requirements for laughter.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1984

The improvement of the gummy smile using the implant spacer technique.

A simple technique for correction of a gummy smile by partially transecting the levator labii superioris, the major lip elevator, and decreasing its cephalic excursion using an implant spacer is presented. Results are given for 21 patients, and 3 representative patients are discussed, in whom a silicone implant with maxillary augmentation with concomitant rhinoplasty; cartilage from the nasal septum with concomitant rhinoplasty; and a silicone implant independent of rhinoplasty without maxillary augmentation were utilized.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A smile for the Möbius' syndrome patient.

A major problem for the patient with Möbius' syndrome is the inability to smile. With the development of vascularized muscle transplantation, the possibilities for improved facial animation were explored. Muscle transplantation was carried out in 7 patients; innervation was provided by the hypoglossal nerve, the motor nerve to the masseter muscle, or in 1 patient a transfacial nerve graft. In this article the technical aspects of the procedure as well as the results are described in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism.

The nasolabial fold is absent in the face of the newborn, disappears in the paralyzed face, but is retained in the face upon death. There is very little information in the literature on what makes up the fold. Four fresh cadavers were studied by taking a strip of facial tissue from each at right angles to the fold; all soft tissue layers through the face were included. Microscopic studies of the strips showed the fold to be made up of (1) dense fibrous tissue, (2) muscle fibers branching from the levator muscles of the upper lip, and (3) striated muscle bundles originating in the fold fascia. The studies also revealed the lip elevator muscles and the "fold muscles" coursing down the lip to traverse the orbicularis oris and insert into the dermis of the upper lip, the cutaneous vermilion junction, and vermilion. The smile is formed in stages, the first stage raising the lip to the fold by the levator muscles and the muscle bundles originating in the fold. The lip meets resistance at the fold because of cheek fat. The second stage involves the raising of the lip and fold upward by the levator muscles of the upper lip. Clinically, this study relates to reanimating the paralyzed face.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Three-dimensional video analysis of facial movements: a new method to assess the quantity and quality of the smile.

The results of neuromuscular reconstructions of the paralyzed face are difficult to assess. Very sophisticated methods are necessary to measure the motor deficits of facial paralysis or the functional recovery in the face. The aim of this development was a relatively simple system for data acquisition, which is easy to handle and which makes it relatively cheap to delegate data acquisition to centers all over the world, which will not be able to derive a data analysis on their own, but will send their data to a center with specialized equipment. A complex mirror system was developed to get three different views of the face at the same time on the video screen. At each investigation, a digital video is taken from a calibration grid and from standardized facial movements of the patient. Secondary analysis of the digital videofilm is made possible at any time later on by the support of a computer program, which calculates distances and movements three-dimensionally from the frontal image and the right and left mirror images. Pathologies of the mimic movements can be identified as well as improvements after surgical procedures by this system. The significant advantage is the possibility to watch the same movement on the video which is under study and to apply any kind of study later on. Taking the video needs only a few minutes, and fatigue of the patient's mimic system is prevented. Measurements usually at the endpoints of the movements give excellent information on the quantity of the movement or the degree of the facial palsy, whereas the video itself is very informative regarding the quality of the smile. Specific computer software was developed for standardized three-dimensional analysis of the video-documented facial movements and for data presentation. There are options like two-dimensional graphs of single moving points in the face or three-dimensional graphs of the movements of all measured points at the same time during a standardized facial movement. By a comparison of the right- and left-sided alterations of specific distances between two points during the facial movements, the degree of normal symmetry or pathologic asymmetry is quantified. This system is more suitable for detailed scientific multicenter studies than any other system previously established. A very sensitive instrument for exact evaluation of mimic function is now available.

Calibration↗
PubMed2005

Ictal smile lateralizes to the right hemisphere in childhood epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the localizing and lateralizing value of ictal smile (IS) in childhood epilepsy. METHODS: Incidence of IS in 309 videotaped seizures of 114 consecutive patients younger than 12 years with refractory frontal, temporal, or posterior cortex epilepsy were assessed. RESULTS: Among patients with right-sided epileptogenic zone, 12 (21%) of 57 had IS, whereas in patients with left-sided epilepsy, IS occurred only in one patient (1.8%; p < 0.01, chi(2) test). The incidence of IS was 11%, 3%, and 26% in the frontal, temporal, and posterior cortex subgroups, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the localization of the epileptogenic region in the posterior cortex (p < 0.01), focal cortical dysplasia etiology (p = 0.012), and right-sided lateralization (p = 0.025) were independently associated with the presence of IS. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood IS lateralizes to the right hemisphere and localizes more frequently in the posterior cortex epilepsy.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1989

Mona Lisa syndrome: solving the enigma of the Gioconda smile.

The Mona Lisa smile is presented as a possible example of facial muscle contracture that develops after Bell's palsy when the facial nerve has undergone partial wallerian degeneration and has regenerated. The accompanying synkinesis would explain many of the known facts surrounding the painting and is a classic example of Leonardo da Vinci as the compulsive anatomist who combined art and science.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed2004

Lay person's perception of smile aesthetics in dental and facial views.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the aesthetic perception of different anterior visible occlusions in different facial and dental views (frontal view, lower facial third view and dental view) by lay persons. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, Lima, Peru, 2002. SUBJECTS: The different views were rated by 91 randomly selected adult lay persons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings of aesthetic perception of the views. RESULTS: Anterior visible occlusion, photographed subject and view (p<0.001) had a significant effect on the aesthetic ratings. Also gender (p=0.001) and the interaction between gender and level of education (p=0.046) had a significant effect over the aesthetic rating. CONCLUSIONS: A lay panel perceived that the aesthetic impact of the visible anterior occlusion was greater in a dental view compared with a full facial view. The anterior visible occlusion, photographed subject, view type are factors, which influence the aesthetic perception of smiles. In addition, gender and level of education had an influence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Macroesthetic elements of smile design.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians' expanding use of cosmetic restorative procedures has generated greater interest in the determination of esthetic guidelines and standards. The overall esthetic impact of a smile can be divided into four specific areas: gingival esthetics, facial esthetics, microesthetics and macroesthetics. In this article, the authors focus on the principles of macroesthetics, which represents the relationships and ratios of relating multiple teeth to each other, to soft tissue and to facial characteristics. CASE DESCRIPTION: The authors categorize macroesthetic criteria based on two reference points: the facial midline and the amount and position of tooth reveal. The facial midline is a critical reference position for determining multiple design criteria. The amount and position of tooth reveal in various views and lip configurations also provide valuable guidelines in determining esthetic tooth positions and relationships. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Esthetics is an inherently subjective discipline. By understanding and applying simple esthetic rules, tools and strategies, dentists have a basis for evaluating natural dentitions and the results of cosmetic restorative procedures. Macroesthetic components of teeth and their relationship to each other can be influenced to produce more natural and esthetically pleasing restorative care.

Color↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smile enhancement via internal gingivectomies.

Periodontal plastic surgical procedures provide a wide range of techniques to improve the esthetics of the mucogingival complex. Often these procedures are prerequisites for successful restorative therapy. This article presents a simple means of enhancing a patient's smile that can be provided by simple internal gingivectomies. The technique can be provided as a stand-alone procedure or in conjunction with restorative care. The surgery is simple and predictable with virtually no postsurgical sequellae.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The planning of the design of combined crowns with regard to tooth display during conversation and smiling].

Analysis of the type of teeth crown exposure in talking and smiling, carried out in 798 subjects, has shown that the perigingival third of the crowns is not exposed in the majority of the examinees. This permitted employment of cast combined crowns with wide perigingival metal rims to support the clasp dentures to make them look better when supplying 73 patients with partial removable dentures.

Crowns↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Line of cutting edges of the upper teeth and its conformity with the contours of nose and lower lip while smiling].

Observations were carried out--visual and via photos--of 180 subjects (83 males and 97 females) in order to establish the incidence of coincidence between the line of the cutting edges of the upper front teeth with the contours of the base of the nose and the lower lip while smiling. It has been established that the total configuration of the cutting edges is perceived visually as a curved wave-like line, whose arch, in the majority of the cases, does not correspond to the form of the nose but, most often, coincides with the contuour of the lower lip. Attaining of the mentioned harmonious conformity between those two linesis recommended in the working out of aesthetic prosthetic constructions.

Denture, Complete, Upper↗
PubMed1989

Examining your smile.

The future of cosmetic dentistry is boundless. The creativity and the ingenuity of the dental practitioner supplemented by computer technology is opening new vistas of treatment possibilities. The dentist of the 1990s will restore and enhance the natural beauty of the human smile more than ever in the past.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1989

Smiling and facial exercise.

The exercise program presented uses exercises to quickly build up the patient's facial muscles and confidence. It is an active process, and the patient must be encouraged to do the exercise to get the full and satisfactory effect. The dental office staff should be encouraged to follow this program too. The results will be noticed, and they can support the patients in doing these exercises. Smiles do much to improve the environment we work and live in.

Exercise Therapy↗