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PubMed2005

Factor structure and validation of the juvenile sex offender assessment protocol (J-SOAP).

The Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol (J-SOAP) was first developed in 1994 in response to the need for a structured method of assessing risk of recidivism among juvenile sexual offenders (R. A. Prentky, B. Harris, K. Frizzell, & S. Righthand, 2000). Over the ensuing years the scale has been subjected to a series of studies that have sought to examine its psychometric properties and its validity. The current paper reports on results from three of these studies, one of which looks at the factor structure of the items. The other two studies examine concurrent validity by looking at J-SOAP Scales 1 and 2 in relation to the Level of Service Inventory-Youth Version with: Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLSICMI) (R. D. Hoge & D. A. Andrews, 1996) and other selected variables and discriminant validity by looking at the ability of J-SOAP scales to differentiate between juvenile sex offenders in the community and juvenile sex offenders in residential placement. The revision of the scale is discussed based on the research that has developed the scale and the research that has employed it.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Ruminal metabolism, fiber, and protein digestion by lactating cows fed calcium soap or animal-vegetable fat.

Effects of two levels of Ca soap or animal-vegetable fat on digestion of fiber and N and on microbial protein synthesis were studied in five ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating cows in a 5 x 5 Latin square. Fat was added at 0, 2.5%, or 5% of dietary DM, which consisted of a 60:40 forage:concentrate mix. Treatment did not influence DMI, duodenal OM flow, or digestibility. Fat linearly increased liquid dilution rate (12.1 vs. 11.1 h-1) and reduced liquid (53.6 vs. 62.4 L) and ruminal (61.6 vs. 70.1 L) volumes. Source and amount of fat did not influence mean ruminal pH, ammonia N, or VFA concentrations; however, animal-vegetable fat reduced acetate:propionate ratios compared with Ca soap (3.47 vs. 3.64). Neither source nor amount of fat influenced fiber flow, digestion, or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Source and amount of fat did not change ruminal or total digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, or NDF; however, dietary fat increased total tract apparent digestion of N (70.3 vs. 66.8). Estimates of ruminal DM digestibility were lower (24.2 vs. 39.0) and total tract DM digestibility was higher (63.3 vs. 60.5) with Cr marker compared with C31 hydrocarbon marker. Animal-vegetable fat or Ca soap can be supplemented up to 5% of the dietary DM in high forage diets without adverse effects on ruminal metabolism and digestion.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1987

The irritancy of soaps and syndets.

The use of soaps and synthetic detergent (syndet) bars has been associated with skin dryness and aggravation of dermatologic conditions. A number of factors, including chemical structure, pH, and cleansing ability, have been implicated in this phenomenon. Many bars contain agents designed to ameliorate the irritancy of the bar and/or provide a skin benefit. Clinical studies have shown that soaps are generally quite irritating while syndets can range from mild to harsh. The addition of skin benefit/mildness agents such as glycerin, cocoa butter, mineral oil, or lanolin has little effect on the irritancy potential of a bar since minimal amounts of these agents are deposited on the skin. The excessive removal of skin lipids by harsh soaps and detergents can result in superficial dryness. The key to gentle cleansing is to start with a mild cleansing product and avoid overuse.

Dermatitis, Contact↗

PubMed1995

SOAP to SNOCAMP: improving the medical record format.

Not since the development of the SOAP note in the problem-oriented medical record has there been a significant need to alter the format of medical record documentation. With the intrusion of third-party audits, malpractice attorney subpoenas, medical guidelines, and reimbursement code criteria into the practice of medicine, there is a need to expand the traditional SOAP note. This article proposes a new acronym, "SNOCAMP," for medical record documentation. SNOCAMP retains the SOAP format, which includes subjective, objective, assessment, and plan of treatment, with the addition of nature of the presenting complaint, counseling, and medical decision-making. It is hoped that this new, more explicit format will prove successful in meeting the divergent needs of practicing physicians, the patients they serve, and the inquiring minds that look over their shoulders.

Diagnosis↗

PubMed1995

Self-perceived sensory responses to soap and synthetic detergent bars correlate with clinical signs of irritation.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies indicate that after using soaps and other personal care products, many consumers experience irritation. In 50% of the cases the feelings of skin dryness, itching, and stinging occur in the absence of visible signs of irritation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the relation between self-perceived sensory responses of panelists to cleansing products and clinical signs of irritation. METHODS: A combination of exaggerated arm-washing methods was designed to induce clinical signs of irritation with psychometric techniques developed to quantify sensations. RESULTS: Two studies demonstrated that panelists could reproducibly differentiate between products on the basis of the sensations they felt and that there was a significant correlation (frequently r > 0.80) between these and the observable signs. In the case of skin dryness panelists differentiated products several washing cycles before observable differences were detected. CONCLUSION: Sensory evaluations of irritation yield additional information on soap and detergent irritancy beyond clinical observations and expand understanding of the irritation process.

Color↗

PubMed1986

A comparison between a detergent baby bath additive and baby soap on the skin flora of neonates.

A detergent based baby bath additive as an alternative to soap for bathing neonates was investigated. The yield of Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Pseudomonas spp., Candida spp. and coliforms from skin swabs was compared in a group of 22 babies bathed in the detergent additive with a similar group of 22 babies bathed in soap. No differences were detected in the isolation rate of these organisms between the two groups.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1990

Intermittent use of an antimicrobial hand gel for reducing soap-induced irritation of health care personnel.

We evaluated the effects of an antimicrobial hand gel (containing 60% ethanol plus emollients) on skin condition when used as a supplement to handwashing. Volunteers washed their hands 10 times per day for 5 days with a bar soap. Between washings one hand was treated with 1.0 ml of the gel while the other hand was untreated. By the conclusion of the study the gel-treated hands exhibited significantly lower (p less than 0.05) photographic scores for cracking, scaling, and erythema (redness), the major symptoms of dry, irritated skin. The gel treatment also helped to maintain normal skin hydration levels as measured by transepidermal water loss and skin impedance. By reducing soap-induced irritation, an alcohol gel with the appropriate emollients can help eliminate a major deterrent to handwashing among health care personnel.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The impact of skin washing with water and soap during breast irradiation: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The effect of washing the irradiated skin during radiotherapy for breast cancer is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of washing the breast skin with water and soap during radiotherapy on the intensity of acute skin toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-nine patients treated for breast cancer were prospectively randomized prior to receiving radiotherapy to the breast into two groups: (1), no washing was allowed during radiotherapy (49 patients); and (2), washing was allowed with water and soap (50 patients). Acute toxicity was recorded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute skin toxicity scale for each patient every week during radiotherapy and 1 month after the end of radiotherapy. Symptoms related to skin toxicity were scored by visual analogue scales at the same time intervals. Other data collected included sociodemographic data, characteristics related to the tumor and previous treatments, radiation technique, necessity for a second simulation due to loss of skin marks and treatment interruptions. RESULTS: In the non-washing group, the following maximum acute toxicity scores were observed: grade 0, 2%; grade 1, 41%; grade 2, 57%; grades 3 and 4, 0%. For the washing group, the scores were: grade 0, 0%; grade 1, 64%; grade 2, 34%; grade 3, 2%; and grade 4, 0%. Moist desquamation was seen in 33% of non-washing patients, but in only 14% of washing patients. The median scores of pain, itching and burning of the treated skin were higher in the non-washing group, although this was not statistically significant. In a multivariate analysis using logistic regression, acute skin toxicity was associated with the patient's weight, concomitant radiochemotherapy and hot spots on dosimetry, and there was a trend toward more acute skin toxicity in the non-washing group. CONCLUSION: Washing the irradiated skin during the course of radiotherapy for breast cancer is not associated with increased skin toxicity and should not be discouraged.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors.

Between 28 November 2003 and 23 February 2004, 4343 cases and 154 deaths from cholera (case-fatality rate 3.5%) were reported in Lusaka, Zambia. A case-control study was conducted in February 2004 to assess potential transmission routes and prevention strategies. Consumption of raw vegetables was significantly associated with cholera [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-13, P=0.003). Consumption of a local sardine-like fish was protective (aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7, P=0.008). Hand soap was present in 90% of control homes and 58% of case homes. Observed hand soap was a strongly protective factor (aOR 0.1, 95% CI 0.04-0.4, P=0.001). No water source or treatment practice was significantly associated with cholera. This study documents the importance of foodborne transmission of cholera, illustrates the protective role of hand washing in an epidemic setting, and identifies a novel possible protective factor, a local fish, which warrants further research.

Cholera↗

PubMed2002

Limited impact of sustained simple feedback based on soap and paper towel consumption on the frequency of hand washing in an adult intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hand washing would increase with sustained feedback based on measurements of soap and paper towel consumption. DESIGN: Prospective trial with a nonequivalent control group. SETTING: Open multibed rooms in the Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center's Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) and Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). SUBJECTS: Unit staff. INTERVENTION: Every weekday from May 26 through December 8, 1998, we recorded daytime soap and paper towel consumption, nurse staffing, and occupied beds in the SICU (intervention unit) and the MICU (control unit) and used these data to calculate estimated hand washing episodes (EHWEs), EHWEs per occupied bed per hour, and patient-to-nurse ratios. In addition, from May 26 through June 26 (baseline period) and from November 2 through December 8 (follow-up period), live observers stationed daily for random 4-hour intervals in the MICU and the SICU counted actual hand washing episodes (CHWEs). The intervention consisted of posting in the SICU, but not in the MICU, a graph showing the weekly EHWEs per occupied bed per hour for the preceding 5 weeks. RESULTS: Directly counted hand washing fell in the SICU from a baseline of 2.68+/-0.72 (mean +/- standard deviation) episodes per occupied bed per hour to 1.92+/-1.35 in the follow-up period. In the MICU, episodes fell from 2.58+/-0.95 (baseline) to 1.74+/-0.69. In the MICU, the withdrawal of live observers was associated with a decrease in estimated episodes from 1.36+/-0.49 at baseline to 1.01+/-0.36, with a return to 1.16+/-0.50 when the observers returned. In the SICU, a similar decrease did not persist throughout a period of feedback. Estimated hand washing correlated negatively with the patient-to-nurse ratio (r = -0.35 for the MICU, r = -0.46 for the SICU). CONCLUSIONS: Sustained feedback on hand washing failed to produce a sustained improvement. Live observers were associated with increased hand washing, even when they did not offer feedback. Hand washing decreased when the patient-to-nurse ratio increased.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The use of soap and water in two Bangladeshi communities: implications for the transmission of diarrhea.

Efforts to reduce the incidence of diarrheal infections in which enteropathogens are endemic have focused on education about the importance of hand washing to interrupt transmission of such organisms. Since the effectiveness of health education depends on an understanding of the recipients' ideas and customs, we studied perceptions of cleanliness and the role of soap and hand washing in two poor Bangladeshi communities, one rural and one urban. We found that ideas about cleanliness generally are not based on germ theory; cleanliness is viewed in a larger, socioreligious context of purity vs. impurity. Washing serves both physical and spiritual needs and is performed according to defined patterns that may not effectively interrupt transmission of microorganisms. Soap is regarded as a cosmetic rather than an agent for removal of microorganisms.

Bangladesh↗

PubMed2003

The irritation potential and reservoir effect of mild soaps.

Identification and reduction of external noxious factors is one key point in the strategy for the treatment and reduction of contact dermatitis. A wide variety of soaps on the market are claimed to be suitable for the use on sensitive skin due to their mildness. The aim of the present study was to illustrate possible differences in the irritation potential of 8 products and to investigate whether surfactant residues may form an irritant reservoir on the skin. The study was double-blind, randomized using healthy human volunteers. The inherent capacity of the products to induce irritation was determined using conventional patch test technique, whereas detection of potential surfactant residues on the skin was done using a methodology developed in the 1960s for detection of the corticosteroid reservoir in the stratum corneum. The method comprised the release of active substance from the stratum corneum reservoir by occlusion of the skin with an aluminium chamber, followed by evaluation of the biological response. In the present study, the soap-treated area was rinsed with water and then occluded. Instrumental measurements of the transepidermal water loss and superficial skin blood flow served as indicators of the injurious effects of the products. The results showed large differences in irritation potential between the products, and some of them demonstrated considerable damaging effect. Moreover, the study proved the presence of barrier-impairing residues on the skin after rinsing with water. Subclinical skin damage can make the skin vulnerable to further irritation and delay recovery of chronic irritant contact dermatitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Laboratory evaluation of desiccants and insecticidal soap applied to various substrates to control the deer tick Ixodes scapularis.

Desiccant and soap pest control products were tested against Ixodes scapularis nymphs on sod, pachysandra, landscaping stones and pinebark woodchips in a laboratory study. High mortality (91-100%) was obtained with the silica-based desiccant Drione and Safer's insecticidal soap (SIS) treatments except for SIS treated woodchips. SIS and Drione contain 0.2 and 1% pyrethrins, respectively. SIS may be absorbed by the woodchips and not picked up by the nymphs as mortality decreased to 78%. Diatomaceous earth and Dri-die reduced nymphs by only 10-41%; neither desiccant contains insecticides. Nymphal mortality increased 15-17% after 20 or 100 ml of water was sprayed over sod plugs treated with SIS or Drione. The addition of isopropyl alcohol (ROH) to SIS increased the efficacy of SIS against nymphal I.scapularis on treated sod plugs but not on treated landscaping substrates. Drione, SIS, SIS-ROH and chlorpyrifos 50WP treated landscaping stones and pinebark woodchips resulted in 88-95% and 72-96% nymphal mortality, respectively. Unexpectedly, these substrates and treatments affected tick movement as well. Effective pest control products applied to xeric landscaping substrates present in maintained beds and borders near wooded areas could deter tick movement and provide significant levels of tick control.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Virucidal efficacy of soap and water against human immunodeficiency virus in genital secretions.

A common bar soap and tap water solution was able to demonstrate a 30-fold human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inactivation and a 57 to 87% reduction in viable peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a mixture of cervicovaginal lavage fluid and seminal fluid. These observations indicate that soap and water might be used to inactivate HIV and HIV-infected cells in genital secretions.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed1975

Corneal anesthesia induced by soaps and surfactants, lack of correlation in rabbits and humans.

Five commonly marketed bath and facial soaps and four commercially available hair shampoos were studied for their anesthetic effect on human and rabbit corneas. These compounds all produced anesthesia comparable to that induced by tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5 percent but lasting several hours longer in rabbits. None of the soaps or shampoos produced corneal anesthesia in humans. Studies of corneal anesthesia in rabbits may not be extrapolated to the human eye.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2005

Bypassing the rumen in dairy ewes: the reticular groove reflex vs. calcium soap of olive fatty acids.

A 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment was designed to compare 2 ways of bypassing the effects of the rumen with olive oil fatty acids in 'Manchega' dairy ewes. Treatments were a control diet, CaOFA (control diet plus 45 g of olive fatty acids as calcium soap), and OO (control plus 45 g/d of olive fatty acids as olive oil emulsified in skim milk) and bottle-fed to animals trained to maintain the reticular groove reflex). No differences were found in milk, protein, and lactose yields, but fat yield and milk fat content were greater in treatments with added fat (CaOFA and OO). Content of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in milk fat was greater for control treatment than for the other 2 groups, the yield of these fatty acids being similar for all 3 diets, except that of C12:0, which was greater for the control treatment. Content and yield of C18:0 and isomers of C18:1 others than oleic acid were greater in milk from the CaOFA diet than from the other 2 diets. Oleic acid content and yield were greater in milk after OO treatment (23.9% and 16.8 g/d, respectively), intermediate after CaOFA treatment (19.2% and 13.8 g/d, respectively), and lower after control diet (10.7% and 6.52 g/d, respectively). Linoleic acid yield and content were greater in ewes fed the OO diet than in those on the other 2 diets, both of which showed similar data. All these changes indicated that the "protected" olive fatty acids (as calcium soap) were severely affected by the rumen environment and that the use of the reticular groove reflex seems to be a more effective way of bypassing the rumen in adult lactating dairy ewes.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids, and cottonseeds fed to high yielding cows.

We examined the effects of dietary fat as cottonseed, fatty acids, or calcium soaps of fatty acids in the rations of high yielding lactating cows receiving low forage. Experiments were with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing equal amounts of forage. Inclusion of up to 510 g/d of fatty acids in the ration enhanced FCM yield. With cottonseed, increased FCM was mainly due to increased fat yield. Dietary fatty acids tended to increase milk in mid and late lactation and to decrease fat percentage. Calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced FCM, particularly in early lactation. Feeding cottonseed and fatty acids together did not enhance yield. Effects described may be attributed in part to changes in ruminal fermentation in which cottonseed increased acetate concentrations and fatty acids decreased the ratio of acetate and butyrate to propionate and in part to enhanced efficiency of milk yield when fat was included in the ration.

Acetates↗

PubMed1987

Respiratory cancer among soap production workers.

Employment in the soap production industry in Italy has entailed some exposure to sulfuric acid vapors and nickel dusts, both agents under suspicion of being carcinogenic for the respiratory tract. A mortality study, together with an incidence study for laryngeal cancer, has been conducted among 361 men with a minimum employment of one year in soap production. Mortality from all causes was lower than expected, but lung cancer and laryngeal cancer deaths were increased, although without statistical significance. Five new laryngeal cancer cases were detected during the study period, while about one was expected. All the men with respiratory cancer had been working for several years, and the latency time was greater than 10 years. Even though the mechanism of a causal link is difficult to assess, the possibility of a carcinogenic effect of sulfuric acid is suggested.

Humans↗