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PubMed1980

On the influence of topically applied drugs on cell kinetics in the sebaceous gland. Investigations with the example of selenium disulfide in the Syrian hamster ear.

60 male Syrian hamsters were treated on one ear with 2.5% selenium disulfide in a surfactant base and on the other ear with the same surfactant base. After treatment 15 animals were investigated by 3H-thymidine autoradiography, 15 animals by the colcemid method and 15 animals by the in vivo double labelling technique with 3H- and 14C-thymidine. In 15 animals the porportion of labeled cells was determined which still had contact with the basal lamina in the sebaceous gland 6 days after 3H-thymidine injection. Besides an increase in sebaceous gland size and in cell proliferation, a shortening of the S phase and a reduction of the labeled sebaceous gland cells which still have contact with the basal lamina of the sebaceous gland 6 days after 3H - thymidine injection were determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Topical mitomycin-C for pagetoid invasion of the conjunctiva by eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical mitomycin-C for pagetoid invasion of the conjunctiva by sebaceous gland carcinoma. DESIGN: Prospective noncomparative consecutive interventional case series. INTERVENTION: All patients received topical 0.04% mitomycin-C four times daily for 1 week followed by 1 week off medication. The treatment cycles were repeated until resolution of the conjunctival malignancy was clinically evident. PARTICIPANTS: Four patients with histopathologically proven intraepithelial (pagetoid) invasion of the conjunctiva by sebaceous gland carcinoma were managed with this regimen. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 78 years. Before treatment, the main tumor site included the upper eyelid in two cases and the lower eyelid in two cases. Previous resection of the tumor had been performed elsewhere in three cases over the prior 6 years. At the time of our examination, map biopsies confirmed pagetoid invasion involving 25% to 90% of the conjunctival surface, with bulbar, forniceal, and tarsal conjunctival involvement in all four cases and corneal extension in one case. There was no evidence of deep tumor within the conjunctival stroma or tarsus in any case. After treatment, medication intolerance and early discontinuation occurred in one patient, and continued tumor progression was documented. Of the remaining three patients, chemotherapy was used for a mean of four cycles with complete resolution of the pagetoid invasion, confirmed histopathologically in two cases, and without recurrence in all three cases over 12 months (mean) follow-up. The medication caused moderate temporary local irritation but no serious intraocular or extraocular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests that topical mitomycin-C is effective treatment for pagetoid invasion of the conjunctiva by sebaceous gland carcinoma. Longer follow-up is necessary to assess the duration of tumor control.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗
PubMed2005

Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid presenting as a conjunctival papilloma.

An unusual presentation of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is described in a 96-year-old man who presented with a large papillomatous palpebral conjunctival lesion in the left upper eyelid. The patient underwent a shave excision of the lesion, followed by a full thickness excision with paraffin section margin control. Histopathology revealed a sebaceous gland carcinoma with no evidence of pagetoid spread. Although rare, sebaceous gland carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a conjunctival papilloma.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural changes of sebaceous glands in castrated and testosterone-treated male rats. A qualitative and quantitative study.

The effect of testosterone on the sebaceous gland was studied in the male rat. Biopsies of dorsal skin from intact rats, from rats four weeks after castration, and from castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate for three weeks at a dose of 250 micrograms/kd/day (s.c.) were examined by electron microscopy. In the treated animals intermediate sacrifices were performed on days 4, 7, 14, 21. Stereology was used for a morphometric analysis of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The presence of a vesicular endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cytoplasm of differentiating cells was observed in the sebaceous glands of intact rats. Following castration there was a shrinkage of these cells and a striking decrease in the volume density of the endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The administration of testosterone to gonadectomized rats resulted in an increase in vesicle content above the normal level from the first week as revealed by stereological analysis. This study confirms the trophic effect of the androgen on the sebaceous gland at a subcellular level. Furthermore, it is shown that stereology is a useful method for detecting early hormone-induced changes and could be valuable for studying the effects of anti-androgens on this gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Expression of a glycoprotein of the carcinoembryonic antigen family in normal and neoplastic sebaceous glands. Limited role of carcinoembryonic antigen as a sweat gland marker.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a well-known marker for sweat gland differentiation in adnexal neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the expression of glycoproteins of the CEA family, that is, CEA-180, nonspecific cross-reacting antigens (NCAs), and biliary glycoprotein (BGP), in sebaceous glands and in neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation. METHODS: Normal adult and fetal skin, hyperplasias, hamartomas, and neoplasms with sebaceous or follicular differentiation were stained immunohistochemically with a panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies highly specific for CEA-180, NCAs, and BGP. Double immunostaining was performed to correlate the CEA expression with that of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), a glycoprotein consistently found in differentiating sebocytes. RESULTS: Whereas sweat glands coexpressed CEA, NCAs, BGP, and EMA, sebaceous glands were exclusively labeled with the antibodies recognizing BGP or EMA. Staining of the sebaceous glands was restricted to mature sebocytes, sparing immature cells. At the ultrastructural level immunoreactivity for BGP and EMA was demonstrable in the golgi area, in small vesicles, and along the cell membranes. During fetal development BGP was not found until the sebaceous glands matured. The expression of BGP and EMA was highly conserved in reactive, hamartomatous, and neoplastic proliferations of adnexal structures with sebaceous differentiation. CONCLUSION: The expression of BGP, a CEA glycoprotein, in differentiating sebocytes accounts for the reactivity of many anti-CEA antibodies with sebaceous glands and thus disqualifies the CEA family as a monospecific marker for sweat gland differentiation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Effect of antiandrogens on the binding of androgen to cytosol and nuclei of hamster sebaceous glands.

Cyproterone acetate, R 2956, Ro 7-2340 and Sch 13521 in the daily dose of 8 mg injected intramuscularly to castrated adult hamsters for 3 weeks were all found to significantly antagonize the stimulatory effect of exogenous testosterone propionate (80 microgram im, every other day) on the sebaceous gland as well as the prostate and the seminal vesicle. With a view to clarifying the mechanisms of action of these antiandrogenic drugs on the sebaceous gland, the present author carried out both in vivo and in vitro experiments and examined how they would interfere with the binding of 3H-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to cytosol and nuclei. When 200-1000 excess quantities of the antiandrogens were administered to the experimental animals 10 min before injection of 3H-testosterone, all of them except R 2956 reduced the bound radioactivity in the nuclei of the sebaceous gland by more than 40%. Incubation of the cytosol fraction with 1 x 10(-7) M of cyproterone acetate caused a 70% decrease in radioactivity of the specific binding. In contrast, such inhibitory activities of the three other antiandrogens were less conspicuous even at 1 x 10(-6) M. In the homogenate of the sebaceous gland incubated with 1 x 10(-8) M of DHT, the other drugs than Sch 13521 curbed the characteristic binding of DHT to macromolecules of the nuclei by nearly 70% at 1 x 10(-6) M.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1995

Effects of topically applied spironolactone on androgen stimulated sebaceous glands in the hamster pinna.

The effects of spironolactone (5% SYC-201G, a preparation developed for clinical use in acne vulgaris by Searle Yakuhin K.K.), which is known to have antiandrogenic effects by competitively inhibiting dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites, was topically applied to the androgen stimulated sebaceous glands of adult female golden hamsters. Androgen stimulation, induced by intramuscular injection of testosterone propionate (TP) every other day over a two week period, resulted in a 2.5 to 2.7 time increase in the size of the sebaceous glands of the hamster pinna. Once-daily treatment with 5% SYC-201G or matching placebo was applied to androgen-stimulated hamsters on one pinna only during the same period as TP injection. Comparison between the treated and untreated sides revealed a significant suppression in the sebaceous gland size (p < 0.05) by 5% SYC-201G; no such effect was observed with placebo. The difference in the suppression rate of the sebaceous gland size between 5% SYC-201G (23%) and matching placebo (-4.7%) was significant (p < 0.01).

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1980

Inhibition of testosterone metabolism and lipogenesis in animal sebaceous glands by progesterone.

The effect of progesterone on 14C-testosterone metabolism and on 14C-lipid synthesis was studied in two animal sebaceous gland models, hamster flank organ and rat ear skin. Unilateral topical application of progesterone to the female hamster flank organ topically treated with testosterone propionate resulted in localized inhibition of both in vitro 14C-lipogenesis and in vitro conversion of 14C-testosterone to 5 alpha-reduced radio-metabolites. Topical progesterone did not inhibit in vitro 14C-lipogenesis in the male hamster flank organ. Progesterone added in vitro inhibited 14-C-lipogenesis and 14C-testosterone metabolism in male rat ear sebaceous glands. These results lend support to the hypothesis that inhibition of sebaceous gland lipogenesis by progesterone is a consequence of its inhibitory effect on testosterone metabolism. Such a rationale provides a valid explanation for the clinical findings with progesterone reported by other investigators.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer.

The localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and NADPH as substrates. Under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. The enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and tail (scent) gland. Within sebaceous glands, activity was greatest in the outermost layers of the acini, but decreased as the cells progressed and differentiated centripetally. There was little or no difference between the staining observed when NADH was used as a substrate, compared to NADPH. There was generalised staining (usually light) for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. However, this staining was not specifically localised to sebaceous glands and related structures, showing that the observed activity in these structures was due to a diaphorase that was distinct from any of the dehydrogenase activities tested. The possible role of diaphorase in sebaceous development and secretion is discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1996

Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and reactive oxygen species of human scalp sebaceous glands in male pattern baldness.

We investigated the contribution of reactive oxygen species to the development of sebaceous gland hyperplasia and the characteristics of the glutathione S-transferase/glutathione system in male pattern baldness. Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined in sebaceous gland-enriched scalp skin of men affected by male pattern baldness and were subjected to hair autotransplantation. In comparison with the hairy occipital-donor areas, the following results were obtained in alopecic frontoparietal samples: glutathione S-transferase-specific activity increased 7-fold (p < 0.001); enzyme affinity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene decreased 2-fold (p = 0.009); glutathione content decreased 2.5-fold (p = 0.017); and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased 2-fold (p = 0.006). Chromatofocusing analysis, bromosulfophthalein IC50 values, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibodies raised against glutathione S-transferases alpha, mu, and pi demonstrated the presence of alpha, pi, and probably the 5.8 alpha isoenzymes in the sebaceous gland. These results support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of sebaceous gland hyperplasia in male pattern baldness.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Lipogenesis in the human sebaceous gland: glycogen and glycerophosphate are substrates for the synthesis of sebum lipids.

The lipid class compositions of freshly isolated and overnight maintained human sebaceous glands were determined using high performance thin layer chromatography and were found to be broadly similar. The lipid classes identified in freshly isolated glands were broadly similar to those generated from various radiolabeled precursors in vitro, although lower amounts of wax/sterol esters and cholesterol were observed in vitro. We determined the glycogen content of sebaceous glands and showed that during their incubation with several radiolabeled substrates, with the exception of [U-14C]glucose, significant glycogen breakdown occurred, thus providing acetyl-CoA and NADPH that could affect the pattern of lipids synthesized. We examined glycogen-depleted glands and found that their rates and pattern of lipogenesis resemble that of nondepleted glands, except that the squalene/triacylglycerides ratio for acetate and glutamine doubled from 1.6:1 to 3.4:1 and from 0.7:1 to 1.4:1, respectively. We have shown that exogenous glycerol reduces the squalene/triacylglycerides ratio from acetate from 3.4:1 to 1.7:1, suggesting that glycogen-derived glycerophosphate is important in triacylglycerides synthesis from acetate. Moreover, glands express a glycerokinase activity that may fully account for the rate of triacylglycerides synthesis seen in vitro. We conclude that glycerophosphate generation may be as important as NADPH generation in explaining the directing effects of different substrates within the sebaceous gland.

Female↗
PubMed1987

[Diffuse (presenile) hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands, a new entity? Successful treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid].

We report the case of a young man with extreme sebaceous gland hyperplasia that occurred in a diffuse pattern of aggregated papular lesions involving the entire face, neck and upper chest, together with marked seborrhoea oleosa. Oral therapy with 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) resulted in remarkable improvement within a few weeks. Parallels from our case are drawn to familial sebaceous hyperplasia, reported by Dypre et al. in 1980 [6], and to a case of a young man with severe sebaceous gland hyperplasia and facial seborrhoea, reported by de Villez et al. in 1982. We suggest that these types of seboglandular proliferative disorders be classified as diffuse (presenile) sebaceous gland hyperplasia in contrast to the well-defined senile circumscribed variant, and that they be regarded as a separate entity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cell proliferation of epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands of beagles and cocker spaniels with healthy skin.

Cell proliferation kinetic values were established for the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, and sebaceous glands of 10 Beagles and 4 Cocker Spaniels with healthy skin and coats. Values were established by intradermal pulse-labeling injections of [3H]thymidine, examination of cutaneous biopsied tissues, and autoradiography. The epidermal basal cell-labeling index was 1.41 +/- 0.46% for Beagles and 1.71 +/- 0.56% for Cocker Spaniels. The hair follicle basal cell-labeling index was 1.46 +/- 0.78 and 1.07 +/- 0.42%, respectively. Calculated epidermal cell-renewal time for viable layers of the epidermis was 23.38 +/- 5.93 days for Beagles and 20.97 +/- 4.92 days for Cocker Spaniels. Differences between cell kinetic data for the 2 breeds were not significant (P greater than 0.05). The basal cell-labeling index for the sebaceous gland was significantly (P = 0.009) lower for Cocker Spaniels (0.40 +/- 0.18%) than for Beagles (1.81 +/- 1.08%). Seemingly, epidermal and follicular cell proliferation kinetics in healthy dogs was similar between the 2 breeds, whereas sebaceous gland basal cells were less proliferative in healthy Cocker Spaniels than in healthy Beagles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Why do we have apocrine and sebaceous glands?

The secretions of sebaceous and apocrine glands fulfil an important thermoregulatory role in cold-stressed and heat-stressed hunter-gatherers. In hot conditions the secretions emulsify eccrine sweat and thus encourage the formation of a sweat sheet and discourage the formation and loss of sweat drops from the skin. In colder conditions sebum changes its nature and repels rain from skin and hair.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Basal cell, squamous cell, and sebaceous gland carcinomas of the periorbital region.

It is important that clinicians suspect malignancy in patients who have persistent or nonhealing periorbital lesions. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelids are frequently misdiagnosed clinically and, in the case of squamous cell and sebaceous gland carcinomas, histologically as well. Prompt and adequate biopsy can facilitate early diagnosis and thus avoid unnecessary metastatic spread in the case of squamous cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma, as well as the extensive local destruction that basal cell carcinoma may produce.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelids in Hawaii.

Sebaceous gland carcinomas of the eyelids are rare neoplasms accounting for less than 1% of all eyelid tumors. They usually mimic chalazia and undergo repeated curettage before a definitive diagnosis is made. Although they are relatively slow-growing tumors, they behave in an aggressive manner, frequently metastasizing to regional lymph nodes. Approximately 50% of the patients who develop metastasis to lymph nodes of the neck will survive five years. A case report and the review of similar cases in Hawaii in the past 10 years demonstrates the need for early detection and treatment of sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelids.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Interleukin 1 immunoreactivity in sebaceous glands.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) immunoreactivity in sebaceous glands was studied in paraffin sections of normal human skin. A panel of antibodies against IL-1 alpha and beta was tested using an immunoperoxidase labelling method. All the antibodies showed a similar specific labelling pattern: both glandular and ductal cells were immunoreactive for both IL-1 alpha and beta, provided optimal tissue fixation was used.

Adult↗