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PubMed1999

Expectancy and suggestibility: are the effects of environmental enhancement due to detection?

This study replicated the effect of Wickless and Kirsch's experiential expectancy manipulation, in which lights and music from hidden sources were used to convince participants that they were responding successfully to suggestions for visual and auditory hallucinations. The hypothesis that the effect is mediated by detection of the manipulation was tested by providing some participants with cues that their experiences were due to actual changes in the physical environment rather than to their responses to suggestion. This hypothesis was not confirmed. A significant effect on suggestibility was obtained only among participants not given cues aimed at enabling detection of the manipulation, and among those provided with the cues, suspicion of the manipulation was negatively correlated with response to suggestion.

Environment↗
PubMed1991

Presleep suggestion related to a phobic object: successful manipulation of reported dream affect.

Twenty-four female subjects with a strong dislike of snakes slept for four nonconsecutive nights in the laboratory. They were divided into four groups of six, each group receiving a different presleep suggestion on Nights 3 and 4. On Nights 2, 3, and 4, before sleep, the subjects saw but did not have to touch a live snake and their dreams were collected for each REM period. The results showed that, when compared with the subjects who received the negative affect suggestions, subjects who received positive affect suggestions had significantly higher levels of positive emotions in their dreams, rated their own dreams as more pleasant, and had significantly lower levels of anxiety, sadness, and aggression. These results support the hypothesis that presleep suggestion can be an effective technique in influencing the affective dimension of the dream.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Social suggestibility to central and peripheral misinformation.

This study used a laboratory-based paradigm to investigate social influences on participants' susceptibility to misleading suggestions. Participants viewed a video clip of an action sequence with one or more peers, and then were required to discuss the event with the co-witness or with the group of co-witnesses. During the discussion a confederate, posing as a peer, presented misinformation about central and peripheral features of the co-witnessed event. Results indicated that participants were more susceptible to misleading suggestions during one-on-one discussions than during group discussions. In addition, participants were susceptible to misleading suggestions about central features of the witnessed event, although to a lesser extent than they were susceptible to misleading suggestions about peripheral features.

Communication↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of therapeutic suggestions presented during anaesthesia: re-analysis of conflicting results.

Re-analysis has been made of two clinical studies which used similar methodologies but found different effects of so-called therapeutic suggestions presented to anaesthetized patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. The re-analysis suggested that when data from the two studies were examined jointly, it was uncertain if positive suggestions had a reliable influence upon the recovery measure of "days to discharge". The supposed positive effect reported in one of the studies may arise from a rather different distribution of data in the control group. It is proposed that the effect may be attributable to chance bias in allocation of patients to the control group, or to some other chance anomaly in the composition of the group as a result of relatively small sample size. The importance of sample size is discussed in relation to detection of effects when only a few patients may be in a state susceptible to intra-anaesthetic suggestions. The importance of presenting data distributions in addition to summary statistics is also emphasized.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2001

Trance and suggestion: timeless interventions and implication for nurses in the new millennium.

Trance is a normal psychophysiological phenomenon. Suggestion is the purposeful use of that phenomenon and the heart of hypnosis. Suggestion deepens and enriches trance and promotes beneficial changes, or healing, within the individual. This article addresses the traditional historical and cultural roots of the hypnotic experience and use of "trance" and "suggestion." How nurses often unknowingly use these phenomena and can intentionally use trance and suggestion in their practices is explored.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypnosis, placebo, and suggestion in the treatment of warts.

Two experiments assessed the effects of psychological variables on wart regression. In Experiment 1, subjects given hypnotic suggestion exhibited more wart regression than those given either a placebo treatment or no treatment. In Experiment 2, hypnotic and nonhypnotic subjects given the same suggestions were equally likely to exhibit wart regression and more likely to show this effect than no treatment controls. In both experiments, treated subjects who lost warts reported more vivid suggested imagery than treated subjects who did not lose warts. However, hypnotizability and attribute measures of imagery propensity were unrelated to wart loss. Subjects given the suggestion that they would lose warts on only one side of the body did not show evidence of a side-specific treatment effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of suggestion and emotional arousal on pulmonary function in asthma: a review and a hypothesis regarding vagal mediation.

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the relation between asthma, suggestion, and emotion, and proposes the hypothesis that these effects are mediated parasympathetically. The literature indicates that, among asthmatics, suggestion can produce both bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and that stress can produce bronchoconstriction. The proportion of asthmatic subjects showing bronchoconstriction to both suggestion and stress averages 35%-40% across studies, but, because of methodological considerations, might be conservatively estimated as closer to 20%. The effect is smaller for suggestion of bronchodilation, and is very short-lived among nonasthmatics. No clear connection has been found between these responses and such subject variables as age, gender, asthma severity, atopy, or method of pulmonary assessment, although some nonsignificant tendencies appear. Most studies in this literature used small n's and did not systematically examine various somatic, environmental, and demographic factors that could influence results. A hypothesis is presented regarding vagal mediation of psychological effects on the airways, as well as possible alternative mechanisms, and recommendations for future research to evaluate these hypotheses.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2006

The induction of anomalous experiences in a mirror-gazing facility: suggestion, cognitive perceptual personality traits and phenomenological state effects.

Previous research suggests that mirror-gazing is efficacious for the facilitation of anomalous experiences. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that the incidence of such experiences is a function of the demand characteristics of the procedure. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two conditions and completed a battery of trait and state measures. Individuals who were given suggestions for anomalous experiences, relative to those who were not, reported a greater number of visual, and a suggestively greater number of vocal, hallucinations. The experience of a descriptively dissociative phenomenological state was the strongest predictor of the reporting of anomalous experiences, but only correlated with the experience of anomalous perceptions in the suggestion condition. Experients of visual apparitions were found to significantly differ from nonexperients in their preference for a visual cognitive style independently of condition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's suggestibility in relation to their understanding about sources of knowledge.

In the experiments reported here, children chose either to maintain their initial belief about an object's identity or to accept the experimenter's contradicting suggestion. Both 3- to 4-year-olds and 4- to 5-year-olds were good at accepting the suggestion only when the experimenter was better informed than they were (implicit source monitoring). They were less accurate at recalling both their own and the experimenter's information access (explicit recall of experience), though they performed well above chance. Children were least accurate at reporting whether their final belief was based on what they were told or on what they experienced directly (explicit source monitoring). Contrasting results emerged when children decided between contradictory suggestions from two differentially informed adults: Three- to 4-year-olds were more accurate at reporting the knowledge source of the adult they believed than at deciding which suggestion was reliable. Decision making in this observation task may require reflective understanding akin to that required for explicit source judgments when the child participates in the task.

Child Development↗
PubMed2006

Relations between episodic memory, suggestibility, theory of mind, and cognitive inhibition in the preschool child.

The development of episodic memory, its relation to theory of mind (ToM), executive functions (e.g., cognitive inhibition), and to suggestibility was studied. Children (n= 115) between 3 and 6 years of age saw two versions of a video film and were tested for their memory of critical elements of the videos. Results indicated similar developmental trends for all memory measures, ToM, and inhibition, but ToM and inhibition were not associated with any memory measures. Correlations involving source memory was found in relation to specific questions, whereas inhibition and ToM were significantly correlated to resistance to suggestions. A regression analysis showed that age was the main contributor to resistance to suggestions, to correct source monitoring, and to correct responses to specific questions. Inhibition was also a significant main predictor of resistance to suggestive questions, whereas the relative contribution of ToM was wiped out when an extended model was tested.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

A parallel form of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale.

The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to present a parallel form of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS, Form 1); (2) to study test-retest reliabilities of interrogative suggestibility. Three groups of subjects were administered the two suggestibility scales in a counterbalanced order. Group 1 (28 normal subjects) and Group 2 (32 'forensic' patients) completed both scales within the same testing session, whereas Group 3 (30 'forensic' patients) completed the two scales between one week and eight months apart. All the correlations were highly significant, giving support for high 'temporal consistency' of interrogative suggestibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The British use of the Barber Suggestibility Scale: norms, psychometric properties and the effects of the sex of the subject and of the experimenter.

The Barber Suggestibility Scale, as a measure of hypnotic susceptibility, was administered to 130 British undergraduate students by 13 student experimenters in a 2 x 2 factorial design withe sex of the subject and the sex of the experimenter as the two variables. The results showed no significant differences among the scores obtained by the 13 experimenters and no significant effect of either the subject's sex or the experimenter's sex though there was some tendency towards an interaction effect. The distribution of scores from the present sample was similar to the American norms reported by Barber (1965) except for slightly lower means on certain test-suggestions. The scale also showed satisfactory internal consistency and item-scale correlations. A principal components analysis revealed evidence for a general factor underlying the scale in addition to three special factors associated with direct motor, motor challenge and cognitive suggestions which confirms the work of Hilgard (1965) on the Stanford scales. The distinction between objective and subjective responses to suggestions is discussed and some improvements are recommended in the scale. It was concluded that the BSS appears to be a simple and reliable measure of hypnotic susceptibility and is suitable for British usage.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Postoperative analgesic requirements in patients exposed to positive intraoperative suggestions.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether positive suggestions given to a patient under general anaesthesia reduce postoperative pain and analgesic requirements. DESIGN: Prospective double blind randomised study. SETTING: Operating theatre and gynaecology ward of a teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 63 Woman undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy were randomised to be played either a tape of positive suggestions or a blank tape during the operation through a personal stereo system. INTERVENTIONS: Three women were withdrawn from the study. Anaesthesia was standardised for all of the women. Postoperative analgesia was provided through a patient controlled analgesia system for the first 24 hours. Pain scores were recorded every six hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morphine consumption over the first 24 hours after the operation; pain scores. RESULTS: Mean morphine requirements were 51.0 mg (95% confidence interval 42.1 to 60.0 mg in the women played positive suggestions; and 65.7 mg (55.6 to 75.7 mg) in those played a blank tape. The point estimate (95% confidence interval) for the difference of means was 14.6 mg (22.4%) (1.9 (2.9%) to 27.3 mg (41.6%] (p = 0.028). Pain scores were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Positive intraoperative suggestions seem to have a significant effect in reducing patients' morphine requirements in the early postoperative period.

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled↗
PubMed1983

Influence of sensory suggestibility on treatment outcome in headache patients.

In 45 headache patients the relationship between sensory suggestibility and three measures of treatment effect--ratings on (1) intensity of headaches; (2) efficacy of drugs, and (3) physician's competence--was investigated in a double-blind long-term crossover study. Subjects scoring high on sensory suggestibility clearly showed more relief of headaches upon the analgesic as well as upon the placebo. The physician's competence was rated higher by high-suggestible patients, whereas ratings on drug efficacy were low in all patients. The seemingly controversial behavior of high-suggestible patients was interpreted as a call for continuation of the physician's efforts in spite of the relief the patients already achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Bronchoconstrictive suggestion in asthma: a role for airways hyperreactivity and emotions.

Using whole-body plethysmographic measurements, asthmatic patients inhaled aerosolized saline presented either as a neutral substance (day 1) or in the guise of a bronchoconstrictor (day 2). Bronchoconstrictive suggestion resulted in increased airway resistance and decreased specific airway conductance, whereas thoracic gas volume was unchanged. The variation in the response was analyzed in relation to airways hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine inhalation challenges, and physiologic measures of the emotional reaction to bronchoconstrictive suggestion, as indexed by changes in blood pressure, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and forehead electromyographic activity. It was found that the bronchoconstrictive response was significantly related to the degree of airways hyperreactivity and to the emotional response. These results suggest that asthmatic patients apt to respond to bronchoconstrictive suggestion with airways obstructions are characterized by highly hyperreactive airways. Responders also appear to be emotionally labile, although it is not yet clear whether the emotional response per se evokes airway obstruction or is merely a by-product of the occurrence of airway obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Asthma induced by suggestion: is it due to airway cooling?

The effect of suggestion on the airway response to 10 inhalations of normal saline followed by doubling concentrations of isoproterenol was assessed in 12 normal and 30 asthmatic subjects. It was suggested that the first 5 saline solutions contained a bronchoconstrictor and that the second 5 contained a bronchodilator, or vice versa, and that the first 4 isoproterenol solutions were inert, whereas the last was a bronchodilator. Nine asthmatic, but no normal subjects, bronchoconstricted after saline inhalation, with a mean fall in specific airway conductance (SGaw) of 40%. This was dose-dependent and was abolished when inhalations were carried out at 37 degrees C 100% relative humidity. Suggestion did not affect the airway response to saline or isoproterenol in either group, but it did influence the subjective impression of airway caliber recorded on a visual analogue scale. In this study, the bronchoconstriction after saline inhalation, previously attributed to the effect of suggestion, was caused by airway cooling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effects of suspiciousness and anger on suggestibility.

In this paper three criminal cases are presented where a suspicious 'cognitive set' or anger during experimental interrogation appeared to have a dramatic effect on their general tendency towards suggestibility. The subjects were used as their own control, as their susceptibility to suggestions had been tested objectively on two separate occasions; on one occasion they proved very resistant to suggestions, this being clearly associated with temporary suspiciousness or anger; on the other occasion, when no obvious suspiciousness or anger was evident, they proved highly suggestible. The theoretical and forensic implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room.

In Experiment 1, participants took part in a fake seance. An actor suggested that a table was levitating when, in fact, it remained stationary. After the seance, approximately one third of participants incorrectly reported that the table had moved. Results also showed a significant relationship between the reported movement of the table and belief in the paranormal, with a greater percentage of believers than disbelievers, reporting that the table had moved. Experiment 2 varied whether the suggestion was consistent, or inconsistent, with participants' belief in the paranormal. Results again showed that believers were more susceptible to suggestion than disbelievers, but only when the suggestion was consistent with their belief in the paranormal. Approximately one fifth of participants believed that the fake seances contained genuine paranormal phenomena.

Culture↗