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PubMed2003

Clinical significance of SEN virus infection in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: The SEN virus (SENV) has been identified as a putative new hepatitis virus. This study was conducted to clarify the clinical significance of SENV infection in patients on haemodialysis. METHODS: A total of 189 patients on maintenance haemodialysis and 60 healthy controls were enrolled. Of the 189 patients, 154 were followed up for 2 years. SENV DNA (genotypes D and H) was measured by means of polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: SENV infection was significantly (P=0.012) more prevalent in patients on haemodialysis (38%) than in controls (22%). SENV infection was not associated with the amount of transfusion or duration of haemodialysis, while hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was significantly associated with both of these factors. Elevation of alanine aminotransferase was significantly associated with HCV, but not with SENV viraemia. Of the 154 patients who were followed up, 63 (41%) remained negative, 34 (22%) gained positivity, 28 (18%) lost it and 29 (19%) remained positive for SENV infection. Episodes of alanine aminotransferase elevation were recorded for 3% of the patients who incurred SENV infection and this rate was similar to that observed in patients who were continuously negative for SENV infection (5%). CONCLUSIONS: SENV infection was common in patients on haemodialysis. No evidence was obtained that suggested involvement of the hepatitis virus in the pathogenicity of SENV.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

SEN virus has an adverse effect on the survival of HIV-positive patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients infected with HIV are often coinfected with other viruses. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of SEN virus (SENV) strains D and H on mortality in HIV-positive patients. METHODS: A total of 217 HIV-positive patients were analysed retrospectively after first presentation and blood sampling (January 1997 to July 1997) and the effect of coinfection with SENV-D and SENV-H on survival was examined. Analysis periods were the time from blood sampling to the end of follow-up, and the time from diagnosis of HIV infection to the end of study follow-up. SENV-H DNA was measured quantitatively. Prevalences of SENV-D and SENV-H were compared with those in 112 healthy blood donors. RESULTS: SENV prevalence was significantly higher in HIV-positive patients than in controls (56/217 and 12/112, respectively; P < 0.001). SENV positivity had no influence on survival, but a significant negative influence of SENV-H on survival was observed when SENV-H DNA was > 530 copies/ml, which was the mean SENV-H DNA level found in HIV-negative controls. This adverse effect was found for both studied time periods in a Kaplan-Meier analyses. A multivariate Cox regression analysis, including CD4 cell count, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stage, age, sex, HIV RNA, highly active antiretroviral therapy and hepatitis C virus status, revealed that a high SENV DNA level was an independent risk factor or indicator for adverse disease outcome. CONCLUSION: SENV infection is common in HIV-positive patients. High SENV-H DNA levels were predictive for poor survival in HIV-positive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

SEN virus infection in children in Taiwan: transmission route and role in blood transfusion and liver diseases.

BACKGROUND: SEN virus (SENV) is a newly discovered DNA virus. We conducted this study to evaluate potential modes of SENV transmission and the pathogenic effect of SENV on liver diseases in children. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 2 SENV variant (SENV-D and SENV-H) DNA in sera from healthy individuals and diseased children. Nucleotide sequence of SENV was determined by direct sequencing. RESULTS: SENV infection was assessed in healthy individuals, including 50 newborns (sera collected from the umbilical cord), 24 infants, 46 preschool children (aged 1-6 years), 42 school children of an age before that of the first sexual experience (aged 7-12 years), 62 adolescents (13-18 years), 72 young adults (19-30 years) and 32 adults (>30 years). The prevalence of SENV-D and/or SENV-H (SENV-D/H) viremia in each group was 0%, 17%, 24%, 24%, 27%, 33% and 40%, respectively. The prevalence of SENV-D/H viremia in 18 children with non-A to E hepatitis, 64 thalassemic children, 80 children transfused during cardiac surgery, 30 children with chronic hepatitis B, 9 children with chronic hepatitis C and 32 infants with biliary atresia was 11%, 61%, 80%, 83%, 67% and 50%, respectively. SENV was found more frequently in all patient groups than in 174 age-matched controls (P < 0.01), with the exception of non-A to E hepatitis (11% versus 24% in the control group; P = 0.27). In 2 infants with proven intrauterine hepatitis B viral infection, identical SENV-D nucleotide sequence existed in both the maternal and neonate serum. Elevated alanine aminotransferase concentrations were rarely observed in children who acquired isolated SENV viremia because of transfusion for surgery. Infection with SENV in children with chronic hepatitis C virus or hepatitis B viral infection was not associated with higher peak alanine aminotransferase values. CONCLUSION: SENV is transmitted mainly via nonparenteral daily contact and frequently occurs early in life. Transfusion can significantly increase the rate of SENV viremia. SENV does not appear to cause hepatitis in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Concealed atrial parasystole following the Senning operation.

A patient with sick sinus syndrome following the Senning operation was also found to have concealed atrial parasystole during intracardiac electrophysiological study. This atrial parasystolic pattern could be converted to atrial bigeminy by changing the atrial drive rate.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cavo-pulmonary shunt for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after senning.

We report a case of Senning procedure in a 32-month-old girl with transposition of the great arteries and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). After discontinuation of cardio-pulmonary bypass, the persisting, worsened LVOTO caused hemodynamical instability. A cavo-pulmonary shunt (CPS) was performed, with considerable subsequent improvement. We consider the use of CPS as a valuable option in patients with persisting, significant dynamic LVOTO after atrial switch.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

SEN virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of a novel DNA virus, designated SEN virus (SENV), in the etiology of liver cancer remains to be established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between SENV infection and the risk of HCC by conducting a hospital-based, case-control study among Thai patients. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with HCC were enrolled and matched individually to a control according to sex, age (+/- 5 yr), and geographic background. The presences of HBV DNA, HCV RNA, and SENV DNA in stored serum samples were detected with the use of semi-nested polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS: Individuals who were infected with SENV did not have increased risk of developing HCC (OR=1.49, 95% CI=0.50-4.42). In contrast, those who were positive for HBV markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and/or HBV DNA) or HCV markers (anti-HCV and/or HCV RNA) had significant risk for HCC (OR=19.91, 95% CI=8.26-47.98 and OR=7.97, 95% CI=2.15-29.54, respectively). Moreover, coinfection with SENV did not further increase the risk of HCC among patients infected with HBV and/or HCV. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that, unlike chronic HBV or HCV infection, SENV infection is not a risk factor for developing HCC in Thai populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Isolation of a human intestinal anaerobe, Bifidobacterium sp. strain SEN, capable of hydrolyzing sennosides to sennidins.

A strictly anaerobic bacterium capable of metabolizing sennosides was isolated from human feces and identified as Bifidobacterium sp., named strain SEN. The bacterium hydrolyzed sennosides A and B to sennidins A and B via sennidin A and B 8-monoglucosides, respectively. Among nine species of Bifidobacterium having beta-glucosidase activity, only Bifidobacterium dentium and B. adolescentis metabolized sennoside B to sennidin B, suggesting that the sennoside-metabolizing bacteria produce a novel type of beta-glucosidase capable of hydrolyzing sennosides to sennidins.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed2000

Shigella flexneri 2a strain CVD 1207, with specific deletions in virG, sen, set, and guaBA, is highly attenuated in humans.

A phase 1 clinical trial was conducted among 35 healthy adult volunteers to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and shedding of different doses of CVD 1207, a live attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate with specific deletion mutations in virG, sen, set, and guaBA. CVD 1207 retains the ability to invade epithelial cells but cannot effectively spread intercellularly after invasion (DeltavirG), does not produce enterotoxin (Deltasen and Deltaset), and has limited proliferation in vivo (DeltaguaBA). In a consecutive fashion, groups of three to seven subjects ingested a single oral dose of CVD 1207 at an inoculum of either 10(6), 10(7), 10(8), 10(9), or 10(10) CFU. CVD 1207 was remarkably well-tolerated at inocula as high as 10(8) CFU. In comparison, one of 12 subjects who received 10(9) CFU experienced mild diarrhea and another experienced a single episode of emesis. One of five subjects who received 10(10) CFU experienced watery diarrhea and emesis. All subjects who ingested doses of 10(8) to 10(10) CFU excreted the vaccine; in 23 of 25, the duration of excretion was </=3 days. A dose-related, immunoglobulin A antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response to S. flexneri 2a O-specific lipopolysaccharide was seen, with geometric mean peak values of 6.1 to 35.2 ASCs/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) among recipients of 10(7) to 10(10) CFU. The cytokine response to Shigella-specific antigens observed in volunteers' PBMC following vaccination suggested a Th1 pattern with stimulation of gamma interferon and absence of interleukin 4 (IL-4) or IL-5. CVD 1207 represents a Shigella live oral vaccine strain prepared from wild-type S. flexneri 2a by rational use of recombinant DNA technology that achieves a remarkable degree of attenuation compared with earlier recombinant strains, even when administered at high dosage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Budd-Chiari syndrome treated by Senning operation.

Budd-Chiari syndrome was diagnosed in a 13 year old boy who presented with ascites. Angiographic studies showed occlusion at the ostia of the hepatic veins. This was treated surgically by the Senning operation of transcaval dorsocranial resection of the liver and hepatocaval anastomosis. The patient's ascites cleared and he remains well 10 months after surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Pulmonary venous atrial obstruction after the Senning procedure: relief by catheter balloon dilatation.

Pulmonary venous atrial stenosis developed after a modified Senning procedure in an infant with transposition of the great arteries. The pulmonary venous atrium was surgically revised, but the obstruction recurred. The stenosis was then enlarged by percutaneous balloon catheter dilatation. There was an immediate haemodynamic and echocardiographic improvement. Clinical and echocardiographic improvement persisted nine months after dilatation. The procedure was complicated by staphylococcal endarteritis.

Catheterization↗
PubMed2005

High prevalence of SEN virus infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: frequent mixed infections with different variants and evidence for nosocomial transmission of the virus.

OBJECTIVE: The SEN virus (SENV) represents a recently described group of DNA viruses, two members of which (SENV-D and SENV-H) are linked with posttransfusion hepatitis. Since patients on hemodialysis have a high risk of being infected by blood-borne viruses, we investigated the prevalence of seven SENV isolates in two distinct units of our hospital. METHODS: The presence of SENV was investigated in 171 hemodialysis patients and in 163 controls by using a polymerase chain reaction based methodology, with which the specificity of amplified products was detected by hybridization with probes specific for each variant. Polymerase chain reaction products from 4 patients were sequenced. RESULTS: The overall detection of SENV DNA as well as of SENV-D, SENV-E, and SENV-G was significantly higher in one of the two units, and there was a higher degree of homology in the sequences prepared from patients of the same unit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mixed infections with multiple SENV were common. No relationship was observed between presence of SENV and sex, age, duration of hemodialysis, previous transfusions or transplantation, hepatitis infection, and routine liver test results. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that patients who undergo hemodialysis can be at high risk of SENV transmission and suggest an intraunit transmission of specific SENV variants.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Senning repair for transposition of the great arteries in the first week of life.

Infants with D-loop transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) may have unacceptable results after the balloon septostomy while awaiting surgery. It has been our policy to repair defects in infants with D-TGA and intact ventricular septum or small ventricular septal defect at the time of diagnosis. We report our experience with the Senning operation in 18 newborns less than 1 week of age. The mean age at operation was 3 days (range 12 hr to 7 days) and the mean weight was 3.5 kg (range 2.8 to 4.8). There were two early postoperative deaths (11%) and one late death (5%). Early mortality was associated with preoperative acidosis and congestive heart failure. Late mortality was associated with severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). The 15 long-term survivors have been followed for an average of 27 months and 11 of the 16 perioperative survivors have undergone postoperative catheterizations. There was no evidence of systemic or pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient developed LVOTO that led to his death. Two patients had residual atrial shunts. Electrocardiograms revealed no major arrhythmias. All patients are clinically asymptomatic. Good hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and clinical results can be obtained with correction of D-TGA in the first week of life.

Arteries↗
PubMed1996

Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925), a man to cure patients and the nation - his early years and medical career.

"The top physician cures the nation first, and then the people." This is a saying recorded in the Guo Yu, the ancient Chinese book of history. Another saying is that one may choose "To be either a good prime minister or a good doctor", by Fan Zhong-Yan (989-1052), a high official. Such sayings reflect the aspirations of many Chinese literary men in the past. This aspiration to high office had been particularly popular among the Confucian physicians since the eleventh century AD, underlining the point of view that the curing of patients by a good physician was just like a good prime minister administering a nation. Hence, many Confucian scholars and men of letters took medicine either as a career or as a charitable exercise as well as a way to fulfil filial piety for preserving themselves and their families, especially if they had failed to be a candidate for an official position. Quite a few officials also followed suit, especially when they experienced difficulties in their posts, like being demoted, or sacked. However, none of them had ever become head of the nation, or a revolutionary, or exerted so profound an influence upon the history of China as Sun Yat-Sen, who started his career as a physician, became a democratic revolutionary and overthrew the Qing monarchy and founded the republic, is not only unique in the history of China, but in the history of medicine as well. The year 1996 is the hundred and thirtieth anniversary of his birth. This article marks this occasion.

China↗
PubMed1996

Purification and characterization of a novel sennoside-hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Bifidobacterium sp. strain SEN, a human intestinal anaerobe.

A novel beta-glucosidase, which is inducible and capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of sennosides, was purified from Bifidobacterium sp. strain SEN with Triton X-100 solubilization and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, by which hydrolytic activities toward sennoside B, 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-glucoside (MUG), and p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside (pNPG) were obtained together in the same eluted fractions. The activity was stable against detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100, but was denatured by SDS and beta-mercaptoethanal when heated. The final preparation was shown to be nearly homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) either after the enzyme was denatured or when it was not denatured. In the non-denaturing SDS-PAGE, a single protein band hydrolyzed MUG on the gel. In the denaturing SDS-PAGE, the subunit mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 110 kDa. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0 for hydrolysis of sennoside B and MUG. Km values for sennoside B and MUG are 0.94 and 0.53 mM, respectively. The enzyme also catalyzed the hydrolysis of pNPG, amygdalin, geniposide and salicin. It was less active against methyl beta-glucoside and incapable of hydrolyzing cellobiose. The beta-glucosidase activity was inhibited by deoxynojirimycin and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, but was less susceptible to several metals (FeSO4, ZnCl2, and CuSO4), and 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2004

Genomic characterization of a Brazilian TT virus isolate closely related to SEN virus-F.

SEN virus (SENV) is a circular, single stranded DNA virus that has been first characterized in the serum of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patient. Eight genotypes of SENV (A-H) have been identified and further recognized as variants of TT virus (TTV) in the family Circoviridae. Here we describe the first genomic characterization of a SENV isolate (5-A) from South America. Using 'universal' primers, able to amplify most, if not all, TTV/SENV genotypes, a segment of > 3 kb was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the serum of an HIV-1 infected patient. The amplicon was cloned and a 3087-nucleotide sequence was determined, that showed a high (85%) homology with the sequence of the Italian isolate SENV-F. Proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 1 to 4 consisted of 758, 129, 276, and 267 amino acids, respectively. By phylogenetic analysis, isolate 5-A was classified into TTV genotype 19 (phylogenetic group 3), together with SENV-F and TTV isolate SAa-38.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Is uncle Sen insane? Pride, humor, and clique formation in a Northern Thai home for the elderly.

Called a flirt, rascal, buffoon, and disgrace, Uncle Sen created considerable confusion among staff and patients at Chiangmai city's only home for the elderly. Whether to label him insane or not loomed as an issue that divided his aged peers into two cliques. Behind these reactions are isolated two adaptive styles of the Northern Thai elderly to a rapidly changing traditional social system.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of a newly identified SEN virus in China.

AIM: To establish nested-PCR methods for the detection of SENV-D and SENV-H and to investigate the epidemiology of SEN virus in China. METHODS: According to published gene sequences, primers from the conserved region were designed. Then, 135 samples from healthy voluntary blood donors and 242 samples from patients with various forms of liver disease were detected by nested-PCR of SENV-D/H. Some PCR products were cloned and sequenced. RESULTS: By sequencing, the specificity of genotype-specific PCR was confirmed. SENV-D/H DNA was detected in 31% of the blood donors, which was higher than those in America and Italy (2%), and in Japan and Taiwan (15-20%). The prevalence of SENV-D/H viremia was significantly higher in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C than in blood donors (59-85% vs 31%, P<0.05). The prevalence among patients with non-A-E hepatitis was significantly higher than among blood donors (68% vs 31%, P<0.01), and equivalent to that among patients with hepatitis B and C. CONCLUSION: Nested-PCR with genotype-specific primers could serve as a useful SENV screening assay. SENV has the same transmission modes as HBV and HCV. The high prevalence in patients with non-A-E hepatitis may attribute to the transmission modes, and SENV may not serve as the causative agents.

Blood Donors↗