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PubMed2003

Study on skin diseases in sheep from northern Ethiopia.

A study was conducted to determine the cause and prevalence of skin diseases in local sheep from northern Ethiopia. Of 520 sheep examined 174 (33%) had skin diseases of different causes. The identified causes were lice infestation due to Damalina ovis and Linognatus africanus (21%), sheep pox (8%), sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptic Scab. var. ovis) (4%), dermatophilosis due to Dermatophilus congolensis (3%), and orf (contagious ecthyma) (3%). There was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) association of any of the skin diseases with age and sex of the sheep examined. The occurrence and spread of the diseases were associated with poor management, climatic factors, feed scarcity and inadequate veterinary services. The increasing threat of skin diseases to the development of sheep production warranting an urgent control intervention is indicated.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed2001

[Foot and mouth disease in sheep and goats].

Small ruminants play an important role in the epidemiology and transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). The main reasons therefore are: FMD is difficult to diagnose as infected sheep not always show typical clinical symptoms or as the cardinal signs mimicked other diseases. Sheep and goats may be carriers. Infected herds which practice transhumance or are nomadic can spread the infection to other herds long before diagnose of the disease is established. Shipping and trade with live sheep and goats is much more common world wide than in other FMD susceptible species. Lack of registration of all sheep and goat herds (especially of small hobby herds) and lack of individual identifications signs (ear tags) may result in incomplete control measurements under FMD conditions. Basing on published experiences with the actual FMD epidemic in the UK and basing on the own experiences with the restrictions to prevent from spreading of the FMD from the UK to Germany suggestions for future disease control are made.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Conventional vaccines for tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases of sheep and goats.

Of the many tick-borne haemoparasites of sheep and goats, three may be controlled by vaccination. A live virulent blood vaccine for Cowdria ruminantium infection (heartwater) is used widely in southern Africa in an infection and treatment procedure. A live vaccine for Babesia ovis attenuated by passage in splenectomised sheep has been used extensively in Bulgaria with good results. A live vaccine for Theileria hirci, consisting of schizonts propagated in a lymphoid cell culture and attenuated by passage, has been used successfully in the Middle East.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

BSE inoculation to prion diseases-resistant sheep reveals tricky silent carriers.

The possible transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent to sheep contributed to select genetically sheep considered as resistant to prion diseases i.e., with PrP ARR/ARR genotype. Here, we report the infection of two PrP ARR/ARR genotype sheep using the cattle BSE agent inoculated by peripheral routes. Disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)) was detected in the brain for one case (at 2191 days post-infection (dpi)) and only in the nervous enteric system for the other one (at 673dpi). The electrophoretic pattern of PrP(d) from the obex region in this BSE challenged sheep was shown to be closer from that found in naturally scrapie-affected sheep with regard to the apparent molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrP(d). Importantly, the absence of any clinical symptoms up to 6 years following experimental challenge suggests that silent carriers of the BSE agent may exist among ARR homozygous sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Phospholipid fatty acids in brains of normal sheep and sheep with ceroid-lipofuscinosis.

The ceroid-lipofuscinoses are a group of inherited diseases of humans and animals characterised by brain atrophy and the storage of a fluorescent lipopigment. Brain grey matter phospholipid fatty acids of diseased sheep are compared with those of normal sheep. Phosphatidylethanolamine of diseased sheep contains more 18:1(n-9) and less 22:6(n-3) than normal and their phosphatidylcholine less 16:0. Other differences are minor. All differences are in the same direction as those reported for the infantile form of human ceroid-lipofuscinosis, but are smaller. Normal sheep grey matter phosphatidylinositol contains 8.5% 20:4(n-6) and 24.6% 22:6(n-3), in contrast to 28.5 and 4.6%, respectively, in humans. The other sheep phospholipids have similar fatty acid profiles to those from humans. Apart from low levels of 20:3(n-9) and 22:3(n-9) they contain no additional non-essential fatty acid derived species. No sign of essential fatty acid deficiency occurs in either diseased or normal sheep. It is concluded that sheep must conserve their restricted essential fatty acid supply for structural functions, and that an abnormality in fatty acid metabolism is not primarily involved in the pathogenesis of ceroid-lipofuscinosis. The results also call into question the primary role of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipopigment formation in this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Genetic diseases of sheep and goats.

Congenital malformations and inherited disorders constitute a substantial proportion of the afflictions seen in sheep and goats. Of these, malformations tend to be similar in both species, whereas the genetic diseases encountered to date, with the exception of a few, are different. Of the 28 genetic diseases of sheep and goats described in this review, 60% and 62.5%, respectively, are monogenic disorders. For a majority of the monogenic recessive disorders encountered in these species, the carrier state is not detectable at present, whereas in others, in which a biochemical lesion is known (dermatosparaxis, erythrocyte glutathione deficiency, globoid cell leukodystrophy and glycogen storage disease), the carrier state is detectable with the aid of enzyme and surface protein markers. The latter group and the dominant disorders (anury, cataract, glomerulonephritis, and lethal grey in sheep; gynecomastia and anotia-microtia complex in goats) are easy to eliminate through selective breeding. The polygenic disorders (entropion, epidermolysis bullosa, hereditary chondrodysplasia, and muscular dystrophy of sheep, and udder problems in goats) are more difficult to eradicate, because the mutant genes responsible for these traits generally do not declare themselves until inbreeding brings together a critical concentration to create a health crisis in some, whereas others, which are only short of a few of these mutant genes, might go totally unaffected and therefore undetected. Chromosome defects of the structural nature (translocations) seen in sheep and goats generally create meiotic disturbances, which in a majority of cases lead to subfertility, whereas sex chromosome aneuploids are generally sterile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by Babesia, Theileria or Anaplasma spp.

A review is given on the Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma species infecting sheep and goats. B. ovis is the most important disease agent. It is transmitted by Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, and probably by R. evertsi evertsi B. ovis is widely spread in southern Europe, the Middle East, and central Asia. Its geographical distribution in South and East Asia and in Africa is widely unknown. B. motasi obviously represents several nosodemes in separate regions. It is not pathogenic for intact sheep in northern Europe, whereas it is probably more pathogenic than B. ovis in India and northern Africa. The known vectors of B. motasi are Haemaphysalis punctata and R. bursa. Theileria hirci is transmitted by H. a. anatolicum but occurs outside the distribution area of this tick. Malignant theileriosis of sheep and goats is an important disease in Iraq, Iran, and India. An attenuated macroschizont vaccine is successfully being used in Iran. Anaplasma ovis is transmitted by R. bursa and probably other ticks in the Old World and by Dermacentor andersoni in the New World. A. ovis is widely spread in the Old World. Outbreaks occur only under extreme conditions. The identity of the tick-borne disease agents of sheep and goats and of their vector ticks is uncertain in many regions of the Old and the New World.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1986

Detection of Cowdria ruminantium antigen and antibody during the course of heartwater disease in sheep by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Cowdria ruminantium antibodies during the course of heartwater disease. IgM antibodies reached a maximum on the 4th day after infection and disappeared on the 7th day. IgG antibodies first appeared on the 8th day and continued to increase during the remainder of the observation period of 28 days. The presence of C. ruminantium in the blood fractions of diseased animals was demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The earliest day of C. ruminantium antigen detection was in plasma and serum on the 4th day after inoculation. Of all the blood fractions investigated, the red blood cells showed the highest concentration, and this reached a maximum on the 12th day after infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and sheep brain. A report from central and Southern Italy.

The places of origin of 7 out of 8 patients with CJD coincide with the distribution of sheep-rearing in central and southern Italy, confirming the suggested link between this disease and eating and-or handling sheep CNS tissue. Since 6 of the 8 cases were women, it seems more likely that the virus responsible for CJD enters the body through a break in the skin of the hands and forearms in the process of foodhandling rather than via the Digestive tract. This aspect should be borne in mind when investigating the problems of CJD transmission.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats and their related vectors in Iran.

Haemoparasitic diseases have long been considered as a major problem to efficient sheep and goats production in Iran. Theileriosis due to Theileria hirci and babesiosis due to Babesia ovis and B. motasi are the most pathogenic protozoa. B. crassa, Anaplasma ovis and Eperythrozoon ovis are usually non-pathogenic and do not cause any apparent problem. The major tick genera found on sheep and goats are Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and rarely Dermacentor distributed in all part of Iran. Our studies indicate that only Hyalomma ticks transmit Theileria species but the others transmit Babesia, Anaplasma and Eperythrozoon. The two latter ones can also be transmitted through some biting flies and mechanical means. Control methods presently available in Iran rely almost entirely on: (i) vaccination of sheep and goats with cell culture vaccine for theileriosis; (ii) chemotherapeutic treatment for babesiosis and anaplasmosis; (iii) acaricides for control of tick vectors.

Anaplasmosis↗