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PubMed1991

Etiology and epidemiology of melanoma and skin neoplasms.

The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased five- to sixfold during the last 40 years in white populations. Recent epidemiologic investigations have disclosed intermittent, intense sun exposure as a major risk factor. Exposure in childhood seems especially noxious. Number of nevi is another independent risk factor, but characteristics such as irregular border, pigmentation, and accentuated skin margins did not have significant influence in a French hospital-based study. A Canadian survey including 1146 children suggests that the number of nevi may be related to previous intermittent sun exposure, as well as to other melanoma risk factors such as skin complexion, propensity to burn, and tendency to freckle. Recent research in nonmelanoma skin cancer corroborates current viewpoints of significant underreporting and genuinely increasing incidence rates, supposed to be caused by increased lifelong sun exposure due to changes in lifestyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasonography and surgical treatment of facial skin neoplasms].

In the second half of the 20 century, echosonography has been used in many medical specialities. In 1992 and 1993 highfrequencies echosonography was used in the examination of irritant and allergic skin lesions in order to examine the effects of different therapeutical agents on the skin lesions [1-4]. Hoffmann used highfrequencies echosonography in the examination of healing of skin lesions [3]. By their incidence skin tumours are the largest group of newly discovered tumours, and their usual location is on the face [5-7]. By clinical examination it is not possible to precisely determine the depth of tumour border; therefore, the radically performed surgical excision is the only correct surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to estimate the results of preoperatively performed high frequencies echosonography in order to reduce the number of incorrectly performed surgical excisions of skin tumours. The group was composed of 40 patients with 45 tumours, who first underwent echosonographic diagnostic procedure (20 MHz, Hadsund electronic, Hadsund Technology, Denmark) and then surgical excision; patients in control group (45 patients with 45 tumours) were only subjected to surgical excision. Excised tumours were then pathohistologically analyzed, and measurements of tumour depth progression were performed. Margins of pathohistological specimen were controlled for the presence of tumour cells. Results of measurements of tumour depth obtained by echosonography and pathohistological measurements were compared. By Jate's modification of c2 test results regarding correct and incorrect surgical excision in patients and control group were compared. By linear regression analysis results of tumour depth obtained by echosonographic and pathohistologic examinations were compared. Hypoechogen zone echosonographic results were used like criteria for tumour expansion. Results of tumour depth measurements are presented in Table 1. Linear regression analysis showed (R = 0.64) that echosonographic examination gave objective pictures of tumour depth. Six specimens were excluded from this examination, and only the presence of tumour cells on specimen margins were analysed. All tumours in patients were excised radically; in control group tumour cells were present on pathohistological specimens margins of six cases. In comparison p = 0.5016 was a not significant value. Success of 100% of specimens correctly excised in operated patients is the success which is very close to success of Moh's micrographic surgery (by Fleming only 1% of tumour relapse in a five-year follow-up period) [8]. Result of 13.33% of incorrect excision in control group is close to results obtained by Leshin and al [9]. Result of p = 0.05016 is not statistically significant, but is very close to statistically significant values. This might require future examinations in a larger group of patients. Results of R = 0.64 correlate with results obtained by Hoffmann [3], because they show that highfrequencies ultrasound examination gives an objective picture of skin tumours depth. Results of this examination show that preoperative highfrequencies ultrasound examination can determine the progression of tumour depth, and give to surgeon data which can help him to perform correct surgical excisions.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Increased expression of G1 cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases during tumor progression of chemically induced mouse skin neoplasms.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are central to regulation of the cell cycle. Their abnormal expression may cause loss of cell-cycle control and result in autonomous cell growth, a critical feature of neoplasias. In this study, using immunoblotting, we analyzed the protein levels of several G1/S cyclins (cyclins D1, D2, D3, A, and E) and their respective Cdks (Cdk 2, 4, and 6) in 17 mouse squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 18 mouse skin tumor cell lines. Overexpression of these cell cycle-related genes was frequent in tumors and cell lines. Of special interest was the fact that a group of cell lines that became more aggressive after animal passaging expressed more cyclins D2 and D3 than their respective parental lines did. In addition, SCCs had higher cyclin D3 expression levels than papillomas, and metastases had higher levels than the respective primary tumors, indicating that overexpression of cyclin D3 may be associated with increased aggressiveness of mouse SCC. Interestingly, overexpression of cyclin E was seen in most SCCs induced by a complete carcinogenesis protocol with benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) and only in a few SCCs induced by a two-stage carcinogenesis protocol using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene as initiator. In contrast, more of the latter tumors overexpressed cyclin D1 and D2 than those induced by B(a)P. Thus, it is possible that different components of the cell-cycle machinery are involved in proliferative dysfunctions that take place during tumor development with different carcinogenesis protocols. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of G1 cyclins and their related Cdks is a significant molecular abnormality that could be involved in the process of tumor progression.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1998

CD44 and variants in melanocytic skin neoplasms.

Expression of cell surface molecules that mediate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions largely contributes to the ability of melanoma cells to migrate and spread beyond the primary site of the tumor. CD44, the principal cell-surface receptor for hyaluronate, and its numerous splice variants have been reported to play a crucial role in invasion and the metastatic process of different human neoplasms, including primary malignant melanoma (PMM). The aim of this study was to clarify which isoforms of CD44 (standard CD44 and CD44 variants) are distributed in PMM with a vertical tumor thickness of >1.4 mm. Staining of CD44 standard (CD44s) and splice variants was further examined for diagnostic and prognostic relevance in a panel of melanocytic skin lesions. Ten cases of PMM with Breslow >1.4 mm were analysed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies specific for CD44s and the splice variants v3, v5, v6, v7, v7-8, and v10. In addition, using anti-CD44s, v5, and v6 antibodies, 55 melanocytic lesions, including dermal nevi (n=12), Clark nevi (dysplastic nevi) (CN; n=11), melanoma in situ (Mis; n=8), PMM (n=18), and cutaneous metastasis of malignant melanoma (cMMM; n=6) were assessed. Staining intensities were scored visually and evaluated by means of a staining index. In ten cases of PMM with a Breslow index >1.4 mm positive staining was ascertained for CD44s, v5 and for v6 in three cases. No staining was found for v3, v7, v7-8, and v10. Examination of CD44s, v5, and v6 in 55 melanocytic skin lesions revealed a high index for CD44s in all specimens and a weak staining of v5 in Mis; dermal nevi and CN did not stain for v5. However, in PMM and cMMM we found v5 to be strongly positive. The isoform v6 showed a variable index only in PMM, but without connection to established prognostic criteria. We conclude that CD44s and splice variants can not be regarded as indicators for tumor progression in malignant melanomas. However, v5 may potentially serve as a diagnostic marker for melanocytic skin lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Multi-diagnosis of pigmented skin neoplasms].

A complex examination by radio-isotope (32P) and thermographic methods was carried out in 252 patients, 122 patients underwent surgery. The complex diagnostic study established the following three groups: test-positive, test-negative and test-suspected patients. Application of the complex (radioisotope and thermographic) examination technique provides a more adequate visualization of tumor process and, therefore, a better opportunity for selection of correct treatment. The application of the thermographic method is recommended for screening for subjects at high risk of malignant disease of the skin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Differentiating seborrheic keratosis from skin neoplasm.

The pigmented acanthotic type of lesion may resemble malignant melanoma. When in doubt, a biopsy will usually resolve the question. Seborrheic keratoses may become irritated or inflamed after trauma, biopsy, or exposure to irritants, causing transformation of the basaloid cell type to squamous cells. Such changes may be misinterpreted as diagnostic of basal or squamous epithelioma.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ploidometric diagnosis of melanocytic skin neoplasms].

Differential diagnostic criteria of the tumors of the melanocytic genesis are established (73 cases). Average ploidy of typical cells of a simple nevus is 2.9 +/- 0.9 c. This increased up to 4.2 +/- 1.8 c. in cells of the dysplastic nevi regardless of the dysplasia degree. Malignant melanomas had mean index of the nuclear ploidy equal to 5.94 +/- 0.23 c.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

[Risk factors and development of skin neoplasms in patients after kidney transplantation].

Kidney transplant recipients, comparing to general population, have an increase risk of cancer development. The most frequent lesions, observed in this population, are skin cancers, especially NMSCs (nonmelanoma skin cancers) which make up to 50% of all malignant lesions. The incidence of neoplasm is influenced by demographic characteristics and the highest prevalence achieve in Australia where 52.5% of kidney recipients develop skin cancer after 10 years after transplantation and 82.1% after 20 years. Authors in the following article describe the most common cutaneous premalignant and malignant lesions in patients after kidney transplantation, types of their treatment, and potential risk factor responsible for its development.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1983

[Increased information value of the radiophosphorus diagnosis of pigmented skin neoplasms].

A complex of new methods are proposed. They make it possible to improve the precision and informative value of the results of 32P diagnosis of pigmental skin tumors. The following methods are used: 1) fractional administration of the indicator to increase the level of 32P accumulation in melanomas; it made it possible to improve the differential-diagnostic capacity of the radiophosphorus test; 2) beta-radiometry of pathological and control skin zones with and without fine tissue equivalent filters to "contrast" tumors and to determine the average depth of their invasion to unchanged tissues; the use of this method made it possible to lessen the number of false-negative diagnoses and to get additional clinicodiagnostic information that can be useful in the planning of surgical and radiation treatment; 3) radiometry of skin zones in the spectrometric regimen with three different levels of the integral discrimination of beta-radiation impulses to determine the thickness and lower line of the layer of the abnormal accumulation of the indicator in the pathological skin zone; the use of this method makes it possible to detect incrusted melanomas.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1998

Expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) is associated with squamous differentiation in epidermis and isolated primary keratinocytes and is altered in skin neoplasms.

The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that undergo sequential changes in gene expression during differentiation. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) are members of the bZIP family of DNA binding proteins/transcription factors. Northern analysis demonstrated that C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta, and C/EBPdelta mRNA are expressed in mouse epidermis and their mRNA levels were generally greater than those observed in other tissues known to express high levels of C/EBP. Western analysis of isolated epidermal cell nuclei demonstrated the presence of a 42 and 30 kDa C/EBPalpha protein and 35 kDa C/EBPbeta protein. Immunohistochemical localization of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta in intact interfollicular epidermis revealed that C/EBPbeta expression is exclusive to the nuclei of a three-cell cluster of suprabasal keratinocytes that is morphologically consistent with the central column of the epidermal proliferative unit, and that C/EBPalpha is expressed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of suprabasal keratinocytes and weakly expressed in a perinuclear manner in some basal keratinocytes. In squamous cell carcinomas the expression of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta was greatly diminished as both the intensity of nuclear staining and the number of cells expressing C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta were reduced. In isolated primary mouse keratinocytes, calcium-induced differentiation was accompanied by specific temporal changes in the expression of C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta, and C/EBPdelta mRNA and C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta protein. These results implicate a role for the C/EBP family in the regulation of genes involved in or specifically expressed during the process of squamous differentiation in epidermis.

Animals↗